Integrative Efforts in Handling Plastic Pollution in Jakarta Bay: Social Capital and Movements

Research conducted by Research Center for Marine and Fisheries Product Processing and Biotechnology in the three different locations namely Tarakan, Tanjung Balai Asahan, and Jakarta Bay, has identified that Jakarta Bay had the highest plastic debris concentration among the others. Jakarta Bay is directly connected to Thousand Island National Park sea waters, in which large parts of it are marine conservation area. Thus, plastic pollutants potentially threat Jakarta Bay and Thousand Island National Park abundant biodiversity and underwater marine ecotourism. The tools such as garbage transport barges owned by Special Region of the Capital Jakarta Province are not enough to overcome the existing plastic debris. 21 tons waste end up to Jakarta Bay every day. There should be further research about solving existing plastic waste with other technology than using machine. This literature study aims to review and investigate the potentials and challenges of utilizing bacteria to combat existing marine plastic pollution in Jakarta Bay. Established researches showed that some bacteria strains isolated from plastic debris in some sea waters and sediments around the world are capable of degrading polyethylene (PE), polypropylene (PP), and possibly polystyrene (PS). Unfortunately, reports involving plastic degrading ability of bacteria isolated from plastic wastes in Indonesian sea waters, let alone Jakarta Bay, are hard to find if any. There were only researches about isolated bacterias from Jakarta Bay, which were capable of degrading oil spill. Further research about isolated bacteria from plastic debris of Jakarta Bay, should be established. It can be used to identify bacteria strains or consortia that are able to degrade plastic debris with environmentally friendly byproducts. There will be possibilities that oil spill degrading bacteria isolated from Jakarta Bay can also degrade plastics, as both oil spill and plastics are made up from hydrocarbon chains. A recently published research has revealed that Alvoranicus borkumensis isolated from marine plastic debris in Mediterranean Sea was able to degrade PE, while previously other study has isolated it from Thousand Islands sea waters and found it able to degrade marine oil spill. The expression possibility of DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) sequence coding extracted from wax worm Galleria mellonella into widespread indigeneous Jakarta Bay bacteria and bacteria isolated from plastic debris in Jakarta Bay, can also be taken into account.

The contribution of estuaries to the abundance of microplastics in Jakarta Bay, Indonesia.

The waste bank is an innovative method to increase knowledge and behaviour to manage household waste. As a collective action at the community level, social capital has a vital role in the management of the waste bank. This study aims to identify and analyse how the level of trust, network, and social norms play a role in creating a sustainable, community-based waste bank management. This research used the qualitative approach and descriptive method. The data collection techniques were carried out using observations, literature studies, and in-depth interviews. The data were analysed using a qualitative-descriptive technique. The study shows that The Lintas Winongo Waste Bank is a community-based waste bank because it was established and managed by community members in RW 11, Bumijo Urban Village, Yogyakarta City. The manager of Lintas Winongo Waste Bank collaborates with several actors to support the management of the waste bank. The Lintas Winongo Waste bank management requires trust between the actors because it is related to the flow of money. The trust between the actors is built through the transparency of the waste bank management process. The network has a role in exchanging information and providing access to various resources required. The strategies to build networking with the actors are communication, shared understanding regarding the purpose of the waste bank, and a shared commitment to support the waste bank management. The social norms are required to maintain the transparency process and trust between the actors. Moreover, the social norm can build awareness of the citizens to manage domestic waste.

Plastic waste is a critical environmental issue in Jakarta Bay, causing ecosystem degradation and challenging coastal management. This study analyzes seasonal dynamics and spatial impacts of floating plastic debris using Sentinel-2 imagery from July 2021 to November 2024. The Floating Debris Index (FDI) and Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) were applied, with optimum thresholds determined through ROC curve analysis. Monthly median composites were processed to minimize atmospheric noise. The results show a recurring seasonal pattern, with debris consistently peaking in June, likely influenced by monsoon driven runoff and human activities. A clear increasing trend from 2021 to 2023 was followed by a decline in 2024, coinciding with the implementation of the National Ocean Love Month program. Buffer analysis indicated that most debris accumulates within 500 m of the shoreline, particularly near river mouths, ports, and settlements, while Thiessen Polygon analysis revealed hotspots concentrated along the eastern and western coasts. These findings highlight that floating plastic debris in Jakarta Bay is strongly shaped by seasonal cycles and land-based inputs, providing critical insights for designing targeted, evidence-based waste management policies.

ABSTRACTThe continuously increasing accumulation of microplastics in the environment, such as polystyrene (PS), has posed an ecological and health threat. However, the information and biodegradation capability of plastics, including polystyrene, was still in the infancy stage in Indonesia. This study explored the potential of microbial consortia from Jakarta Bay to degrade polystyrene microplastics. The consortia were obtained from plastic waste with biofilms on their surfaces, collected from three stations in Jakarta Bay. The research enriched the biofilm's consortia using 1/10 Zobell marine broth media supplemented with 0.1% PS microplastics. Using enriched cultures, biodegradation tests were performed in a mineral salt medium with 0.2% PS microplastics as a sole carbon source for 60 days at 27°C, 120 rpm. Microbial consortia from Jakarta Bay showed an ability to perform polystyrene biodegradation. The calculated weight loss of the microplastics after 60 days of incubation was between 4% and 6.4%. The biodegradation of PS microplastics by the microbial consortium was also indicated by FTIR spectra, which showed changes in functional group transmittances and were confirmed by SEM data showing holes formation on PS surfaces. The results provide a baseline study for further research development in Indonesia's polystyrene biodegradation technology and management.

Microplastic pollution in the marine and freshwater environment has been a global concern. The pollution in densely populated urban areas may be more severe than in any other environment, especially in areas lacking plastic waste management. Urban lakes in the Megacity of Jakarta, the capital city of Indonesia, and neighboring areas, which is the most populated city in the world, have been severely polluted by plastic waste. The urban lakes studied were located downstream of watershed areas of major rivers that outflow into Jakarta Bay, the Java Sea, and finally the ocean. To our knowledge, no studies have been reported on microplastic pollution in urban lakes in the Megacity of Jakarta. This study investigated the first occurrence of microplastics in the surface water of six urban lakes in the Megacity of Jakarta. Grab water samples were collected in either inlet or outlet areas of lakes. The water samples were pretreated and sieved to separate the microplastics. The quantification and the identification of microplastics were made using a Stereo Microscope. The most downstream urban lakes in the densely populated area close to Jakarta Bay, which is the final disposal of plastic wastes from the river canal and runoff from the surrounding area, had more microplastics than the urban lakes in the area with less population and further from the Bay. The most abundant microplastics found in the lake’s surface water was about 30,000 particles/m3, whereas 300 - 500 µm and the foam were the dominant size and type of microplastics discovered. The concern is that the smallest size of particles of microplastics found in the lake’s water could potentially contaminate aquatic biota, especially fish, not only in the lakes but also in Jakarta Bay, where fishing activities are substantial.

The accumulation of plastic waste in the marine environment has increased the global risk of marine pollution due to its negative impact on land, ecosystems, and especially the food chain and marine organisms. Ineffective plastic waste management has reduced the quality of the coastal environment including community sanitation and health, landscapes, and coastal views, and influenced economic sectors such as tourism, fisheries, and shipping. The economic and public activities within coastal areas have consistently as the source of plastic waste leakage either directly or indirectly. Various variables involved and connected each other, some influential and other existing variables were not working effectively and do not support each other optimally in the system. The policy without limitation on the plastic production and certain type of plastic such as packaging or single-use, bags, and a lack of management capacity have led to the establishment of a burden on current plastic waste management within the coastal and marine of Jakarta Bay. Therefore, the study aims to analyze the roles and interrelation of variables that influence plastic waste management in Jakarta Bay. Public participation through group discussion, interview, and Micmac analysis method was used to identify, map, and analyze their interrelationships, roles, and hierarchy in the plastic waste management system. The results showed that the dynamics of variables’ interaction affect their level of performance and contribution. The variables with strong influence have the potential to strengthen others, while some had a high dependence which was vulnerable to have ineffective performance in the waste management system as their stability relied on other variables’ performance. A group of variables were greatly affected by others and indicates that they had lower influence and higher dependence, while the rest of the variables were relatively disconnected from the system. The key to better waste management is to improve the performance and the quality of relationships of variables that were found in the influential and intermediate quadrants. Furthermore, the indirect influence variables also need to be considered as they have the potential to contribute to the future system strategy or scenario planning.

Jakarta Bay is a semi-enclosed bay, and is connected to the Java sea. The bay is bordered by two capes, Tanjung Pasir in the west and Tanjung Karawang in the east, and administratively within three provinces i.e., Banten Province, the capital city Special region of Jakarta, and West Java Province. The waters of the bay have been profoundly affected by discharge from 13 rivers that fl ow through the three provinces. The bay provides ecological services ranging from port industry, shipping, and tourist to fi shery sectors. A fi shery has long been a major income for local coastal communities. Cultures of green mussel were started in early 1980s, and in the last 20 years the green mussel’s culture area has expanded both in the eastern and western part of the bay. Green mussel (Perna viridis Lin.) is an important source for daily consumption and economic income. Traditional farming extends from two to six miles offshore and involves a number of 18,152 fi sher families. Traditionally the mussels have been farmed in bagan, a bamboo fl oating structure with 3-meters deep ropes system. It is estimated there are more than 3,410 bagans that streach from east to west coast of Jakarta Bay (DP2K-DKI 2003). Daily mussel’s harvest is estimated 120-175 ton per day and marketed around Greater Jakarta Area, Banten and West Java provinces. However in the last decades, domestic and industrial pollution strongly infl uence Jakarta Bay water quality. International Conference Hubs, Harbours and Deltas in Southeast Asia: Multidisciplinary and Intercultural Perspectives Royal Academy of Overseas Sciences Phnom Penh, 6-8 February 2006. Hal. 525-536

Pollution has resulted degradation that affects carbon stocks and mangrove composition and structure. Ecologically this relationship creates conditions that are interrelated with each other. This research has been conducted along in the shores of Jakarta Bay, from Tangerang (Banten Province)-North Jakarta (DKI Jakarta)- Muara Bendera (Bekasi-West Java province). The purpose of this research is to design the relationship between mangrove community structure and carbon stock. The method used vegetation analysis, allometric, Pearson correlation, and system dynamic. The result is the average of import value index at tree level is 113.57%, at tillers level is 92.03%, and the seedling levels is 80.6%. The average coverage for all levels was 38.62%, and according to regulation ministry of environment and forestry (MoEF) number 201 in years 2004, it was put into damaged criteria. Dominant species are performed by Avicennia marina, Avicennia lanata, Rhizophora aviculata, Soneratia caseolaris, and Soneratia alba. The average of carbon stock was 204.25 grC.m-2 with an average of 454.04 grC.m-2 biomass, an average litter of 271.59 grC.m-2, an average sediment of 206.31 grC.m-2, an average of roots of 45.4 grC.m-2, and average of nekromassa of 43.88 grC.m-2. Carbon stocks in above of soil surface was 67% of the total, and in below ground level was 33% of the total. The result of Pearson correlation showed a negative relationship between mangrove community structure and carbon stocks. This linear relationship shows the interplay between them. The low value of the mangrove community structure causes a low value in carbon stocks, and they were trying to balance in ecosystem. This is strengthening the hypothetic that the degradation occupied the mangrove forest and occurred for a long time. By looking at the ecological design which is explains their relationship, it is predicted that the Jakarta Bay will lose mangrove forest in the next around 40’s years, if the habitat condition remains the same as it is today.

Several anthropogenic activities are renowned for causing microplastic (MP) pollution and heavy metal accumulation. Therefore, this study aimed to analyze the concentrations of MPs, metallothionein (MT) and heavy metals found in milkfish (Chanos chanos) in Jakarta Bay. The samples were taken from five locations, namely, Marunda in North Jakarta, Muara Gembong in Bekasi, Teluk Naga and Pandeglang in Banten and East Lampung in Lampung. Separation and destruction of the gills and the digestive tract of milkfish were carried out via nitric acid (HNO3). The samples were subsequently analyzed to assess the abundance of MPs via light microscopy, and the MT concentration was measured via the MT ELISA Kit (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kit). MT analysis was then complemented by an evaluation based on literature studies and assessment of protein interactions via STRING (string-db.org). Heavy metal analysis in milkfish was performed via the inductively coupled plasma (ICP) method. The results revealed that the average number of MP fibers across the five locations was 11.67. In terms of MT, Marunda had the highest protein expression in the gills and digestive tract, with values of 72.56 pg/mg and 245.44 pg/mg, respectively. The observation of lead (Pb) heavy metals suggested that the highest level was found in East Lampung (0.11 mm/kg), whereas Marunda (0.07 mm/kg) had the lowest level. The MT protein is involved in the mechanism of cell stress pathways, indicating the occurrence of severe pollution in Jakarta Bay. Thus, this study provides evidence of pollution in Jakarta Bay by evaluating the MP and heavy metal statuses and offering information regarding the physiological impacts on aquatic organisms. This valuable information is essential for future regulations.

To overcome the solid waste problem, many city governments initiate and facilitate waste banks. Various studies have sought citizen participation in waste banks, but there is little attention to understanding how the coexistence of social capital can encourage waste banks’ practice. This study, therefore, aims at examining the social capital of the urban communities in the business process of waste banks. We looked in-depth at the practice of six waste banks in Tanjungpinang City, Kepulauan Riau, Indonesia. A series of interviews were carried out on the stakeholders of waste banks, such as management, customers, citizens, and households. We suggest that a number of social capitals shape the business process of waste banks, including trust, norms, social networks, and gotong royong. This research has a novel for the study of community-based waste management by considering the urban community’s social capital. Our study also has a worthy recommendation to the local government in managing waste management by corroborating social capital.

The waste bank is a creative way to improve behavior and understanding about managing waste in the home. Social capital, as a collaborative effort at the community level, is essential to the trash bank's management. Mutual trust in society, standards, and networks that the community may use to address problems together are known as social capital. This research aims to find out how the social capital process in the Waste Bank framework in community-based sustainable waste management in Padang City, especially in the Sakinah Waste Bank by using descriptive research conducted through a qualitative approach. The study's analysis revealed that the social capital process at Sakinah Waste Bank is carried out by the community, and that trust is developed between the actors through the transparency of the waste bank management process. Strategies to develop networking with the actors include communication, a shared commitment to support the waste bank management, and a shared understanding of the waste bank's purpose. Social norms are necessary to keep the actors' trust in one other and the transparency process going. Additionally, the social norm might raise citizens' awareness of the need to control household waste.

Plastic waste is one of the marine debris that has negative impacts on the marine environment, such as the death of biota and disturbing the beauty of nature. Plastics can degrade into microplastics. Microplastics in the marine environment can be found in waters and sediments, so they can enter the biota through the food chain. The research aims to examine the distribution of marine debris and microplastics on small islands (Tidung Kecil, Jakarta Bay) and the mainland (Sembilang National Park, South Sumatra). The total marine debris on Tidung Kecil Island (4.04 kg/m2) was greater than that of Sembilang National Plants (0.71 kg/m2). The average abundance of microplastics in the larger size area is greater than in small islands. This is because the substrate is predominantly clayey and muddy with a relatively calm environment, while on small islands the substrate is sand with a dynamic environment. The amount of marine debris found did not correlate with the abundance of microplastics.

eographically, Indonesia is a maritime country that has around seventeen thousand islands stretchingfrom Sabang to Merauke so that Indonesia has been named the largest archipelagic country in the world.From the economic sector, Indonesia is also a country with a fairly stable level of economic growth. Thisbackground shows that there are a lot of economic activities in Indonesia. Economic activity in Indonesianwaters is supported by carrying out many maritime infrastructure developments, one of which is theconstruction of a container terminal at Tanjung Priok port. During the construction phase, there is adredging process around Jakarta Bay and it is feared that it will disrupt the stability of the sand bund dueto the dredging process. This study provides an illustration of how the distance between the sand bund anddredging and the slope of the slope greatly affect the safety factor. Slope stability analysis study using finiteelement program. The results of the study show that there are several areas that are not recommended fordredging because they do not reach a minimum slope safety factor of 1.5.

Penelitian ini memiliki tujuan untuk mengembangkan sumber dan media pembelajaran IPS dengan menghasilkan sebuah modul dan implementasi proses pembelajaran yang menjadi salah satu penggerak dalam meningkatkan ekoliterasi peserta didik dengan cara mendaur ulang kemasan produk konsumsi terutama dari kemasan botol plastik. Metode penelitian ini menggunakan model pengembangan (Research and Development) Borg dan Gall dengan subjek penelitian Mts Al-Hidayah Wajak, yang menghasilkan sebuah produk kreasi daur ulang dari sampah botol plastik yang mengadopsi dari materi Kewirausahaan. Modul didesain agar peserta didik bisa mempraktekkan daur ulang sampah yang kreatif dan inovatif , dampak sampah plastik yang tidak didaur ulang bagi masyarakat dan solusi untuk mengatasinya, yang kedua adalah macam-macam kreasi dan inovasi daur ulang sampah plastik yang terdiri dari dua puluh satu kreasi sampah botol plastik dan langkah-langkah dalam membuatnya, dan yang terahir adalah kisah-kisah inspiratif yang berasal dari pengusaha sampah plastik. Sumber dan media pembelajaran IPS yang berupa modul yang telah dikembangangkan telah di implementasikan dalam proses pembelajaran, proses pembelajaran berjalan sangat menyenangkan hal tersebut terlihat dari antusias peserta dalam mengikuti pembelajaran karena peserta terlibat langsung dalam proses pemanfaatan/mendaur ulang sampah botol plastik.DEVELOPING OF SOCIAL STUDIES LEARNING SOURCES AND MEDIA TO IMPROVE ECOLITERACY OF PUPILS The research aims to develop social studies learning resources and media by producing a module and implementing a learning process that becomes one of the driving forces in increasing the eco-literation of students by recycling consumer product packaging, especially from plastic bottle packaging. This research method uses the development model (Research and Development) of Borg and Gall with the research subject of Mts Al-Hidayah Wajak, which produces a recycled creative product from plastic bottle waste that adopts entrepreneurship materials. The module is designed so that students can practice creative and innovative waste recycling, the impact of plastic waste that is not recycled for society, and solutions to overcome it, the second is various kinds of plastic waste recycling creations and innovations consisting of twenty-one waste creations plastic bottles and the steps in making them, and finally, inspiring stories from plastic waste entrepreneurs. Social studies learning resources and media in the form of modules that have been developed have been implemented in the learning process, the learning process is very pleasant, this can be seen from the enthusiasm of the participants in participating in the lesson because participants are directly involved in the process of utilizing and recycling plastic bottle waste.