Intermediate Treatment Facility Research Articles

Intermediate Treatment Facility as a Waste Management System in DKI Jakarta: An Overview

The limited capacity of the Bantargebang landfill as the final waste disposal site and the ever-growing amount of waste produced by Jakartans urges the development of more eco-friendly waste management facilities. Using the scoping review method, this study aims to review the feasibility of ITF development in DKI Jakarta based on identifiable impacts, social costs and benefits analysis, hindrances faced in ITF development planning, and reviewing alternative financing that can be used in constructing ITF. The results of this study show that aside from its capacity to process waste more efficiently and potentially produce electricity, ITF construction may have several negative impacts on the surrounding environment. Based on an analysis of social costs and benefits, the development of ITF is feasible. However, some obstacles are present in planning the development of ITF, such as that it requires a strong investment commitment in terms of financing development and project operations, both from the DKI Jakarta Provincial Government, DPRD, and the private sector. Two possible financing schemes to consider are the local government budget and PPP.

Integrative Efforts in Handling Plastic Pollution in Jakarta Bay: Social Capital and Movements

Jakarta Bay is the storefront for maritime activities in Indonesia. Littering in Jakarta Bay is a significant problem in the development of Jakarta. Although Jakarta has a large social capital, the actualisation of social capital in solving the waste problem in Jakarta Bay is still not widely known. This study analyses the strategy for implementing social capital for the people of Jakarta in handling plastic waste in Jakarta Bay from the perspective of maritime environmental security. The study used a descriptive qualitative method. Data were collected through observation, interviews and literature studies. Interviews were conducted with the government representatives, seamen and other relevant stakeholders. The results show that the impact of plastic waste in Jakarta Bay has disrupted shipping safety; the implementation of social capital for handling plastic waste in Jakarta Bay is carried out through the Waste Bank, Citizen Relations Management, Joint Responsibility Garbage and Jakarta Recycle Center (Sampah Tanggung Jawab Bersama /Samtama) and Jakarta Recycle programs Center. In handling waste at sea, the Jakarta Government cannot work alone; it needs to collaborate with the surrounding governments, including the governments of Bekasi, Tangerang and Banten Province. The achievement of increasing the participation of social capital and business actors actively reducing environmentally friendly waste and transforming waste into an economical source. Several ways are undertaken, including reducing source waste, optimising the Bantargebang TPST and building an Intermediate Treatment Facility.

Modification of Waste Treatment Planning Model in Intermediate Treatment Facilities

Modification of Waste Treatment Planning Model in Intermediate Treatment Facilities

Waste to Energy in Sunter, Jakarta, Indonesia: Plans and Challenges

Waste-to-energy (WtE) power plants in waste management have been applied widespread because it is considered the best waste management solution compared to other waste management technologies. However, Jakarta has relied heavily on landfills regarding its waste management. Bantargebang landfill has been the only landfill owned by Jakarta and has been operating since 1989, so it has almost reached its capacity limit. Thus, to solve the problem, the Provincial Government of Jakarta has planned to build an Intermediate Treatment Facility (ITF) in a WtE power plant in Sunter. This article aims to find out the plans and the challenges of WtE in Sunter, Jakarta. This research was conducted with a literature study on waste to energy in several countries that have applied it to their waste management systems and literature related to the progress of waste to energy development in Indonesia especially ITF Sunter, and the challenges that must be done faced. Based on the literature study, building an ITF is one of the Jakarta Provincial Government’s responsibilities. However, the composition and characteristics of the waste tend to be lower than (WtE) standards, so the waste cannot be effectively processed. Therefore, the use of a pre-treatment facility should be considered.

Estimating the generation of recycled metals from obsolete motorcycles in Vietnam for ELV management

The demand for various modes of transportation has significantly increased around the world due to rapid urbanization, the increase in population, and changes in lifestyle. This inevitably is associated with a significant increase in the number of end-of-life vehicles (ELVs). In particular, the number of obsolete motorcycles is rapidly increasing in developing countries. In Vietnam, environmental pollution and the dissipation of resources are the consequences of not having a system to properly treat and recycle obsolete motorcycles. Towards finding a solution to these problems, the focus of this study was to develop the compositional data by disassembling a motorcycle and then estimating the number of obsolete motorcycles and the amount of material contained in them. A population balance model, logistic function, and Weibull distribution were used to estimate this data for the period 2010–2030 in Vietnam. The results indicate that the number of obsolete motorcycles in 2030 will be 2.6 times more than in 2010. Finally, to consider the appropriate management strategy of obsolete motorcycles in Vietnam, the feasibility of intermediate treatment facilities is determined through a techno-economic assessment.

Fundamental study on the acceleration of the neutralization of alkaline construction sludge using a CO2 incubator

The recycling ratio of construction sludge in Japan has gradually increased over the past 20 years. However, the increase in this ratio has become marginal. One of the main reasons for the stagnation is the alkalinity of the recycled sludge after treatment, as alkaline construction sludge can impact the environment owing to factors such as alkali leaching. Therefore, this study explored whether the neutralization of alkaline construction sludge can be accelerated with a controlled CO2 concentration during the production of recycled soils at recycling plants. A CO2 incubator was introduced in the laboratory to accelerate the neutralization of the alkaline sludge to investigate the effects of the initial water content and the layer thickness of the sludge on the neutralization process. The effects of the degree of CO2 concentration on the process were also examined, as were the contributions of other factors to the neutralization rate. First, the mixture conditions were explored to simulate alkaline construction sludge having a wide range of pH values (hydrogen-ion exponent) to investigate the effects of the initial pH on the neutralization rate. The results revealed that the neutralization rate of simulated alkaline sludge subjected to atmospheric curing was affected by the initial pH. Sludge with high alkalinity, such as a pH of 11 or 12, cannot fall below the upper limit of the pH regulated by the water pollution prevention act even after a dozen days. Consequently, sample surveys were conducted to capture the variation in the pH of actual construction sludge at several intermediate treatment facilities. The sample surveys showed that the pH of the sludge samples, which were in an either solid or semi-solid state, fell in the range of 6.9–13.0, with the samples having a pH of around 11 being dominant. Therefore, CO2 curing using a CO2 incubator was implemented in the laboratory on alkaline sludge that simulated the characteristics observed in the sample surveys. The laboratory test results revealed that, at a constant sludge height, a higher CO2 concentration increased the neutralization rate of the alkaline sludge. However, the contribution of the CO2 concentration to the acceleration of the neutralization decreased with a reduction in the initial water content. The test results also suggested that the contribution of the initial water content to the acceleration of the neutralization was more dominant than that of the sludge height for the present experimental conditions.

Aktor dan Konfigurasi Subsistem dalam Perubahan Kebijakan Pengolahan Sampah Menjadi Listrik di Provinsi DKI Jakarta

Population growth in DKI Jakarta Province continues to increase. The consequence of population increase is indeed in the volume of waste which also continues to increase and at the same time the need for energy is increasing. Since 2011 DKI Provincial Government has implemented waste to energy (WTE) in Bantargebang TPST, but it was not as the main processing unit. Since 2011, DKI Provincial Government has also compiled a plan (2012-2032 Waste Management System Master Plan) to make WTE as a central processing unit by making an Intermediate Treatment Facility (ITF) at four points in DKI Jakarta Province. It was only in 2018, one ITF in Sunter began to be built. To unravel the problem of the slow implementation of RISPS, researcher tried to map the existing network of actors and to explore the extent to which the configuration of the subsystem accepted new ideas and actors in the context of accelerating WTE development. The results of this study indicated that the policy change process runs gradually paradigmatically oriented to policy goals in an open subsystem.

Optimization Of Transportation of Municipal Solid Waste from Resource to Intermediate Treatment Facility with Nearest Neighbour Method (Study on six Sub Sub District in DKI Jakarta Province)

Optimization Of Transportation of Municipal Solid Waste from Resource to Intermediate Treatment Facility with Nearest Neighbour Method (Study on six Sub Sub District in DKI Jakarta Province)

Ina

Conflict of waste management is interesting to be investigated. Bantargebang as a government project on waste management in Jakarta and Bekasi areas is a community based waste management which has both positive and negative impacts. This research aims to collect information on the history of waste management conflict in DKI Jakarta, identify stakeholders, analyze the cause of waste management conflict and provide alternative solutions to solve the problem. This research used case study method with qualitative analysis approach. The result showed that waste management conflict in DKI Jakarta area involves various parties i.e: DKI Jakarta Provincial Government, Jakarta City Council D Commission, PT Godang Tua Jaya, and Commission A of DPRD Kota Bekasi. Factors causing conflict in the management of Bantargebang TPA assessed various circles not in accordance with agreed provisions, the disharmony and the inability of the manager in processing waste, and has not run the Intermediate Treatment Facility (ITF) waste management system. Waste management needs to build environmentally friendly waste technology because its legal umbrella already exists, such as Governor Regulation Number 50/2016 on the Construction and Operation of Municipal Waste Management Facility in the City.

Does recyclable separation reduce the cost of municipal waste management in Japan?

Municipal solid waste (MSW) management is a system involving multiple sub-systems that typically require demanding inputs, materials and resources to properly process generated waste throughput. For this reason, MSW management is generally one of the most expensive services provided by municipalities. In this paper, we analyze the Japanese MSW management system and estimate the cost elasticity with respect to the waste volumes at three treatment stages: collection, processing, and disposal. Although we observe economies of scale at all three stages, the collection cost is less elastic than the disposal cost. We also examine whether source separation at home affects the cost of MSW management. The empirical results show that the separate collection of the recyclable fraction leads to reduced processing costs at intermediate treatment facilities, but does not change the overall waste management cost. Our analysis also reveals that the cost of waste management systems decreases when the service is provided by private companies through a public tender. The cost decreases even more when the service is performed under the coordination of adjacent municipalities.

Grouping by Visual Appearance of Construction and Demolition Waste for Sorting Time Reduction with the Aim of Removing Asbestos-Containing Materials

As asbestos-containing waste from building demolitions has to undergo special treatment prior to recycling or final disposal, the demolition of buildings and the sorting of waste materials are conducted after checking for asbestos content in the construction materials (according to ISO, EPA or JIS). However, as solid waste is usually a mixture, it is possible that asbestos-containing material (ACM) is present in construction and demolition waste (CDW) that is transported to an intermediate treatment facility for CDW. In addition, the presence of ACM in disaster waste cannot be avoided. Therefore, a rapid method for the determination of asbestos at an intermediate treatment facility for CDW is required. In this study, the separation efficiency and the sorting time of CDW particles by grouping by visual appearance (GVA) were determined. In the case that the separation efficiency by GVA in this study was equivalent to that by visual observation with a loupe (DVL) in a previous study, the reduction of sorting time by GVA was evaluated. Newton’s separation efficiency by GVA and recovery rate were equivalent to that by DVL for 5.1 cm2 observation. In this case, the sorting time by GVA was 1/7 of that by DVL. Therefore, sorting time could be shortened by GVA under the condition of equivalent separation efficiency. In order to reduce the sorting time per worker to less than 1 h/t, only CDWPs having particle size larger than 12 cm for GVA or 20 cm for DVL for 5.1 cm2 observation should be subjected to sorting. Aiming to avoid diffusion of asbestos-containing waste, the authors suggest that grouping by visual appearance as a primary sorting step is effective to reduce sorting time of CDW from disaster waste or unknown origin.

Difference in Density of Fiber Bundles Exposed on Surface of Asbestos-Containing Materials--with the Aim to Reduce Time Necessary for Visual Observation

It is possible that asbestos‐containing materials (ACMs) are contained in construction and demolition waste (CDW) that is transported to an intermediate treatment facility. Therefore, a rapid method of detecting asbestos fibers at an intermediate treatment facility for CDW is required. Although a visual observation method has been developed for rapid determination, the time required to determine should be shortened further. If asbestos fibers on a certain part of the surface of CDW particles could be detected visually and observation of the other areas could be omitted, the time necessary for the observation can be shortened. In this study, the determination error rates for a certain part of the surface and the entire surface were estimated. A CDW particle whose surface remained intact when the construction material was produced, was classified as an intact‐surface CDW particle. A CDW particle that chipped off when the construction material was demolished or shredded, was classified as a broken‐surface CDW particle. Observation of only the broken surface yielded similar results to observation of the entire surfaces of non‐ACMs and ACMs. For non‐ACMs, the determination error rate for observation of one‐half of the broken surface was 1.6%, whereas that for observation of the entire broken surface was 2.2%. For ACMs, the determination error rate for observation of one‐half of the broken surface was 0.16%, whereas that for observation of the entire broken surface was 0%. From the obtained error rates, it was found that the time necessary for observation can be shortened.

Determination and Sorting of Asbestos-Containing Material by Visual Observation

A rapid method for the determination of asbestos fiber at an intermediate treatment facility for construction and demolition waste (CDW) is required. Although the rapid method which involves visual observation has been developed, the determination accuracy and time are unknown. The purpose of this study was to determine the identification rate of asbestos-containing material (ACM: > 0.1w%), the time required for asbestos fiber determination by visual observation, and the asbestos content in CDW. After participating in a short training course for ACM determination, persons who did not have any knowledge of asbestos fiber determination were able to determine ACM in CDW by visual observation. Using the results of visual observation, an ACM sorting model was formulated. The model enabled simulation of asbestos content after sorting by inputting asbestos content distribution into CDW before sorting. However, 0.35 w% of asbestos still remained in the non-ACM fraction, i.e., the content was > 0.1 w%. The relationship between the number of sorters and the total sorting time for disaster waste from the Great East Japan Earthquake was presented. It was found that a very long time and a large number of people were required for sorting.

Application of Stack Emissions Data from Tele-Monitoring Systems for Characterization of Industrial Emissions of Air Pollutants

ABSTRACTReal monitoring data are required for the validation of models or methods used to estimate industrial emission inventories of air pollutants. As such, the current study investigated the industrial emissions of four major and three other hazardous air pollutants in four subareas of the Yeongnam area in Korea over five years (2005 through 2009), using direct stack monitoring concentrations, which were obtained from tel-monitoring systems. Yearly variations in the industrial emissions of the target pollutants depended upon the subareas and chemical types. For example, the total suspended particulate (TSP) emissions in Geongnam increased for two consecutive years (2007 and 2008) and then, decreased in 2009, whereas the industrial CO emissions in Ulsan sharply increased since 2007. For TSP, primary metal manufacturing (PMM) and Power, electricity and gas supplying companies (PEGSC) were two major industrial emission sources. PEGSC exhibited the highest source for both SO2 and NOx emissions, followed by PMM and petroleum and petrochemical companies in descending order. For CO emissions, PPM exhibited the highest source, followed by municipal waste treatment and intermediate waste treatment facilities in descending order. Both NH3 and HF were emitted primarily from two subareas (Ulsan and Geongbuk), which have fertilizer production companies. Both Geongnam and Geongbuk exhibited the highest and the second highest HCl emissions, presumably due to emissions during the acid treatment processes of various metals. Most of the industry categories, which are associated with fuel combustions or waste incineration, exhibited the highest and the second highest emission proportions for NOx and SO2, respectively. Maximum emissions were observed in the winter or summer season, while minimum emissions were observed in the spring or fall season, presumably due to increased energy utilizations for residential as well as industrial heating and cooling.

On the relationship between the provision of waste management service and illegal dumping

The illegal dumping of waste has been a serious environmental concern of most countries in the world. This paper examines the relationship between the provision of waste treatment facilities and the frequency of illegal dumping. Our results show that a shortage of intermediate waste treatment facilities has played an important role in increasing the frequency of illegal dumping.

Characteristics of fine processed construction and demolition waste in Japan and method to obtain fines having low gypsum component and wood contents

A method to obtain processed residue from mixed construction and demolition waste (mixed C&D-W) - free from environmental pollutants - for deposition in landfill is discussed. In particular, additional sieving, the presence of gypsum board in mixed C&D-W at the first stage of manual presorting, and the color of processed residue were studied for the basic characterization of the different fractions. Considerable precautions should be taken to prevent leaching of hazardous substances, such as T-Hg, Pb, Cr(6+), As, and fluoride and its compounds, when processed residue, particularly in crushed fraction at an intermediate treatment facility, is used as construction material. A relatively high content of gypsum was noted in processed residue generated at demolition work compared to that generated at construction work in processed residue from mixed C&D-W in which the presence of gypsum board was observed at the first stage of manual presorting, and in white processed residue. Additional sieving for removal was ineffective because gypsum and wood have wide particle size distributions. To obtain processed residue having low gypsum and wood contents, white processed residue should be removed to eliminate gypsum (content, 59% of initial sample), and brown or brown and yellow processed residue should be removed to eliminate wood (content, 32% of initial sample) without mixing with processed residue containing other colors at stockyards. The removed residue should be deposited in a controlled-type landfill site.

Harmonized Transportation System to Support the Recycle-based Society

The quantity of solid waste that is finally disposed of through production, consumption and import occupies 1/4 of the whole in material balance domestically in Japan and is approximately 500 megatons per year. In recent years, because of lack of a final disposal site, outbreak of pollution with intermediate treatment of waste disposal and social problems such as illegality abandonment, to secure a waste disposal facility has become an important problem. On account of these circumstances, the solid waste is carried from the area of disposal shortage to the other area of disposal margin of intermediate treatment facilities and final disposal sites by the wide area transportation that used a highway network.To construct the recycle based society that aimed at utilizing effectively waste as resources among different industries has become an urgent need in order to reduce the quantity of whole solid waste. For the realization of the recycle-based society, it is indispensable to build a new physical distribution system between waste discharge sources such as a consuming place and an industrial area, and waste disposal areas such as a recycling factory and a final disposal site to be dotted with individually over a wide area.From these backgrounds, a concept of physical distribution system that makes use of advantages of ship transportation in order to support the recycle-based society is proposed. And as a practical example of applying the proposal concept, the industrial waste transportation by shipping is evaluated through the calculation of CO2 emissions by conducting mathematical programming model.

産業廃棄物中間処理施設及び最終処分施設の立地環境に関する研究

産業廃棄物中間処理施設及び最終処分施設の立地環境に関する研究