Internal Combustion Engine Parameters Research Articles

МОРФОЛОГИЧЕСКИЕ И ТРИБОЛОГИЧЕСКИЕ СВОЙСТВА МЕХАНОАКТИВИРОВАННОГО MOS2, ИСПОЛЬЗУЕМОГО В КАЧЕСТВЕ ПРИСАДКИ ДЛЯ МОТОРНОГО МАСЛА

The issues of improving the operational parameters of internal combustion engines are given a lot of attention, and in this regard, the direction related to improving the quality of engine oil with the help of dispersed additives is of great importance. In the article morphological and tribological properties of mechanically activated MoS2 used as an additive for semi-synthetic engine oil are considered. The obtained materials were investigated by the method of electron (scanning) microscopy, and the distribution of MoS2 particles as an additive in motor oils was analyzed, as well as IR spectroscopy of the material before and after mechanoactivation was carried out. Comprehensive comparative studies of tribological parameters (friction machine MI-1M) (running-in time, running-in wear, friction coefficient ratio, established friction coefficient and total wear) of motor oil with and without MoS2 additive were carried out. The mass concentration of MoS2 in the engine oil (Mannol Semi-synthetic Classic 10W-40), varied from 0.03 to 0.07 with a step of 0.02 wt.%. It was found that the addition of MoS2 to the engine oil reduces wear from 5.7 to 4.1 microns, with a decrease in the steady-state coefficient of friction from 0.115 to 0.08, which follows from the decrease in the steady-state coefficient of friction from 0.115 to 0.08. The time during which the working-in process increases from 1.57 to 2 h, which also reflects the reduction of friction when using engine oil with MoS2 additive. At the same time during operation the concentration of MoS2 additive in engine oil decreases, which leads to deterioration of properties. So, reduction of concentration from 0.07 to 0.03 (change by 57%) increases wear from 7.7 to 7.90 microns, which is 2.5%, and when reducing the concentration from 0.07 to 0.05, the increase in wear is 1.2%. Thus, considering the factors related to filtration, accumulation effect and the values of the studied typological parameters, a MoS2 concentration in the range of 0.03 to 0.07 wt.% is optimal.

A lightweight deep learning-based method for health diagnosis of internal combustion engines on an internet of vehicles platform

The health status diagnosis method for internal combustion engines based on deep learning mainly focuses on the research of vibration signals, but the hardware cost required for vibration signal monitoring is expensive, and the model is also complex, which is not suitable for vehicle internal combustion engines. The Internet of Vehicle (IoV) platform provides a lot of thermal parameter data that can reflect the status and performance of internal combustion engines. However, there is currently insufficient study on thermal parameters, and the in-depth fusion analysis of multiple parameter associations has not been realized. At the same time, considering the numerous thermal parameters of internal combustion engines and the complex relationship between them. This article proposes a deep learning lightweight diagnosis method based on thermal parameters to explore the important value of thermal parameters in the health diagnosis of internal combustion engines. Firstly, a parameter grouping model based on Mutual information is proposed to realize the automatic grouping of parameters, reduce the complexity of the model, and realize lightweight processing. Then, based on grouping, a deep learning health status diagnosis model based on denoising autoencoder-attention mechanism-bidirectional gated recurrent unit (DAE-AM-BiGRU) is proposed to achieve the purpose of data dimensionality reduction, noise reduction, and obtaining key features and timing relations. Finally, a simulation model of an internal combustion engine was constructed using GT-POWER simulation software to obtain simulation data of thermal parameters, verifying the effectiveness of the proposed method.

Research on the Impact of Supplying the Air-Cooled D21A1 Engine with RME B100 Biodiesel on Its Operating Parameters

It is known that the use of alternative fuels leads to changes in the operating parameters of internal combustion engines, and the nature of the changes in most cases is not known. Therefore, the question of researching the main operating indicators of the internal combustion engine supplied with RME B100 biodiesel fuel is important, and the results will help to eliminate or reduce negative factors that can lead to the deterioration of the operational and technical indicators of the internal combustion engine. The purpose of the research was to develop an experimental research facility using appropriate equipment and to study the main operational and technical parameters of the air-cooled D21A1 diesel engine on RME B100 biodiesel fuel. To reach the goal, the following tasks were formulated: the development of a test facility and research on the main technical and operational performance indicators of the D21A1 diesel engine on RME B100 biodiesel fuel. The authors’ previous research results were applied in the setting of the D21A1 test engine in the process of RME B100 biodiesel research; namely, to achieve maximum fuel combustion efficiency, the injection moment was increased by 6°. The results ensured the maximum efficiency of using RME B100 biodiesel in engines without making changes to the design of the latter. System analysis and the comparison method were used during the research. In the process of using RME B100 biodiesel fuel on the air-cooled D21A1 engine, we found a decrease in engine torque of 6.5%; a decrease in effective power of 6.7%; a growth in specific effective fuel consumption of up to 22.3%; and an increase in hourly fuel consumption of 14.1%. This is because the use of RME B100 fuel requires changes in the engine design that improve the mixture formation process.

Two-dimensional calculation model for hazardous substances formation in combustion products of a spark-ignition engine

Introduction (problem statement and relevance). Improvement of environmental parameters of internal combustion engines is one of the most relevant tasks of the domestic transport engineering. Calculation support allows reducing the time and raising the efficiency of works for refining of the bench work process in order to meet the required parameters. The paper is devoted to development of a two-dimensional calculation model for hazardous substances formation in combustion products of spark-ignition engines based on the non-equilibrium kinetic models of formation of nitrogen oxides and carbon monoxide.Methodology and research methods. Computational methods for differential equations (ordinary and partial ones) are applied. Non-equilibrium kinetics of hazardous substances formation in combustion products is considered. The work process is calculated based on a combination of the mesh control-volume method and determination of the observable flame rate based on the experimental data (taking into account the development stage of the flame source).Scientific novelty and results. The new calculation method for flame propagation in the spark-ignition engine is suggested. The developed model combines such advantages as good predictability and short time of calculation.Practical significance. The model can be applied, in particular, to preliminary planning of three-dimensional calculations of the work process or their check in the absence of experimental data (at the stage of preliminary/concept design). The calculation results can be used as initial data for modeling of the exhaust gas aftertreatment (additional purification) system.

State of art review of algal biodiesel and its blends influence on performance and emission characteristics of compression ignition engine

The current scenario, ever ending increase in depletion rate of petro-diesel and eventually their socio-economic impacts, strongly urges to invent appropriate substitute to petro-diesel. Profound research in the field has been carried out till time which is still continuing for investigating even more possible and probable way outs. In this context, the evaluation of the performance parameters of internal combustion engine is the essential step to ascertain the effective and appropriate fuel and its blends. This paper focus on extensive review of often discussed performance parameters such as break specific fuel consumption, break thermal efficiency and brake power. To widen the assortment of information in this field, the state of art review of the emission characteristics of Compression Ignition machine using algal biodiesel as a fuel has been recited through this survey. For evoking more precise knowledge of this review, the variety of fuel and engine type used for experimentation is thoroughly reviewed, analyzed and explained. It was found in review that there is an increase in brake power by 1%–20%, brake specific fuel consumption by 0.9%–13.90% and brake thermal efficiency from 1% to 27.65% which are in adoptable range. The emissions such as carbon monoxide and dioxides are found to be reduced considerably along with reduction in hydrocarbon emissions. The only exemption of oxides of nitrogen which found to be increase. Finally, it can be underlined that algae and its blends) characteristics were compatible with petroleum diesel and performance and emission parameters are in close proximity of diesel so, algal biodiesel and its blends can be used as diesel engine fuel without any modification in existing diesel engines. Considering the state of art review on this less explored topic, along with blends preparation, investigating physiochemical properties of blends and the impact of small proportion of algal biodiesel blends on performance and emission of compression ignition engine could be carried out.

Исследование экологической безопасности спецавтотранспорта с дизельным ДВС

The paper considers the possibility of using hydrogen as an additive to the main type of fuel in special purpose vehicles with a diesel-powered internal combustion engine (ICE) in order to improve environmental safety. There has been developed a mathematical model for describing the processes of combined cycles of the internal combustion engine operating on diesel fuel and hydrogen additives. Theoretical methods for investigating the technical parameters of internal combustion engines at using hydrogen additives are presented. Based on theoretical relationships and data, the environmental safety of special purpose vehicles on the territory of St. Petersburg can be improved.

Обеспечение безопасных условий деятельности сотрудников по фактору вентиляция в подземных рудниках при работе техники, оснащенной двигателями внутреннего сгорания

Increasing production capacities and developing ventilation systems in underground mines challenge mining enterprises to enhance the output level of applied mining and ventilation facilities. Most of the rock loading and transporting mining machinery at ore deposits is powered by diesel internal combustion engines. Insufficient ventilation or wrong approaches to determining the amount of air required to dilute the main components of exhaust gases from internal combustion engines, including carbon monoxide and nitrogen oxides, can result in poisoning or even death of mining workers. However, most production facilities make their ventilation systems operate at the capacity limits without any opportunities to increase their technical reserves. This fact has a direct impact on safety of mining operations. We present methods and equations aimed at determining the required air quantity for the operating areas of the vehicles equipped with internal combustion engines and the underground mines at their designing and operation stages. The analysis of regulatory documentation shows that there is no requirement to airflow rate per power unit of internal combustion engines. Therefore, we propose an approach that meets up-to-date industrial safety requirements based on the actual emissions of harmful components, performance parameters of internal combustion engines and emission standards guaranteed by manufacturers though confirming an engine’s emission class compliance. The proposed methods will allow us to enhance workplace safety at underground mines where internal combustion engine equipment is on duty, and to increase the efficiency of designing new blocks, horizons and mines by eliminating unreasonable reserves when selecting mining and ventilation equipment.

Experimental Study on Static Characteristics of Turbocharged Internal Combustion Engine with Low CBM Components

In order to improve the operation efficiency of internal combustion engine, the static relationship between the concentration and flow rate of coalbed methane and the operation parameters of internal combustion engine was studied. Based on the experiments, the effects of CBM component concentration and gas flow rate on air-fuel ratio, exhaust gas temperature, exhaust gas flow rate and compressor outlet pressure are summarized. It provides a certain technical support for the optimization control of internal combustion engine to change gas flow rate to adapt to the change of coal-bed methane composition.

Power plants of mobile agricultural machinery using vortex exhaust ejectors

Environmental protection is one of the most important problems of the modern world, since life on Earth, the health and well-being of mankind depend on its solution. Every year the world economy emits into the atmosphere 350 million tons of carbon monoxide, more than 50 million tons of various hydrocarbons, 150 million tons of sulfur dioxide. Carbon dioxide is accumulated in the atmosphere and at the same time, the amount of oxygen decreases, and the «contribution» of motor vehicle emissions to the atmosphere is up to 90 % for carbon monoxide and 70 % for nitric oxide. A vortex exhaust ejector allows to improve the parameters of internal combustion engines (ICE) and diesel engines of mobile agricultural machines: their power increase and fuel consumption, as well as toxicity and noise reduce. Due to the aerodynamics and flow characteristics of the swirl flow, a vortex ejector is capable of creating a higher zone of reduced pressure in the near-axial area of the flow than a straightjet one, and it is capable to operate in a wide range of pressures of the gas inlet flow, and has all the modes. Constructive options of a vortex exhaust ejector for various types of power plants of mobile agricultural machinery are proposed. The experimental bench and field studies of various vehicles confirmed an increase in the effective power of ICE and diesel engines by 12 %, a decrease in hourly fuel consumption of up to 20%, and a decrease in toxicity of exhaust gases by 10-15 %

Robust two-scale command shaping for residual vibration mitigation in nonlinear systems

This paper develops robust two-scale command shaping (TSCS) for vibration mitigation in nonlinear systems. Recursive least-squares (RLS) and extended Kalman filtering (EKF) approaches are used to estimate uncertain system parameters alongside robust command shaping methods to decrease the impact of vibration mode variations on TSCS efficacy. For full implementation, the TSCS strategy requires input parameters to characterize the nonlinear system for which it is being applied, which may be a) difficult to quantify, and/or b) uncertain due to their dependence on environmental considerations or operating conditions. To alleviate these issues a parameter estimation technique can be used to help define these required input parameters. Additionally, robust command shaping methods can be leveraged to decrease the impact of variations in system vibration modes on the efficacy of the command shaping portion of TSCS. A motivating problem for adding robustness to TSCS is the mitigation of vibration-related issues during internal combustion engine (ICE) restart. TSCS applied to engine restart is used as an example to develop the techniques to add robustness to the strategy. It is shown that both the RLS and EKF algorithms can be used to estimate the necessary ICE parameters and increase effectiveness of the TSCS strategy. Robust command shaping is then used to reduce the effect of variations in the chassis and powertrain vibration modes on the efficacy of TSCS during ICE restart.

Internal Combustion Engine Analysis of Energy Ecological Parameters by Neutrosophic MULTIMOORA and SWARA Methods

The investigation for new innovative solutions to reduce transport pollution is a priority for the European Union (EU). This study includes energy and a sustainable environment, as well as transport, logistics, and information and communication technologies. Energy ecological parameters of internal combustion depend on many factors: fuel, the fuel injection time, engine torque, etc. The engine’s energy ecological parameters were studied by changing engine torques, using different fuels, and changing the start of the fuel injection time. The selection of the optimum parameters is a complex problem. Multicriteria decision-making methods (MCDM) present powerful and flexible techniques for the solution of many sustainability problems. The article presents a new way of tackling transport pollution. The analysis of the energy ecological parameters of the experimental internal combustion engine is performed using the neutrosophic multi-objective optimization by a ratio analysis plus the full multiplicative form (MULTIMOORA) and step-wise weight assessment ratio analysis (SWARA) methods. The application of MCDM methods provides us with the opportunity to establish the best alternatives which reflect the best energy ecological parameters of the internal combustion engine.

Effect of ozone addition on working parameters of diesel engine

One of the methods of improving the operating parameters of internal combustion engines is increasing the oxygen content in the air supplied to the combustion chamber by supplying ozone to the intake system or to the working space of the engine. It is advantageous to make the surface of the engine intake system in a rough or ribbed form. This causes turbulence in the supplied air with ozone, which may increase the efficiency of ozone in contact with the fuel in the combustion chamber. The article presents the results of tests carried out on dynamometric stands with compression-ignition engines. The test object was the FIAT 1.3 JTD MULTIJET engine. The main aim of this work is to determine the effect of ozone on engine operating parameters and the toxicity of exhaust gases. In particular test cycles the ozone was fed into the suction manifold and, along with the sucked air, fed to the combustion chamber. The test results include power and torque measurements for 100%, 50% and 10% of the maximum engine load.

Vibration Measurement for Combustion Phase Evaluation in a CI Engine

Combustion phase parameters of internal combustion engines are important for closed-loop control of combustion process. As an indirect method for combustion diagnosis, engine surface vibration can be used to extract combustion related information. In this paper, a vibration velocity sensor mounted on the cylinder head was used to detect engine vibration signals. The high components of measured vibration signals are highly related to combustion and distribute in the crank angle area -30~90°. Ensemble Empirical Mode Decomposition (EEMD) method was used to extract combustion induced vibration signals and the feature points on the sixth Intrinsic Mode Function (IMF) can be used to evaluate start of combustion (SOC) and location of 50% mass fraction burn (CA50). The maximum errors of identified SOC and CA50 are 1.1° and 1.4°, respectively.

A method and instruments to identify the torque, the power and the efficiency of an internal combustion engine of a wheeled vehicle

In this paper, we propose a new method and instruments to identify the torque, the power, and the efficiency of internal combustion engines in transient conditions. This method, in contrast to the commonly used non-demounting methods based on inertia and strain gauge dynamometers, allows controlling the main performance parameters of internal combustion engines in transient conditions without inaccuracy connected with the torque loss due to its transfer to the driving wheels, on which the torque is measured with existing methods. In addition, the proposed method is easy to create, and it does not use strain measurement instruments, the application of which does not allow identifying the variable values of the measured parameters with high measurement rate; and therefore the use of them leads to the impossibility of taking into account the actual parameters when engineering the wheeled vehicles. Thus the use of this method can greatly improve the measurement accuracy and reduce costs and laboriousness during testing of internal combustion engines. The results of experiments showed the applicability of the proposed method for identification of the internal combustion engines performance parameters. In this paper, it was determined the most preferred transmission ratio when using the proposed method.

MODELING, SIMULATION AND MODEL OPTIMIZATION OF INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE FOR PHERB POWERTRAIN

Internal combustion engine (ICE) is the most important part in vehicle. Generally, the combustion of ICE is facilitated by petrol and exhaust gas emission from vehicles is a primary contributor to the environmental pollution problem. In this research, Plug-in hybrid electric recreational boat (PHERB) is introduced and PHERB has a combination of energy storage system, ICE and electric machine. The objective of this work is to derive a detailed model of ICE in MATLAB/SIMULINK environment, develop proportional-integral (PI) controller for ICE and optimize ICE using a Genetic Algorithm (GA) based on PI controller. The efficiency of ICE for PHERB obtained was 40 % at rotational speed 4000 rpm of the engine. Via using the GA, the optimal performance of ICE is found by power demand curve, as a reference for the model with mutation probability used is 0.085. In terms of the performance results, the optimal tuning parameters of ICE for PHERB had a significantly improved performance towards green and clean technology.

The Use of Vector Models to Study the Dynamic Characteristics of an Advanced Two-Shaft Internal Combustion Engine

Various methods exist today for increasing the effectiveness of internal combustion engines (ICE) which are mainly focused on improving the thermodynamic processes in the engine, fuel efficiency, technological improvements. However little effort is put on finding new schemes of the main mechanism of the ICE which could improve its kinematic and dynamic characteristics. The aim of this research is to optimize the dynamics of the a new kinematic scheme of the slider-crank mechanism of ICE that allows us to achieve increased engine effectiveness by achieving maximum torque at maximum pressure of gases with a minimal volume of combustion chamber and also to achieve reduction of mechanical loads on engine components thereby reducing dimensions and mass of the engine. The optimal parameters of the new row two-shaft ICE that permits the achievement of the set goal were found and the achieved dynamic characteristics were compared to those of classical ICE. The study was carried out using vector modular models.

Influence of Internal Combustion Engine Parameters on Gas Leakage through the Piston Rings Area

In this work, the influence of internal combustion engine parameters (cylinder-piston clearance, piston head height, the first segment position, gap of the first piston ring and gap of the second piston ring, piston rings’ axial clearance, intake valve debit coefficient) gas leakage from the combustion chamber through the piston rings’ area was investigated. This influence was studied by making an initial forming operation over gas leakage in the analyzed area.

Development of a test method for a realistic, single parameter-dependent analysis of piston ring versus cylinder liner contacts with a rotational tribometer

A rotational tribometer as well as a corresponding test method for measuring friction and wear under pure sliding conditions were developed for the purpose of single parameter analysis of piston ring to cylinder liner contacts. Using this rotational tribometer and applying the developed test method, such analyses were carried out at a high level of precision and under close-to-engine conditions within a wide range of relevant operation parameters of internal combustion engines. In order to validate the test method, the friction and wear of a compression piston ring running against a honed cylinder liner were studied. In this paper, the influence of the test parameters ring temperature, ring load, test duration and sliding speed on the friction and wear behavior of a hard chrome-plated piston ring against a thermally sprayed, iron-based cylinder liner coating (NANOSLIDE®) was analyzed. The friction and wear study at low, medium and high combustion chamber pressures, low to high sliding speeds as well as at moderate to high ring temperatures are discussed exemplarily. The obtained wear results show very good correlation with engine durability tests.

Influence of technology level of fuel on the efficiency of operation of internal combustion engines of motor-and-tractor vehicles

The effect of energoinformational field created by Kozyrev’s generator of heavy particles on the fuel and on fuel supply system of internal combustion engines leads to the improvement of operational performance of motor-and-tractor vehicles. Kozyrev’s generator of heavy particles is a centrifugal-vortex source creating a stream of particles in vertical direction. The stream of particles affects any device in its area of influence. The principle of Kozyrev’s generator of heavy particles is based on the energoinformational concept of the structure of matter and on effects generated by gravity waves. Today the mechanism of this interaction in terms of classical science is understudied. Studies carried out on an automated test bench system in Saint-Petersburg State University of Architecture and Civil Engineering are aimed at quantitative and qualitative assessment of the effect occasioned by bombardment of fuel and internal combustion engine with heavy particles stream. The obtained results show a positive effect of Kozyrev’s generator of heavy particles on operational parameters of internal combustion engines. Primarily it’s the increasing of fuel efficiency and reducing of harmful emissions into the atmosphere. The comprehensive research will allow to form conceptual framework of the effect of Kozyrev’s generator of heavy particles on the technology level of used fuel, as well as assess the impact of this level on the efficiency of motor-and-tractor vehicles in general. The aim of further researches in the subject area is to study the systemic effects that occur during the operation of Kozyrev’s generator of heavy particles.

Analysis of Combined Power and Refrigeration Generation Using the Carbon Dioxide Thermodynamic Cycle to Recover the Waste Heat of an Internal Combustion Engine

A novel thermodynamic system is proposed to recover the waste heat of an internal combustion engine (ICE) by integrating the transcritical carbon dioxide (CO2) refrigeration cycle with the supercritical CO2power cycle, and eight kinds of integration schemes are developed. The key parameters of the system are optimized through a genetic algorithm to achieve optimum matching with different variables and schemes, as well as the maximum net power output (Wnet). The results indicate that replacing a single-turbine scheme with a double-turbine scheme can significantly enhance the net power output (Wnet) and lower the inlet pressure of the power turbine (P4). With the same exhaust parameters of ICE, the maximumWnetof the double-turbines scheme is 40%–50% higher than that of the single-turbine scheme. Replacing a single-stage compression scheme with a double-stage compression scheme can also lower the value ofP4, while it could not always significantly enhance the value ofWnet. Except for the power consumption of air conditioning, the net power output of this thermodynamic system can reach up to 13%–35% of the engine power when it is used to recover the exhaust heat of internal combustion engines.