Internal Circle Research Articles

Contextualized Bilingualism in the Republics of Southern Siberia

The article examines the development of bilingualism in the Republics of Southern Siberia. Its social context is formed under the influence of both extralinguistic factors and the language hierarchy in the form of vertical bilingualism. According to the latest sociolinguistic surveys, bilingualism is the norm for indigenous peoples – Altaians, Tuvans and Khakass – and their language behavior is determined by a strong instrumental and integrative motivation for using Russian as a language of social promotion. The increase of the subtractive type of bilingualism has resulted in the exclusive use of Russian not only in the external, but also in the internal circle of communication with the highest rates in the Republic of Khakassia (about 60 and 30%, respectively). A pragmatic attitude influences the language behavior: the more indigenous respondents declare their fluency in Russian, the fewer of them speak their native language. At the same time, the languages of the titular peoples retain a high symbolic status, expressed in recognition of native languages and in willingness to contribute to their support and promotion

Organization of training by cooperation / competition method in foreign language classes

The article is devoted to the description of the organization of training in a foreign language according to the method of rivalry / cooperation. The author investigated the possibilities of the practical application of such forms as cooperation and rivalry and their impact on the educational process. The relevance of this problem is due to the need for the search for new ways, methods, techniques for effective training of foreign students, the need to develop optimal technologies for the process of learning a foreign language by using cooperation and rivalry strategies; a lack of fundamental theoretical research and practical developments on the application of cooperation and rivalry in teaching foreign languages. The author studies examples of interactive games that students find most interesting and entertaining and shows various ways of organizing work in small groups. Among the most effective forms of pair and group work are internal (external) circles, brainstorm, zigzag reading, opinion exchange, paired interviews. Technologies of rivalry and cooperation should be used in the educational process in a complementary manner. To successfully form the abilities of oral professional communication, it is necessary to systematically use the entire arsenal of funds and techniques that implement strategies for cooperation and rivalry. The author describes the impact of these methods on the educational process, namely the stimulation of personal, intellectual activity, development of cognitive processes, formation of competencies that the future specialist should have.

Визначення контенту та стратегій підвищення його ефективності у віртуальних спільнотах

There has been offered a review of content as one of the key components of the organization of virtual communities. The process of content distribution is studied; accordingly the model «Process of content formation in the virtual community» is created. The importance of understanding the process of content delivery to the user is substantiated. The analysis of advantages and disadvantages of using content in the environment of virtual communities is carried out. The roles of the user who is the basis of the target audience of the virtual community (agitator, distributor and evaluator) are defined. The classification of content is developed in accordance with modern standards of virtual communities: by type of user, by form of presentation, by purpose, by type of object of promotion, by type of information and by strategy of use. The material emphasizes the idea of the correct organization of work with the formation of content. The strategy of the "General Rules", which is based on the creation of a strong channel of interaction with users, has been studied. The analyzed rules relate to the purpose, goals, profile of the potential user, market, moderators from the internal circle of users, evaluation, analysis of competitors, planning, tools, brand uniqueness, analytics and software. Tested for efficiency, three-dimensional content analysis strategy and SMART for community work. There have been analyzed the peculiarities of the strategy of "Three-dimensional content analysis", which are based on the implementation of key processes for the community — analysis, process and content. The properties of the SMART strategy distinguish it from the emphasis on building productive goals to increase the efficiency of content formation in communities. Each letter of the name is assigned a word that describes the characteristic features of the goals: specific, measurable, achievable, relevant and time-limited. The results of the effectiveness of the analyzed strategies to increase the level of content placement in virtual communities are substantiated in the conducted experiments. Relevant conclusions have been made regarding the conducted content research.

A type of X-ray diffractometer with adaptive X-ray spot sizes

In order to realize micron scale to millimeter scale phase structure analysis, as well as accurate phase structure analysis of surface uneven samples, X-ray diffractometer named Hawk-II, which can adaptively adjust the diameter of irradiated X-ray beam spot according to the diameter of internal tangential circle at the measured point, is developed by combining X-ray diffraction technology, CCD camera imaging technology and slightly-focusing ploycapillary X-ray control technology. The X-ray source system, six-dimensional linkage motion system, CCD camera, detection system and control system based on LabVIEW are the main components of the Hawk-II. Compared with the 3°–5° divergence of the conventional X-ray source, the divergence of the X-ray emitted by the slightly-focusing polycapillary X-ray optics is only about 0.15° and also the intensity within the beam spot range is dozens of times stronger. Therefore, the shift of peak position will not appear due to the pores, curvature or uneven surface of the sample, when Hawk-II is used to analyze the samples with irregular surface. The diffraction pattern of the uneven Ren Min Bi five-cent coin are collected in the Hawk-II and PANalytical X-Pert Pro MPD conventional X-ray diffractometer respectively. By comparing the analysis results, it is found that the diffraction peaks measured by the X-Pert Pro MPD are shifted seriously, with a maximum deviation angle of 0.52°. While the diffraction peaks detected by the Hawk-II are basically consistent with the data from the standard PDF card, which verifies the advantages of the analysis of irregular samples by the Hawk-II. In order to explore the difference between different beam spots used for analysis at the same point, red and green porcelain fired in Qing dynasty and GaAs-based Cu and Fe plated films are analyzed by the Hawk-II. It is found that when the samples are relatively uniform, the intensities of diffraction peaks of different beam spots are relatively close, while when the samples are not uniform, the diffraction peaks vary greatly. Especially, some microcrystalline phases can be detected only with large beam spots. In addition, to verify the adaptive functionality of the Hawk-II, a bronze from the Western Han Dynasty, with different rust spots on it, is tested. It is found that the Hawk-II can adjust the beam spot size according to the different corrosion points, making the irradiation area coincide with the area to be analysed and the phase structure detected more accurately. Therefore, the Hawk-II is a general purpose X-ray diffractometer, which has the analytical capability from micron scale to millimeter scale and the energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence analysis function. Moreover, it has the advantages of the accurate analysis of irregular samples, fast detection speed, simple operation, etc. Based on the above analysis, the Hawk-II will be widely used in different fields.

Kontribusi dan Peran KH. Hasyim Asy’ari dalam Membingkai Moderasi Beragama Berlandaskan al Quran dan Hadis di Indonesia

<p class="07KatakunciKeywords"><span>This article aims to reveal the ideas of K</span><span lang="IN">iai</span><span> Hasyim Asy'ari in knitting the unity and framing the religious moderation </span><span lang="IN">based on the Quran and Hadith </span><span>in Indonesia. His role is still relevant to study considering the life of Indonesian people until now still often confront and even contradict between religion and culture. Besides, the dichotomy between traditionalist and modernist Islam has strengthened once again in the internal circles of Muslims, which if it was not immediately found a solution, it can lead to divisions between them. This study uses qualitative methods and data collection uses documentation techniques to be analyzed descriptively-critically. This research shows that K</span><span lang="IN">iai </span><span>Hasyim Asy'ari played a significant role in uniting Muslims in particular and Indonesian society in general. He taught Islam by emphasizing the formation of character, politeness, gentleness, and moderate understanding of Islam as stated in his book <em>Risalah Ahl as-Sunnah wa al-Jama'ah</em>. He also called for doing good to others despite being of different religions, loving the Prophet, and making unity, brotherhood, and tolerance as the foundation of moderation between religious communities in Indonesia.</span></p>

THE PROBLEM OF CHILDREN'S RIGHTS IN CIBURIAL VILLAGE, INDONESIA

Children in Ciburial Village experience several problems including discrimination, violence, exploitation, and neglect of children. UU no. 4 of 1979 concerning Child Welfare and Law No. 23 of 2002 in Indonesia concerning Child Protection, states the importance of child protection by parents and the community, but this has not been fully met at the level of implementation. To realize child protection, the Bandung regency government, since 2014 has launched a pioneering child-friendly district by forming a child-friendly village including Ciburial Village, Cimenyan Sub-district. The research approach used was qualitative (field research), the source of data in the research amounted to eight people. The main source is the Ciburial Village leader and several Village officials who determine various village policies and programs that support child protection. Data collection techniques used primarily were group interviews with officials in the village of Ciburial, in addition to that also used in-depth interview techniques. The results showed that the fulfillment of children's rights in the context of supporting a village worthy of children is very good, namely by the availability of social institutions in each of the Five Pillars that guarantee the fulfillment of children's rights, fulfillment of civil rights and freedom of children, the right to health and basic welfare, the availability of the family and care environment alternative for children, the right to education, the use of free time and cultural activities based on local wisdom, and provide special protection. Suggestions in this research are the need to continue to promote socialization on child protection, as well as the provision of human resources who are concerned about the protection of children who come from internal circles of Ciburial Village beside the government officials of Ciburial Village to better coordinate with the Government of Bandung Regency and other agencies so that the fulfillment of children's rights in Ciburial Village can run optimally.

Canine Model for Selective and Superselective Cerebral Intra-Arterial Therapy Testing.

PurposeWith advancing endovascular technology and increasing interest in minimally invasive intra-arterial therapies such as stem cell and chemotherapy for cerebral disease, the establishment of a translational model with cerebral circulation accessible to microcatheters is needed. We report our experience catheterizing canine cerebral circulation with microcatheters, present high-resolution angiographic images of the canine vascular anatomy, describe arterial branch flow patterns and provide measurements of canine arterial conduits.Materials and MethodsAngiograms were performed on 10 intact purpose-bred hounds. Angiography, measurements of arterial conduits and catheterization information for intracranial arterial branches were obtained.ResultsSelective and superselective cerebral angiography was successful in all subjects. Relevant arterial mean diameters include the femoral (4.64 mm), aorta (9.38 mm), external carotid (3.65 mm), internal carotid arteries (1.6 mm), vertebrobasilar system and Circle of Willis branches. Catheterization of the Circle of Willis was achieved via the posterior circulation in all subjects tested (n=3) and the use of flow directed microcatheters resulted in reduced arterial tree deformation and improved superselection of intracranial vessels. Catheterization of the intracranial circulation was attempted but not achieved via the internal carotid artery (n=7) due to its tortuosity and subsequent catheter related vasospasm.ConclusionThe canine cerebral vasculature is posterior circulation dominant. Anterior circulation angiography is achievable via the internal carotid artery, but direct cerebral arterial access is best achieved via the posterior circulation using flow-directed microcatheters. It is feasible to deliver intra-arterial therapies to selective vascular territories within the canine cerebral circulation, thus making it a viable animal model for testing novel intra-arterial cerebral treatments.

Komitmen Lingkungan dan Budaya CSR Kreatif Multitema Batik Alam Malon PT Indonesia Power Semarang Power Generation Unit

Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) activities are performed not only for legal compliance or carrying out the mandate of the law Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) is not only a recommendation from the government to business people but also an obligation that must be implemented by companies both private and government business. Law No. 40/2007 mandates that all companies allocate funds from business proceeds for social activities as a form of commitment to the surrounding environment. PT Indonesia Power Semarang Power Generation Unit consistently responds and carries out this obligation. This obligation is done not to avoid government sanctions and reprimands but as an effort to balance and harmonize the business interests of the company with a commitment to the environment, economic independence, and efforts to preserve culture. This paper uses a descriptive type of research with a communication audit analysis approach. Data collection was carried out by interviewing various relevant sources from internal circles and also beneficiaries of Multi-theme CSR activities in Batik Alam Malon, Gunungpati Subdistrict, Semarang City.
 

How Political Party Handle Their Internal Problem? Comparative Studies Between The Nationalist Party and Islamic Party in Indonesia (Golkar and PKS)

In recent era, we can see so many party trapped into an internal conflict, one of them is Golkar and PKS, see two parties with different ideological foundations, which of course has a mechanism of different conflict resolution processes, but falls within the same internal conflict circle that is still related to the existence of party elites especially when the conflict is up to the binding decision of the Supreme Court then the author seeks to dig the political party in Indonesia in resolving the internal problems of the party so as not to affect the internal party. This paper use a qualitative methods with most of the data came from literature review and from secondary data from the party itself. The result of this paper is that party internal conflict aren’t causes by ideological things, but causes by elites needs. This can be solved by strengthen the position of party court and increasing the amount of member in party court.

Pencil beam scanning proton therapy for the treatment of craniopharyngioma complicated with radiation-induced cerebral vasculopathies: A dosimetric and linear energy transfer (LET) evaluation

Background and purposeThis study analyses the dosimetric and dose averaged Linear Energy transfer (LETd) correlation in paediatric craniopharyngioma (CP) patients with and without radiation-induced cerebral vasculopathies (RICVs) treated with pencil beam scanning (PBS) proton therapy (PT). Material and methodsWe reviewed a series of 16 CP patients treated with PT to a median dose of 54 Gy(RBE). Two (12.5%) index patients presented RICVs 14 and 24 months (median, 19) after PT. Organs at risks (OARs) as bilateral internal carotid arteries (ICAs) and circle of Willis were contoured based on CTs and MRIs pre- and post-PT. Dosimetry was reviewed and LETd distributions were calculated; LETd metric for PTVs and OARs were analysed. For a sub-cohort, dosimetric and LETd values robustness due to range uncertainties were computed. ResultsFor the two index patients, no correlation was observed between RICVs and OARs doses. However for those patients mean(maximum) LETd values in the affected OARs were up to 4.0 ± 0.4 (7.8 ± 0.1)keV/μm; those LETd values were significantly higher (p = 0.02) than the mean(maximum) LETd values for the rest of the cohort (mean: 3.1 ± 0.3, maximum: 4.8 ± 1.0 keV/μm). This was due to asymmetric field arrangement, thus resulting in marked asymmetric LETd distributions. For such arrangement, maximum LETd values variations in vascular structures due to range uncertainties were up to 1.2 keV/μm, whilst for the symmetric one they were up to 0.7 keV/μm. ConclusionsFor children with and without RICVs, quantitative analysis showed a significant correlation with LETd average/maximum values in vascular structures, whilst no correlation was found on dosimetric parameters.

High-resolution imaging system with an annular aperture of coded phase masks for endoscopic applications.

Partial aperture imaging is a combination of two different techniques; coded aperture imaging and imaging through an aperture that is only a part of the complete disk, commonly used as the aperture of most imaging systems. In the present study, the partial aperture is a ring where the imaging through this aperture resolves small details of the observed scene similarly to the full disk aperture with the same diameter. However, unlike the full aperture, the annular aperture enables using the inner area of the ring for other applications. In this study, we consider the implementation of this special aperture in medical imaging instruments, such as endoscopes, for imaging internal cavities in general and of the human body in particular. By using this annular aperture, it is possible to transfer through the internal open circle of the ring other elements such as surgical tools, fibers and illumination devices. In the proposed configuration, light originated from a source point passes through an annular coded aperture and creates a sparse, randomly distributed, intensity dot pattern on the camera plane. A combination of the dot patterns, each one recorded only once, is used as the point spread hologram of the imaging system. The image is reconstructed digitally by cross correlation between the object intensity response and the point spread hologram.

UNDERSTANDING THE RELIGIOUS TOLERANCE IN INDONESIA: THE ISLAMIC THEOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVES

Purpose of the study: The purpose of this paper is to elaborate methodological diversities in understanding religions both in internal and external circles and contexts are seen from Islamic theological perspectives.
 Methodology: The research methodology used in this study is a qualitative analysis, using content analysis method.
 Main Findings: The diversity of religious beliefs and religious understandings needs to be interpreted as a logical consequence of divine provisions. Methodologically, however, an individual’s belief cannot be adjudged right or wrong without understanding socio-cultural, referent, educational, and other external background experience shaping his belief and diversity.
 Applications of this study: Understanding and tolerant behavior in the diversity of beliefs in Indonesian society is necessary to create inter and inter-religious harmony, to realize a solid nation and state of life. Therefore, a comprehensive effort is needed to minimize intolerant understanding and behavior in the community from an early age, through integrative education and learning.
 Novelty/Originality of this study: Generally, research methodology on religion using religious doctrine as the main tool in the analysis of religious thought. This article presents a point of equilibrium between doctrine and

CONTROL OF THE SPATIAL STRUCTURE IN PRESCHOOL CHILDREN

In early childhood, most motor tasks are based on kinematic structure, as children assimilate motor culture in the way of imitation actions. Substantial development during this period also suffers from the controlling system, as a major problem is the differentiation of the effects of development on the one hand and education on the other. According to our working hypothesis, we assume that the educational process, both in primary school and pre-school age, should focus not on physical qualities but on improving the functioning of the controlling (external and internal circle) system. The aim of this study is to quantify some basic parameters for the management of spatial biomechanical characteristics in the earliest childhood. The selected test motor tasks registered regional and global accuracy assessment mutual location and the reachable area between cinematic pairs.

Hagedorn-like transition at high supersymmetry breaking scale

We consider phase transitions occurring in four-dimensional heterotic orbifold models, when the scale of spontaneous breaking of mathcal{N} = 1 supersymmetry is of the order of the string scale. The super-Higgs mechanism is implemented by imposing distinct boundary conditions for bosons and fermions along an internal circle of radius R. Depending on the orbifold action, the usual scalars becoming tachyonic when R falls below the Hagedorn radius may or may not be projected out of the spectrum. In all cases, infinitely many other scalars, which are pure Kaluza-Klein or pure winding states along other internal directions, become tachyonic in subregions in moduli space. We derive the off-shell tree level effective potential that takes into account these potentially tachyonic modes. We show that when a combination of the usual tachyons survives the orbifold action, it is the only degree of freedom that actually condenses.

The Principle of Public Relations in Leadership in Educational Institutions

Leadership within specialized institutions in educational institutions has a very urgent function in facilitating comparative achievements among followers, also providing opportunities for them to develop and innovate. A leader also has an important role in the development of the institution he leads, where the leader becomes an effective communicator that he can actually establish a good communication relationship between personal leaders and followers, as well as those who do not only within the internal relations circle, however, a good relationship must extend beyond the institution's discussion room to the social discussion space around the institution because educational institutions are related to institutions that relate to the surrounding social community. A leader must be able to establish a good relationship between himself, his followers and also the social environment around the institution that might be more focused on the parents of the institution's students, so the principles of public relations must be needed in researchers in educational institutions, because the basis of success in social life is good communication between social individuals.

INTERRELIGIOUS EDUCATION MODEL IN SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL (SMA) BOPKRI 1 YOGYAKARTA

Abstract: Religious education at all levels of institutions are generally still dwelled on the perspective of the internal circle, intended for the internal, and less responsive to social changes. In other words, religious education is still monoreligious, so that institutions and religious communities are often stuttered toward the diversity and changes. In fact, the monoreligious model does not accept other people who are different. It does not foster a sensitivity on how to think, how to live and the needs of others who are a different religion. Such a model of religious education raises a wide impact on the mindset and attitude of religious students, one of which could potentially give rise to attitudes of intolerance. Therefore, it is necessary the presence of a renewal model of religious education that allows students to more insightful open to differences and diversity of religions. This research aims to know the implementation of the interreligious model in religious education at Senior High School (Sekolah Menengah Atas-SMA) BOPKRI 1 Yogyakarta. Data are collected by using interview, observation, and documentation, and verified by triangulation. The findings are that interreligious model at SMA BOPKRI 1 Yogyakarta has been implemented only on grade XII, whereas at the grades X and XI, the Christian religious education is applied. According to Michael Grimmit, the implementation of religious education at grades X and XI can be categorized as “learning religion", whereas in grade XII It can be categorized as “learning from religion”. On the other hand, by using the theory of Jack Seymour and Tabita Kartika, the model religious education in grades X and XI can be included as “in the wall”, whereas, in grade XII, it can be categorized as “beyond the wall”. Tolerance and multiculturalism insight of students of SMA BOPKRI 1 Yogyakarta by applying the interreligious model is already up on the fifth level of the multicultural barometer popularized by Karuna Center for Peacebuilding i.e. on the level of respect, recognizes, and contributes to other groups, or can be categorized at the highest level, namely the award on the similarities and differences, as well as celebrate plurality.

Interaction between two neighboring tunnel using PFC2D

In this paper, the interaction between two neighboring tunnel has been investigated using PFC2D. For this purpose, firstly calibration of PFC was performed using Brazilian experimental test. Secondly, various configuration of two neighboring tunnel was prepared and tested by biaxial test. The maximum and minimum principle stresses were 0.2 and 30 MPa respectively. The modeling results show that in most cases, the tensile cracks are dominant mode of cracks that occurred in the model. With increasing the diameter of internal circle, number of cracks decreases in rock pillar also number of total cracks decreases in the model. The rock pillar was heavily broken when its width was too small. In fixed quarter size of tunnel, the crack initiation stress decreases with increasing the central tunnel diameter. In fixed central tunnel size, the crack initiation stress decreases with increasing the quarter size of tunnel.

El golpe en Brasil como construcción de la "democracia" de la subciudadanía

The article deals with the relationship between the fragility of the construction of the nation-state, the weakness of democracy in Brazil and its consequences in the constraint of citizenship, restricted to the concrete exercise of few people, which establishes predominantly coercive relations of the state apparatus with the popular majorities. This explains the rising up of the recurrent appeal for coups d'etat in national history, such as the one that occurred in 2016 with the illegitimate removal of President Dilma Rousseff. It also examines the discursive foundations that seek to legitimize the deep class inequalities in Brazil, and the role they play in establishing a structural dualism, even within the juridical normativity and its validation. It identifies particularly in the native bourgeoisie, a minor partner of imperialism, aspects of the state that obstruct the revitalizing of civil society, stopping the expansion of the internal market and power circles, which ends up leading to the atavistic persistence of authoritarianism in Brazil.

Hydrological simulation and uncertainty analysis using the improved TOPMODEL in the arid Manas River basin, China

Understanding the mechanism of complicated hydrological processes is important for sustainable management of water resources in an arid area. This paper carried out the simulations of water movement for the Manas River Basin (MRB) using the improved semi-distributed Topographic hydrologic model (TOPMODEL) with a snowmelt model and topographic index algorithm. A new algorithm is proposed to calculate the curve of topographic index using internal tangent circle on a conical surface. Based on the traditional model, the improved indicator of temperature considered solar radiation is used to calculate the amount of snowmelt. The uncertainty of parameters for the TOPMODEL model was analyzed using the generalized likelihood uncertainty estimation (GLUE) method. The proposed model shows that the distribution of the topographic index is concentrated in high mountains, and the accuracy of runoff simulation has certain enhancement by considering radiation. Our results revealed that the performance of the improved TOPMODEL is acceptable and comparable to runoff simulation in the MRB. The uncertainty of the simulations resulted from the parameters and structures of model, climatic and anthropogenic factors. This study is expected to serve as a valuable complement for widely application of TOPMODEL and identify the mechanism of hydrological processes in arid area.

Performance and microbial community structure characterization of a CIC anaerobic reactor for the treatment of cassava wastewater

A laboratory-scale controlling internal circulation (CIC) anaerobic reactor was developed to treat cassava wastewater. The hydraulic retention time (HRT), internal circulation ratio, and temperature were selected as main operating variables that could be optimized to increase efficiency of the reactor. Responses of microbial communities to changes in these parameters were investigated using high throughput sequencing (HTS) approach. With increasing internal circulation ratio, the COD removal efficiencies and gas production rates also increased. On the other hand, decreasing temperature to 20°C resulted to increase in the effluent COD concentration to 1000mgL−1, with low gas production rate of 0.10m3CH4kg−1·COD−1. Upon starting the internal circle of the CIC reactor, species diversity was reduced while species abundance increased. Specifically, Methanosarcinales increased from 32.82% to 39.69%, and Methanobacteriales from 33.72% to 54.77%. However, when the CIC reactor temperature was further reduced to 25°C, the abundance of Methanobacteria decreased to 33.35%. Results showed the microbial community shift was observed at different internal circulation ratio and temperature, influencing the pollutants removal rate and gas production rate.