Internal Budding Research Articles

Risk Management, Internal Controls & Organizational Vulnerabilities

Purpose: This is a theme editorial written exclusively by the guest editor for this special issue. This opinion piece demonstrates the impact of technology convergence on the internal control mechanism of an enterprise. It is important for an auditor to be aware of the security hazards faced by financial or the entire organizational information system. Author attempts to bring security systems design and the organizational vulnerabilities in the context of the convergence of communication and networking technologies with the complex information technology in business processes. Method: This editorial is mostly conceptual analysis of the current state of affairs. Finding: Being an editorial, there are no specific findings presented in this piece. Research Limitations: Theme editorials, being conceptual expositions of a particular current issue generally lack support of data analysis. However, advantage can be obtained by the future researchers by designing a study around the theme propounded in it here. Practical Implications: Its conceptual contribution is mostly knowledge enhancement and skill building for the professional external, internal or information systems auditor and budding researchers in the field of internal controls, new technologies and security. Originality/Value: It is an original piece written with a purpose of presenting the importance of convergence of technology vis-a-vis its impact on the internal controls in an organization and the matters of security. Paper Type: Editorial

The origin of the parathyroid gland

It has long been held that the parathyroid glands and parathyroid hormone evolved with the emergence of the tetrapods, reflecting a need for new controls on calcium homeostasis in terrestrial, rather than aquatic, environments. Developmentally, the parathyroid gland is derived from the pharyngeal pouch endoderm, and studies in mice have shown that its formation is under the control of a key regulatory gene, Gcm-2. We have used a phylogenetic analysis of Gcm-2 to probe the evolutionary origins of the parathyroid gland. We show that in chicks, as in mice, Gcm-2 is expressed in the pharyngeal pouches and the forming parathyroid gland. We find that Gcm-2 is present not only in tetrapods but also in teleosts and chondrichthyans, and that in these species, Gcm-2 is expressed within the pharyngeal pouches and internal gill buds that derive from them in zebrafish (Danio rerio), a teleost, and dogfish (Scyliorhinus canicula), a chondrichthyan. We further demonstrate that Gcm-2 is required for the formation of the internal gill buds in zebrafish. We also have identified parathyroid hormone 1/2-encoding genes in fish and show that these genes are expressed by the gills. We further show that the gills express the calcium-sensing receptor, which is used in tetrapods to monitor serum calcium levels. These results indicate that the tetrapod parathyroid gland and the gills of fish are evolutionarily related structures, and that the parathyroid likely came into being as a result of the transformation of the gills during tetrapod evolution.

Principes de prise en charge des fentes labio-maxillo-palatines unilatérales totales Propositions de protocole

Complete uni-lateral cleft palates resulting from failed union between internal and external nasal buds cause an imbalance of both superficial and deep nasal structures. After summarizing the principles that should guide the care of these anomalies, the authors present their therapeutic procedure, in which orthopaedic and surgical treatments are intimately associated. They conclude their presentation by emphasizing the difficulty of predicting the definitive result because of the extreme diversity of the sequellae that always accompany the treatment of cleft palates.

Dwarf male of Symbion pandora (cycliophora).

This study clarifies the identity and development of the male in the life cycle of Symbion pandora. The male is not produced directly by the feeding stage, as previously thought, but arises as a distinct individual from budding cells inside an intermediate stage named the Prometheus larva. The morphology and the development of the two distinct stages are described with light and electron microscopy. Furthermore, the following terminology is suggested to clearly distinguish between the different individuals: 1) the Prometheus larva, which is the free-swimming individual being produced inside the feeding stage; 2) the attached Prometheus larva on the feeding stage, which mostly degenerates following settlement, except for the internal budding cells; and 3) the dwarf male, which is the ciliated, sexually mature stage. The budding cells inside the attached Prometheus larva usually develop two internal dwarf males. Each dwarf male is heavily ciliated and has a well-developed nervous system with a relatively large brain, numerous gland and muscle cells, testis with bundles of sperm, and one penial structure. The male lacks a gut, as in the other free stages in the life cycle of Symbion pandora. This study also indicates that the dwarf male is freed from the attached Prometheus larva. Copulation, which has not been observed yet, probably takes place between a free-swimming male and the female, either while the female is released or afterwards.

DNA replication and daughter cell buddingare not tightly linked in the protozoan parasite Toxoplasma gondii

In the protozoan parasite Toxoplasma gondii, cell division occurs by an unusual internal budding process whereby two daughter cells develop within and eventually subsume the mother cell. We have examined this process using inhibitors targeted at specific events in the cell cycle. By adding inhibitors to newly established parasites we were able to examine the effects of the inhibitors on parasites treated at the start of intracellular development and many hours prior to the onset of daughter cell budding. As with other eukaryotes, inhibitors of nuclear DNA synthesis blocked parasite DNA synthesis and prevented cell division. Examination of parasites treated with the nuclear DNA synthesis inhibitor aphidicolin showed that the formation of daughter apical complexes and the initiation of budding occurred as normal and only the inability of the nucleus to become incorporated into the daughter cells prevented successful cell division. Moreover, these inhibitory effects of aphidicolin were not reversible. The initiation of nuclear DNA synthesis and cell division in newly invaded Toxoplasma required both gene transcription and protein synthesis, although inhibitors of mitochondrial DNA synthesis, transcription and protein synthesis did not block parasite division. Thus, unlike most eukaryotes, Toxoplasma tachyzoites have separated nuclear DNA replication and mitosis from the events associated with cell division (daughter cell budding). This implies that Toxoplasma tachyzoites may have dispensed with specific cell cycle checkpoints present in other eukaryotes with, in particular, a DNA-replication checkpoint control either missing, or downregulated in this stage of the parasite life cycle.

Soft Tissue Echinococcosis

Echinococcosis (hydatid cyst disease) is a zoonotic infection caused by the parasitic tapeworm Echinococcus. The larval stage of this parasite can implant in many organs of the body, most commonly the liver, and create internal budding cystic masses. Echinococcal cysts also can implant in soft tissues; however, a review of the literature revealed no published case with the patient initially presenting with a soft tissue mass. Two such cases are reported in the current study. Physicians who evaluate soft tissue masses, particularly in patients from Echinococcus-endemic areas, need to include echinococcosis in their differential diagnoses. The current treatment of choice for soft tissue echinococcosis is wide resection combined with perioperative medical therapy.

Normalization of asparagus somatic embryogenesis using a maltose-containing medium

Summary Embryogenic calli derived from internal buds were cultured and maintained on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium containing 2 mg/L 2,4-D, 3 % sucrose and 0.2 % gellan gum. Normal somatic embryos were induced from the embryogenic calli by pretreating with ½MS liquid medium for 7 days, sieving through 600 μm stainless steel mesh and then partially desiccating on plant growth regulator-free MS medium containing a high concentration of gellan gum (1.0% w/v) for 1 week. Furthermore, use of maltose as a sugar and/or osmoticum in the embryo induction medium promoted development of normal somatic embryos. Using these methods, non-vitrified bipolor embryos were induced 30 days after transfer (approximately 1,500 embryos per 0.1 mL packed cell volume). The somatic embryos induced on maltose-containing medium exhibited a much higher germination rate (more than 80 %) with cold treatment (14 days at 4 °C) than that induced on sucrose-containing medium.

Evidence for genetic determination of sex in Actinia tenebrosa

A combination of ecological and biochemical genetic data was used to investigate the effects of genotype on sex determination in the asexually viviparous sea anemone Actinia tenebrosa. A survey of 13 Australian local populations of A. tenebrosa revealed, that sex ratios were typically significantly biased towards either males or females, and male-biased ratios were more common. This species is apparently dioecious. No simultaneous hermaphrodites were detected in dissections of 617 sexually mature anemones, and sex ratios were found to maintain a consistent bias, both within and among breeding seasons, for each of seven local populations. Male, female, and nonsexual adults were found to contain broods. The results of a reciprocal-transplantation experiment, involving genotypes from each of three local populations, supported the hypothesis, that sex of each clone is determined by its genotype and not by local environmental conditions. The bias of sex ratios within groups of anemones, which shared a four-locus genotype, were unaffected by local environmental conditions in the year following transplantation. Furthermore, the sex ratios within nine of 10 groups, which shared a common four-locus genotype ( n ⩾ 9), were significantly biased towards either males or females, and three of these groups were unisexual. It is concluded, that sex in A. tenebrosa is genetically determined, and that this species is most likely to reproduce asexually through internal budding, and use sexual reproduction to produce nonbrooded colonists.

Is Growing Temperate-zone Fruits Profitable in the Tropics and Subtropics?

Abstract Fruit trees normally thrive in zones with ecological conditions similar to their original habitats. The majority of temperate fruit trees require climates with sufficient winter chilling to break internal bud dormancy. This condition generally can not be fulfilled in tropical or subtropical climates. Temperate-zone cultivars have not been commercially productive in these areas; however, some poor-quality fruits have been obtained from seedy plants and some local selections.

Studies into the possible protozoan aetiology of swimbladder inflammation in carp fry

Abstract. Laboratory examinations of pond‐reared common carp, Cyprinus carpio L., revealed a close correlation between the prevalence of swimbladder inflammation (SBI), renal sphaerosporosis and infection by C‐blood‐protozoan among the carp fry. In impression smears as well as light and electron microscopic preparations we detected developmental stages of intercellular protozoa, mainly in the loose fibrous tissue of the swimbladder. The parasites multiplied by internal budding so that 20–46 secondary cells were formed in each primary cell and two tertiary cells were formed in each secondary cell. The final stage of development was a unit consisting of a secondary cell enclosing two tertiary cells, i.e. a so‐called triple formation, which bore a close resemblance to the early sporogonic stages of the renal sphaerosporan Sphaerospora angulata Fujita, 1912. Certain morphological similarities and the frequent simultaneous presence of the swimbladder protozoan, C‐bloodprotozoan, and S. angulata in hosts with clinical SBI have led us to postulate that the former two parasites could represent the hitherto unknown presporogonic stages of S. angulata. In view of the pathological changes caused by the parasites in the hosts with clinical SBI, and negative bacteriological and virological findings we have postulated that the swimbladder protozoan is the primary cause of SBI in carp fry.

The biology and pathogenesis of coronaviruses.

The coronavirases were first recognized and morphologically defined as a group by Tyrrell and co-workers (1968, 1975, 1978). Biochemical studies have recently provided additional information which allows better characterization of these agents. Presently, coronaviruses are defined as being particles which are pleomorphic to rounded with a diameter of 60–220 nm, surrounded by a fringe or layer of typical club-shaped spikes. The virion is composed of about four to six proteins and possesses a lipid bilayer. The genome consists of a single-stranded polyadenylated RNA which is infectious and of positive polarity. During maturation these viruses are released by internal budding into vesicles derived from the endoplasmatic reticulum. These viruses are widespread in nature and are associated with a great variety of diseases with an acute, subacute, or subclinical disease process.

Microbial populations associated with buds and young leaves of apple

Apple buds and developing leaves and floral parts were assessed for microbial populations by a washing procedure and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) at six stages ranging from dormancy through early tight cluster. Densities of yeasts, filamentous fungi, and bacteria associated with dormant buds were on an order of magnitude of 5 × 105 propagules per gram fresh weight of tissue. Populations tended to peak as buds swelled and to diminish during subsequent developmental stages. External surfaces of buds were colonized extensively. Internal surfaces, particularly those of the peripheral scales, also supported abundant microflora. Evidence from SEM suggested that few microorganisms were associated with floral and leaf primordia. Surface sterilization was not found to be an adequate method to discriminate between external and internal bud microflora. A partial list of microorganisms included fluorescent pseudomonads, Aureobasidium pullulans, and species of Cryptococcus, Sporobolomyces, Rhodotorula, Coniothyrium, Alternaria, Phomopsis, Phoma, Epicoccum, Cladosporium, Acremonium, Fusarium, Stachybotrys, and Sclerotium. These data are pertinent to the microbial ecology of the gemmisphere and to the prospective biological control of foliar pathogens.

Ultrastructural study of early stages of asexual multiplication and microgametogony of Toxoplasma gondii in the small intestine of the cat.

Toxoplasma gondii undergoes schizogony and microgametogony in the epithelial cells of the cat ileum. On the basis of cytoplasmic structures, it is impossible to distinguish between the early stages of these processes but nuclear differentiation appears to have occurred. In the early schizont the chromatin is distributed in small patches throughout the nucleus but in the nucleus of the microgametocyte the chromatin is condensed into a few large areas. In the schizont, the first distinguishing cytoplasmic features are the appearance of the dome‐shaped membranes of the merozoite anlagen. In the schizogonic process, nuclear division precedes merozoite formation which occurs by multiple internal budding in a manner similar to endodyogeny. The appearance of flagella is the first cytoplasmic feature to distinguish the microgametocyte. Microgamete formation is similar to that reported for other coccidian species. The microgamete consists of a dense elongate nucleus anterior to which is a single mitochondrion. The anterior consists of a perforatorium and two flagella between which 4 microtubules run longitudinally.

The permanence of the infraciliature in suctoria: an electronmicroscopic study of pattern formation in Tokophrya infusionum.

SYNOPSIS. The adult Tokophrya infusionum does not possess cilia, but has 20–30 barren basal bodies arranged in 6 short rows adjacent to the contractile vacuole pore. During reproduction, which is by internal budding, the contractile vacuole sinks into the parent along with the invaginating membranes that form the embryo and the wall of the brood pouch. The 6 rows of basal bodies radiate away from the pore and elongate to form 5 long ciliary rows, that encircle the anterior half of the embryo, and 1 short row at the posterior end. The contractile vacuole pore, along with several barren basal bodies, remains in the parent when the embryo is completed. The pore rises to the surface when the embryo is born. New basal bodies are then formed in the parent to replace those which were incorporated into the embryo, and formation of another embryo may begin. The cilia of the embryo are partially resorbed 10 min after the start of metamorphosis, with depolymerization of the ciliary microtubules. Later, the cilia and most of the basal bodies disappear completely, except for a group of barren basal bodies near the embryo's contractile vacuole pore, which form 6 rows and serve as an anlage for the basal bodies and cilia that arise during embryogenesis. There is, therefore, an organized infraciliature in Suctoria throughout their life cycle, and a distinct continuity of basal bodies across the generations.

The Ultrastructure of Brood Pouch Formation in Tokophrya infusionum

SYNOPSIS Asexual reproduction in Tokophrya infusionum is by internal budding, whereby a ciliated, motile embryo is formed inside the sessile, non‐ciliated parent in a specialized structure, the brood pouch. The process of embryogenesis and brood pouch formation was studied with the electron microscope using synchronized cultures. Reproduction begins with invagination of the pellicle and plasma membrane in the apical region of the adult. Early invagination is characterized by the presence of numerous microtubules beneath the plasma membrane or epiplasmic layer of the invaginating membranes. These microtubules apparently are important in formation of the brood pouch for colchicine blocks embryogenesis during the early stages. When the embryo is completed, it is ejected from the brood pouch thru the birth pore, an opening which is the site of the initial invagination and is present thruout embryogenesis. Theories of brood pouch formation are reviewed and discussed in light of the present investigation.

Basal body replication and cilogenesis in a suctorian, Tokophrya infusionum.

Basal body replication and ciliogenesis in Tokophrya infusionum were studied in synchronized cultures. Basal body replication occurs during the 1st hr of reproduction, which in Tokophrya is by internal budding. The number of basal bodies increases from about 20 to over 300 within this period. New basal bodies develop in association with mature basal bodies; they are formed at right angles to the mature basal body as short "probasal" bodies, which elongate, slant upward, become parallel to the mature basal body, and elongate to the mature size. Ciliogenesis occurs only during reproduction; the nonreproducing adult is not ciliated, and has only 18-25 barren basal bodies. Cilia first appear as short bulges above the basal body. The axonemal structure is incomplete at first, with one or both central microtubules absent, and occasionally the B fibers of the outer doublets are missing. Several accessory fibers are associated with the basal bodies, both in the adult and during reproduction. One of the fibers appears only after the cilia have sprouted. The scheme of basal body replication and ciliogenesis in Tokophrya is compared to that reported in other organisms, and the role of the accessory fibers is discussed.

Errata

Page Line For Read 12 Galaclose 6-P Galaclose 1-P 12 which has proved which have proved 8 investigating investigate Heading of Table 2 Endogenous GA content of CCC-treated and control plants Effects of CCC on internal bud growth of Coleus with and without IAA and/or GA 17 Table 2 Table 1 19 Table 2 Table 1 24 0.01 M azide 0.01 mM azide 27 0.01 M azide 0.01 mM azide 31 0.001 M DNP 0.001 μM DNP 38 0.001 M DNP 0.001 μM DNP 14 (9) GAUTHERET, R.J. : La culture des tissues végétaux. p. 12 (9) GAUTHERET, R.J. : La culture des tissues végétaux. p. 417 Fig. 4, line 2 × 3 × 1/3 7 these those 10 in on Page Line For Read 12 Galaclose 6-P Galaclose 1-P 12 which has proved which have proved 8 investigating investigate Heading of Table 2 Endogenous GA content of CCC-treated and control plants Effects of CCC on internal bud growth of Coleus with and without IAA and/or GA 17 Table 2 Table 1 19 Table 2 Table 1 24 0.01 M azide 0.01 mM azide 27 0.01 M azide 0.01 mM azide 31 0.001 M DNP 0.001 μM DNP 38 0.001 M DNP 0.001 μM DNP 14 (9) GAUTHERET, R.J. : La culture des tissues végétaux. p. 12 (9) GAUTHERET, R.J. : La culture des tissues végétaux. p. 417 Fig. 4, line 2 × 3 × 1/3 7 these those 10 in on Open in new tab

Electron Microscope Study of the Proliferative Form of Besnoitia jellisoni

Electron microscope studies of the proliferative form of Besnoitia jellisoni confirm its close relationship to Toxoplasma gondii. Its pellicle consists of an outer and an inner membrane under which 22 longitudinal fibrils are found. A micropyle is formed by an invagination of the outer membrane. At the anterior end a polar ring surrounds the conoid. Club-like "toxonemes" extend posteriorly from within the conoid. A large vesicle with a tube connecting its lumen to the exterior through the conoid may represent a feeding mechanism. One or two mitochondria, rough endoplasmic reticulum, and free ribosomes are distributed throughout the cytoplasm. The Golgi zone is anterior to the nucleus. A large vacuole of unknown function is found near the Golgi zone. Endodyogeny, a division by internal budding, occurs producing two daughter cells within a parent cell. Stages possibly representing binary fission were also observed. Besnoitia jellisoni was first described by Frenkel (1953). It was recognized that the organism morphologically resembled Toxoplasma gondii. By using silver protein staining Goldman, Carver, and Sulzer (1957) observed similar internal structures and a similar method of reproduction in B. jellisoni and T. gondii. However, B. jellisoni differs from T. gondii in the type of cyst formed, in the pathology produced, and in serological reaction (Frenkel, 1953). Recently, Lunde and Jacobs (1965) demonstrated that although common antigens were present in the two parasites they were immunologically different. Since the fine structure of T. gondii has been described by several authors an electron microscope study of B. jellisoni was undertaken to compare its internal morphology with that reported for T. gondii. MATERIALS AND METHODS Proliferative forms of Besnoitia jellisoni were obtained by collecting peritoneal fluid from mice 4 days after inoculation. The peritoneal fluid was centrifuged and the supernatant discarded. The organisms were then fixed by adding 1% osmium tetroxide buffered at pH 7.4 with veronal acetate and sucrose (Caulfield, 1957) to the pellet which was subsequently divided into small pieces (less than 1.0 mm3). After fixation for 2 hr the specimens were rinsed in distilled water and dehydrated for 1 hr and 15 min with graded concentrations of ethyl alcohol. Fixation and dehydration were carried out in an ice bath. The specimens were then placed in propylene oxide followed by a 1:1 mixture of propylene oxide and Epon. The Epon consisted of 10 ml Epon Received for publication 6 December 1965. 812, 25 ml DDSA (dodecenyl succinic anhydride), and 0.8 ml DMP-30 (2,4,6-tri( dimethylaminomethyl)phenol) (Sporn, Wanko, and Dingman, 1962). After infiltration for 1 hr with the propylene oxide-Epon mixture the specimens were placed in Epon and then transferred to BEEM capsules and polymerized for approximately 16 hr at 60 C. Sections were cut with a diamond knife on an LKB Ultrotome, stained with lead (Karnovsky, 1961), and examined in an RCA EMU-3G electron microscope operating at 50 kv.

The fine structure and mode of division of Toxoplasma gondii.

The importance of Toxoplasma gondii in human systemic and eye disease has stimulated a number of electron microscopic studies on the structure and mode of division of this protozoan parasite. Gustafson et al 13 first studied the fine structure by means of thin sections in 1954. Many other papers 6,9,15,18,19,22,23,25,31 have subsequently appeared. In 1957 and 1958 Goldman et al 10,11 pointed out that T. gondii proliferates by means of a peculiar mode of division, called endodyogeny, or internal budding. Although Gavin et al 9 confirmed Goldman et al's light microscopic observations by means of electron microscopy, they suggested that additional forms of division included binary fission, as well as the sort present in schizogony. The purpose of the electron microscopical work reported here was to study the fine structure and mode of division of T. gondii with recently developed techniques, for correlation with the phase and fluorescent light microscopic

On the life-cycle of some loxosomatidae (Entoprocta)

Abstract Two new species of Entoprocta, Loxosoma jaegersteni and Loxosomella vivipara, from southern Florida are described and figured. The larvae of the first-mentioned species were caught in the plankton and adults were reared from the juveniles liberated from the larvae. The last-mentioned species was found on various sponges and it was possible to follow and describe its whole life cycle; it is viviparous and the larvae lack an alimentary canal; the formation of the single, internal bud is described.