Inter-monthly Variation Research Articles

Comparison of evaporation rate on open water bodies: energy balance estimate versus measured pan

Abstract Much attention has been paid to establish accurately open water evaporation since the lake itself is the largest consumer of water. The aim of this study is to assess the discrepancy in the measured (pan evaporation) and estimated (Penman) evaporation rate, seasonally, based on the results from a 37-year energy budget analysis of Lake Burrumbeet, Australia. The detailed analysis of meteorological data showed that evaporation is fully radiation driven and that the effect of wind is minimal. Sensitivity analysis shows that evaporation estimation is more sensitive to shortwave radiation followed by relative humidity. An increase or decrease of estimated shortwave radiation by 10% could result in an increase or decrease of estimated evaporation up to 18%. The Penman combination method is relatively the least sensitive to wind speed but could bring a significant effect on the lake level fluctuation since a 10% increase of wind speed increases the estimated evaporation by 2.3%. The current analysis highlights the relative roles of radiation, temperature, humidity, and wind speed in modulating the rate of evaporation from the lake surface, by employing an inter-monthly seasonal adjustment factor to the estimated evaporation in the lake water budget analysis, with implications for the inter-monthly variability and short-term trends assessment of water resource through various meteorological parameters.

Simultaneous dual-frequency radio observations of S5 0716+714: A search for intraday variability with the Korean VLBI Network

This study aims to search for the existence of intraday variability (IDV) of BL Lac object S5 0716+714 at high radio frequencies for which the interstellar scintillation effect is not significant. Using the 21-meter radio telescope of the Korean VLBI Network (KVN), we present results of multi-epoch simultaneous dual-frequency radio observations. Single-dish observations of S5 0716+714 were simultaneously conducted at 21.7 GHz (K-band) and 42.4 GHz (Q-band), with a high cadence of 30-60 minute intervals.We observed four epochs between December 2009 and June 2010. Over the whole set of observation epochs, S5 0716+714 showed significant inter-month variations in flux density at both the K- and Q-bands, with modulation indices of approximately 19% for the K-band and approximately 36% for the Q-band. In all epochs, no clear intraday variability was detected at either frequency. The source shows monotonic flux density increase in epochs 1 and 3 and monotonic flux density decrease in epochs 2 and 4. In the flux density increasing phases, the flux densities at the Q-band increase more rapidly. In the decreasing phase, no significant flux density difference is seen at the two frequencies. The situation could be different close to flux density peaks that we did not witness in our observations. We find an inverted spectrum with mean spectral indices of -0.57+-0.13 in epoch 1 and -0.15+-0.11 in epoch 3. On the other hand, we find relatively steep indices of +0.24+-0.14 and +0.17+-0.18 in epochs 2 and 4, respectively. We conclude that the frequency dependence of the variability and the change of the spectral index are caused by source-intrinsic effects rather than by any extrinsic scintillation effect.

The large-scale circulation during air quality hazards in Bergen, Norway

In this study, we assessed the large-scale circulation anomalies leading to wintertime air pollution episodes in Bergen, Norway. Bergen is an example of a city, where a strong interplay between large-scale and local circulation features is relevant. Certain large-scale circulation regimes that are different from the usually assumed large-scale stagnation, lead to local air pollution episodes. We assessed these circulation regimes and their predictability. For this, we modified and applied a previously developed atmospheric circulation proxy for the identification of air pollution episodes. Use of this proxy on data from a high-resolution atmospheric general circulation model showed a good reproduction of the total number of potentially polluted days per month and their inter-monthly variability. We also found a link between the persistence of the flow above the Bergen valley and the occurrence and severity of the local air pollution episodes. Analysis of the large-scale circulation over the North Atlantic-European region, with respect to air pollution in Bergen, revealed that the persistence in the meteorological conditions connected to the air pollution episodes is not necessarily caused by large-scale anomalies of the atmospheric circulation over the Norwegian west coast. It is rather connected to anomalies further upstream as far away as Greenland.

Comparison of a very-fine-resolution GCM with RCM dynamical downscaling in simulating climate in China

Regional climate simulation can generally be improved by using an RCM nested within a coarser-resolution GCM. However, whether or not it can also be improved by the direct use of a state-of-the-art GCM with very fine resolution, close to that of an RCM, and, if so, which is the better approach, are open questions. These questions are important for understanding and using these two kinds of simulation approaches, but have not yet been investigated. Accordingly, the present reported work compared simulation results over China from a very-fine-resolution GCM (VFRGCM) and from RCM dynamical downscaling. The results showed that: (1) The VFRGCM reproduces the climatologies and trends of both air temperature and precipitation, as well as inter-monthly variations of air temperature in terms of spatial pattern and amount, closer to observations than the coarse-resolution version of the GCM. This is not the case, however, for the inter-monthly variations of precipitation. (2) The VFRGCM captures the climatology, trend, and inter-monthly variation of air temperature, as well as the trend in precipitation, more reasonably than the RCM dynamical downscaling method. (3) The RCM dynamical downscaling method performs better than the VFRGCM in terms of the climatology and inter-monthly variation of precipitation. Overall, the results suggest that VFRGCMs possess great potential with regard to their application in climate simulation in the future, and the RCM dynamical downscaling method is still dominant in terms of regional precipitation simulation.

Underwater light climate, thermal and chemical characteristics of the tropical soda lake Chitu, Ethiopia: Spatio-temporal variations

Soda lakes are known for their extreme environmental conditions and unique assemblage of biota and provide great ecological and economic values. Although they are highly sensitive to environmental changes, soda lakes are among the least frequently studied inland water bodies. In this study, temporal and spatial (vertical) patterns of underwater light climate, thermal and chemical characteristics of a little known soda were studied. Parameters of underwater light climate showed light-limited conditions with more marked inter-monthly variations, associated with the accumulation of Arthrospira biomass in the shallow trophogenic zone. Water column conditions indicated superficial thermal stratification (0–3 m depths) with weak temperature gradients and weak mixing pattern. Dissolved oxygen (DO) varied considerably among months, ranging from subsurface supersaturation on certain occasions to persistent deoxygenation of most of the water column on other occasions, with the variations being attributable to the high productivity, high metabolic rates of microbes and weak vertical mixing. Alkalinity, conductivity and pH were generally high with moderate temporal and vertical variations, which were presumably associated with precipitation, evaporation and high algal biomass. In most cases, CO 3 2− :HCO 3 − was high (>1), suggesting lower concentration of HCO 3 − . Most of the major algal nutrients showed considerable inter-monthly and vertical variations. NO 3 − and NH 3 in the euphotic zone were often very low or undetectable while soluble reactive phosphate (SRP) and total phosphorus (TP) were considerably high throughout the study period. The observed dramatic increase in the levels of NH 3 and SRP with depth is attributable to internal loading, which is enhanced by increased microbial activities and largely anoxic water column. The concentration of SiO 2 was remarkably low, which was probably due to organic matter accumulation within the lake that tends to preclude internal loading. In general, the notable temporal and vertical variations in physicochemical parameters, associated chiefly with the lake's productivity, microbial activity, anoxic water column and meteorological conditions, probably suggest that Lake Chitu is sensitive to perturbations and that any environmental changes occurring in the lake are likely to affect the key planktonic alga ( Arthrospira ) and its ecosystem values.

Synoptic and sub-synoptic circulation effects on wind resource variability – A case study from a coastal terrain setting in New Zealand

This paper investigates linkages between synoptic and sub-synoptic scale atmospheric circulation and temporal wind resource variability, adopting a synoptic weather typing approach. These linkages were examined in a complex terrain, coastal setting in southern New Zealand. Over a 28 month period, approximately 71% of the intermonthly variability in power density was explained by the monthly frequency of a subset of weather types. Within this subset, weather types associated with strong south-west or west orientated pressure gradients were related to enhanced power density, whereas weather types associated with stagnant pressure gradients were related to reduced power density. At the sub-synoptic scale, the effect of the sea breeze on the wind resource was found to be of importance but dependent on both the season and the ambient larger scale atmospheric circulation. Aspects of the sea breeze circulation also appear to be complicated by additional thermal and dynamical influences associated with the larger scale terrain complexity. Similar wind regimes likely occur elsewhere and should be examined specifically in the context of the wind resource.

An improved ARIMA model for precipitation simulations

Abstract. Auto regressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) models have been widely used to calculate monthly time series data formed by interannual variations of monthly data or inter-monthly variation. However, the influence brought about by inter-monthly variations within each year is often ignored. An improved ARIMA model is developed in this study accounting for both the interannual and inter-monthly variation. In the present approach, clustering analysis is performed first to hydrologic variable time series. The characteristics of each class are then extracted and the correlation between the hydrologic variable quantity to be predicted and characteristic quantities constructed by linear regression analysis. ARIMA models are built for predicting these characteristics of each class and the hydrologic variable monthly values of year of interest are finally predicted using the modeled values of corresponding characteristics from ARIMA model and the linear regression model. A case study is conducted to predict the monthly precipitation at the Lanzhou precipitation station in Lanzhou, China, using the model, and the results show that the accuracy of the improved model is significantly higher than the seasonal model, with the mean residual achieving 9.41 mm and the forecast accuracy increasing by 21%.

Performance analysis of the first method for long-term turbulence intensity estimation at potential wind energy sites

The paper presents a validation test of a recent algorithm implemented by the author to correlate turbulence intensity (TI) data recorded at two meteorological masts and based on the conditional probability to measure simultaneous events of wind speed, direction and TI. Two testing sites, located about 5 km apart from each other in a hilly terrain, in the South of Australia, are considered in this work. Three years of concurrent data (2005–2008) are analyzed to estimate a long-term (LT) representative TI. A complete examination of the scores is carried out by spanning dimension and temporal period of the data samples used in the correlation analysis. Root mean square error, committed by the method to approximate mean value of TI measured in each of the three years, can be correlated with number of used months by exponential decay functions. The intermonthly variations stronger affect the accuracy of the results than the yearly ones. However, the average errors are always moderate and good performances are achieved for all the considered wind speed thresholds and also when examining different periods of the year. The tested methodology represents an important step through standardization of Measure-correlate-predict (MCP) technique for TI assessment.

瑞利激光雷达探测南京上空平流层大气温度

Long-term observation of stratospheric temperature was conducted using Rayleigh lidar, in order to understand variation regularities of the stratospheric temperature. The analysis results of the observation dataset show that, the tratospheric temperature was affected by gravity wave, the breakdown of gravity wave led to temperature increasing, and the scope of variation was about 12%; temperature increased in lower stratosphere and decreased in upper stratosphere during April and October; in the aspect of inter-monthly variation, stratospheric temperature was relatively stable except the influence of the planetary wave, and there were differences between Rayleigh result and the model. Furthermore, the information of gravity wave was retrieved from the temperature profile.

Chongqing Air Quality Characteristics and Relationship with Meteorological Elements

Analyze the air pollution index (API) variation characteristics in Chongqing, and the relationship between API and meteorological elements. Found that air quality of Chongqing is basically at level II. Primary pollutant is inhalable particle (PM10). Summer is the season with best air quality, while winter is the most polluted season. Visibility, precipitation, sunshine and other meteorological elements have a great effect on the variation of air quality. The correlation between air pollution index and visibility is the most significant, which is-0.37. However, inter-monthly variation of monthly total rainfall, monthly total sunshine duration and API shows obvious reverse phase variation.

아시아-오세아니아 지역에서의 세 지표면 방출률 자료 (MODIS, CIMSS, KNU) 상호비교

본 연구에서는 아시아-오세아니아 지역에서의 세 지표면 방출률 자료 (MODIS, CIMSS, KNU)의 시 공간적 분포와 변동 특성을 비교 분석하였다. 세 자료 모두 계절에 관계없이 티베트 고원, 페르시아만 주변의 중동지역 및 호주 사막지역, 저위도 지역에서 매우 유사한 방출률 분포를 보이고 있다. 일부지역을 제외한 대부분 지역에서 <TEX>$12{\mu}m$</TEX> 채널의 방출률이 <TEX>$11{\mu}m$</TEX>보다 크며, 특히 티베트 고원과 중동지역, 호주 사막지역 일부에서 그 차이가 크다. 저위도 지역에서의 방출률은 서로 상이하지만 방출률의 계절변동이 크지 않은 공통점을 보이고 있다. 그러나 그 외 대부분 지역에서 세 자료는 방출률의 시 공간 변동성에서 큰 차이를 보이고 있다. KNU 자료는 여름에 높고 겨울에 낮은 방출률을 보여 계절변동이 뚜렷하나, MODIS와 CIMSS 자료는 계절에 따른 방출률 변화가 불규칙하며 뚜렷하지 않았다. KNU와 MODIS(KNU와 CIMSS; MODIS와 CIMSS) 자료간의 공간상관계수의 연평균은 <TEX>$11{\mu}m$</TEX>와 <TEX>$12{\mu}m$</TEX> 채널에서 각각 0.423과 0.399 (0.330, 0.101; 0.541, 0.154)로 낮다. 특히 <TEX>$12{\mu}m$</TEX> 채널의 경우 서로 상관성이 매우 낮을 뿐만 아니라 상관계수의 월 변동도 강하게 나타나 세 자료간 일치성이 매우 낮다. 본 연구 결과는 아시아-오세아니아 지역에서의 지표면 방출률 자료 개선이 시급함을 제시한다. In this study, spatio-temporal variations of Land Surface Emissivity (LSE) of the three LSE data sets in the Asian-Oceanian regions were addressed. The MODerate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) LSE, Cooperative Institute for Meteorological Satellite Studies (CIMSS) LSE, and Kongju National Univ. (KNU) LSE data sets were used. The three data sets showed very similar emissivity in the Tibetan Plateau, desert in the Middle East and Australia, and low latitude regions irrespective of season. The emissivity of <TEX>$12{\mu}m$</TEX> was systematically greater than that of <TEX>$11{\mu}m$</TEX>, in particular, in the Tibetan Plateau, desert over Middle East and Australia. In general, they showed a weak seasonal variation in the low latitude regions although the emissivity was different among them. However, the three data sets showed quite different spatial and temporal variations in the other regions of Asian-Oceanian regions. The KNU LSE showed a systematic seasonal variation with a high emissivity during summer and low emissivity during winter but the other two LSE data sets showed irregular seasonal variations without regard to the regions. And the annual mean correlations of <TEX>$11{\mu}m$</TEX> and <TEX>$12{\mu}m$</TEX> between KNU LSE and MODIS LSE (KNU LSE and CIMSS LSE; MODIS LSE and CIMSS LSE) were 0.423 and 0.399 (0.330, 0.101; 0.541, 0.154), respectively. The relatively low correlations and strong inter-month variations, in particular, in <TEX>$12{\mu}m$</TEX>, indicated that consistency in spatial variation was very low. The comparison results showed that caution should be given before operational use of the LSE data sets in these regions.

EXTRACTING TEMPORAL AND SPATIAL DISTRIBUTIONS INFORMATION ABOUT ALGAL GLOOMS BASED ON MULTITEMPORAL MODIS

Abstract. Based on MODIS remote sensing data, method and technology to extraction the time and space distribution information of algae bloom is studied and established. The dynamic feature of time and space in Taihu Lake from 2009 to 2011 can be obtained by extracted method. Variation of cyanobacterial bloom in the Taihu Lake is analyzed and discussed. The algae bloom frequency index (AFI) and algae bloom sustainability index (ASI) is important criterion which can show the interannual and inter-monthly variation in the whole area or the subregion of Taihu Lake. Utilizing the AFI and ASI from 2009 to 2011, it found some phenomena that: the booming frequency decreased from the north and west to the East and South of Taihu Lake. The annual month algae bloom variation of AFI reflect the booming existing twin peaks in the high shock level and lag trend in general. In the subregion statistics, the IBD and ASI in 2011 show the abnormal condition in the border between the Gongshan Bay and Central Lake. The date is obvious earlier than that on the same subregion in previous years and that on others subregion in the same year.

On Cyclonic Tracks over the Eastern Mediterranean

Abstract In this study, an updated and extended climatology of cyclonic tracks affecting the eastern Mediterranean region is presented, in order to better understand the Mediterranean climate and its changes. This climatology includes intermonthly variations, classification of tracks according to their origin domain, dynamic and kinematic characteristics, and trend analysis. The dataset used is the 1962–2001, 2.5° × 2.5°, 40-yr European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) Re-Analysis (ERA-40). The identification and tracking of the cyclones was performed with the aid of the Melbourne University algorithm. It was verified that considerable intermonthly variations of track density occur in the eastern Mediterranean, consistent with previous studies for the entire Mediterranean, while further interesting new features have been revealed. The classification of the tracks according to their origin domain reveals that the vast majority originate within the examined area itself, mainly in the Cyprus area and the southeastern Aegean Sea, while the tracks that originate elsewhere most frequently enter from the west. Deeper cyclones follow the southwest track originating from the area between Algeria and the Atlas Mountains. A greater size characterizes the westerly tracks (southwest, northwest, and west), while the northwest tracks propagate faster over the study area. A negative trend of the track frequency was found on an annual basis that can be mostly attributed to the winter months, being associated with variations in the baroclinicity. This negative trend is more prominent for the westerly and northeasterly tracks, as well as for those originating in the northern part of the examined area.

Effect of evapotranspiration parameterisation on the Palmer Drought Severity Index

The aim of the study is to compare two popular parameterisations of potential evapotranspiration, applied in computation of the Palmer Drought Severity Index. Among other differences, Thornthwaite method considers bare soil, whereas Blaney–Criddle method estimates evapotranspiration after specification of a given plant. Monthly PDSI series in the April–October growing season of maize are analysed at five stations in Eastern Hungary for the period 1901–1999. When using Blaney–Criddle method both the inter-annual and inter-monthly variability, i.e. standard deviation and auto-correlation decrease. Trends and regression coefficients to hemispheric temperature changes are smaller for latter parameterisation, as well. Synchronous correlation among the stations also decreases in this latter approach, whereas normality of the distribution remains valid in majority of months and stations.

Temporal and Regional Variations in the Seasonality of Births in Åland (Finland), 1653–1950

Monthly numbers of births are influenced by the length of the month and, thus, rates per day should be used. Comparisons of seasonality in data sets of different sizes must be based on standardized indices. Although strong seasonality exists, a poor model may incorrectly yield low seasonality measures. The standard deviation of the inter-monthly variation in the indices has been used as a seasonality measure. We introduce a new measure based on analysis of variance (ANOVA). Our methods are applied on 107,896 births in the archipelago of Åland (Finland), 1653–1950. For all subregions, the birth indices for the period 1653–1850 showed marked peaks in March to April and in September to October. The seasonality is weakest for the Main Island and strongest for the most isolated parish, Kökar, which has many local/extreme socioeconomics and genetic characteristics. For the period 1851–1950, the seasonality disappeared almost totally. The variation in the seasonality between subregions can mainly be explained by socioeconomic differences, and the temporal decrease in all regions seems to be connected to diminishing differences in living conditions. Comparisons with data from Sweden and Finland show higher seasonality in Åland.

Recent advances on the study of atmosphere-land interaction observations on the Tibetan Plateau

Abstract. As a unique geological and geographical unit, the Tibetan Plateau dramatically impacts the world's environment and especially controls climatic and environmental changes in China, Asia and even in the Northern Hemisphere. Tibetan Plateau, therefore, provides a field laboratory for studying global change. With support from various agencies in the People's Republic of China, a Tibetan Observation and Research Platform (TORP) is now implementing. Firstly the background of the establishment of the TORP, the establishing and monitoring plan of long-term scale (5–10 years) of the TORP has been introduced. Then the preliminary observational analysis results, such as the characteristics of land surface heat fluxes and CO2 flux partitioning (diurnal variation and inter-monthly variation etc.), the characteristics of atmospheric and soil variables, the structure of the Atmospheric Boundary Layer (ABL) and the turbulent characteristics have also been shown in this paper.

Nitrogen leaching in an upland cropping system on an acid soil in subtropical China: lysimeter measurements and simulation

The effect of rainfall and nitrogen (N) input on nitrate leaching in a rain-fed peanut–oilseed rape system on an acidic soil in subtropical China was investigated in a field lysimeter experiment from 1997 to 2000. Drainage and nitrate leaching were simulated using the Water and Nitrogen Management Model (WNMM). Nitrate concentrations in the drainage water and nitrate leaching increased with increasing N application rate. Annual leaching losses ranged from 21.1 to 46.3 kg N ha−1 (9.5–16.8%) for inputs between 0 and 150 kg N ha−1. Growth of oilseed rape decreased the nitrate concentration in the drainage water, but growing N fixing peanuts did not. Rainfall had a greater impact on nitrate leaching than crop uptake. Nitrate concentrations in the drainage water were relatively low (1.95–4.33 mg N l−1); this was caused by the high precipitation, the low nitrification rate, and the low residual nitrate in the soil. The loss of nitrate was low during the dry season (October–February) and in the dry year (rainfall 17% below average) mainly as a result of reduced drainage. WNMM satisfactorily simulated the inter-monthly variation in drainage and total nitrate leached, with respective relative root mean square errors of 42.7% and 70.2%, mean modelling efficiencies of 0.88 and 0.67, and mean relative errors of −3.82% and 21.8%. The modelled annual N losses were only 1–7% less than the observed values.

Climatic features of atmospheric stability in the Mediterranean region (1948–2006): spatial modes, inter‐monthly and inter‐annual variability

AbstractThe predominant spatial modes of atmospheric stability over the Mediterranean region are revealed by applying factor analysis and cluster analysis on the daily 2.5° × 2.5° grid point values of K‐index for the period 1948–2006. At first, S‐mode factor analysis is applied on the K‐index time series in order to reduce the dimensionality of the data set. The k‐means cluster analysis is then applied to the factor scores time series, and the days are classified into 12 clusters with distinct and characteristic spatial distributions of the K‐index. The 12 spatial modes revealed are associated with the prevailing atmospheric circulation types and/or the thermal and humidity characteristics of the lower and the middle troposphere. The inter‐monthly variations of their frequency reveal the seasonal factors that contribute to their predominance. The seasonality of the 12 clusters shows that three of them prevail mainly in winter, three of them prevail mainly in summer, and the other six clusters present a relatively even seasonal distribution. The inter‐annual variations of their frequency exhibit considerable long‐term changes, providing also some possible indications of the oncoming climatic change. The continuous decrease of the typical high instability pattern of late spring and early summer and the recent increase of one of the typical high instability winter patterns provide some useful information about climate variability in the Mediterranean. Copyright © 2007 Royal Meteorological Society

Future changes in cyclone climatology over Europe as inferred from a regional climate simulation

This study analyzes the cyclone climatology in regional climate model simulations of present day (1961–1990) and future (2071–2100, A2 and B2 emission scenarios) european climate conditions. The model domain covers the area from Scandinavia to Northern Africa and from the Eastern Atlantic to Russia at a horizontal grid spacing of 50 km. Compared to present day, in the A2 and B2 scenario conditions the annual average storm track intensity increases over the North-East Atlantic and decreases over Russia and the Eastern Mediterranean region. This overall change pattern is larger in the A2 than in the B2 simulations. However, the cyclone climatology change signal shows a large intermonthly variability and important differences across European regions. The largest changes are found over the North-East Atlantic, where the storm track intensity increases in winter and decreases in summer. A significant reduction of storm track intensity is found during late summer and autumn over the Mediterranean region, and from October to January over Russia. The number of cyclones decreases in future conditions throughout Europe, except over the Central Europe and Mediterranean regions in summer (where it increases). The frequency of intense cyclones and the depth of extreme cyclones increase over the North-East Atlantic, decrease over Russia and show an irregular response over the rest of the domain.

Extremes of near-surface wind speed over Europe and their future changes as estimated from an ensemble of RCM simulations

In this study, we analyse the uncertainty of the effect of enhanced greenhouse gas conditions on windiness projected by an ensemble of regional model simulations driven by the same global control and climate change simulations. These global conditions, representative for 1961–1990 and 2071–2100, were prepared by the Hadley Centre based on the IPCC SRES/A2 scenario. The basic data sets consist of simulated daily maximum and daily mean wind speed fields (over land) from the PRUDENCE data archive at the Danish Meteorological Institute. The main focus is on the results from the standard 50 km-resolution runs of eight regional models. The best parameter for determining possible future changes in extreme wind speeds and possible change in the number of storm events is maximum daily wind speed. It turned out during this study that the method for calculating maximum daily wind speed differs among the regional models. A comparison of simulated winds with observations for the control period shows that models without gust parameterisation are not able to realistically capture high wind speeds. The two models with gust parametrization estimate an increase of up to 20% of the number of storm peak (defined as gusts ≥ 8 Bft in this paper) events over Central Europe in the future. In order to use a larger ensemble of models than just the two with gust parameterisation, we also look at the 99th percentile of daily mean wind speed. We divide Europe into eight sub-regions (e.g., British Isles, Iberian Peninsula, NE Europe) and investigate the inter-monthly variation of wind over these regions as well as differences between today’s climate and a possible future climate. Results show differences and similarities between the sub-regions in magnitude, spread, and seasonal tendencies. The model ensemble indicates a possible increase in future mean daily wind speed during winter months, and a decrease during autumn in areas influenced by North Atlantic extra-tropical cyclones.