Intermediate Target Research Articles

From a Quantity to an Interest Rate‐Based Framework: Multiple Monetary Policy Instruments and Their Effects in China

AbstractThis paper investigates the effects of various monetary policy instruments in China with the structural vector autoregression model. Empirical results are as follows. The effects of benchmark lending rate and short‐term interest rate shocks are larger than those of reserve requirement ratio shocks. Nonpolicy shocks exert substantial effects on intermediate targets under a quantity‐based policy framework. The size and effects of short‐term interest rate shocks in recent years are large. Short‐term interest rate shocks have strong effects on property prices. These results suggest that the new interest rate‐based policy framework is more effective than the previous quantity‐based policy framework.

Front Cover: One Scaffold, Different Organelle Sensors: pH‐Activable Fluorescent Probes for Targeting Live Microglial Cell Organelles (ChemBioChem 9/2022)**

One scaffold – different organelle sensors: The structure-organelle relationship (SOR) of an important synthetic intermediate targeting the nucleus and its transformation into other pH-activable fluorescent probes is demonstrated. The fluorescent probes were synthesized using a single synthetic route. As shown in the cover picture, the assembly line illustrates that a common synthetic intermediate (rectangle shape) was transformed into another molecule (triangle or hexagonal shape) in a one-step reaction to target specific cell organelles in live microglial cells. The common intermediate targets the cell nucleus, the cationic probe targets mitochondria, whereas the amine-containing probe with pH-activable property targets acidic lysosomes. The graphic was created by Ryann Davis. More information can be found in the Communication by G. Chopra et al.

DETERMINANTS OF INFLATION IN INDIA IN A DYNAMIC SETUP

The present study empirically examines the factors accounting for inflation in India in an open economy framework by utilizing the bounds testing approach to cointegration for the 2006: Q3-2019: Q4 period. The findings reveal the existence of a long-run relationship with the household survey-based inflation expectation, real output, narrow money aggregate and interest rate as important determinants of inflation. The study concludes that inflation is well explained by a combination of structural and monetary factors. Notably, the significance of inflation expectation as an important explanatory variable corroborates the utilization of inflation forecast by the RBI as an intermediate target in the flexible inflation targeting framework. In this backdrop, it is imperative for RBI to conduct a high frequency inflation expectations survey of households to account for frequent information updation on the part of certain groups of households.

Transforming the Dynamics of Climate Politics in Japan: Business’ Response to Securitization

In 2020, Japan suddenly changed course and made carbon neutrality its intermediate target. In an attempt to understand this drastic policy change, this article analyzes the effects of climate security discourses on the perception of the Japanese business community, which holds the pivotal position in Japan’s climate policy. It particularly focuses on the effect of securitization on the source–impact asymmetry, one of the intrinsic features identified as a major obstacle to effective climate governance. From this standpoint, the article measures the extent to which the issue of climate change has been securitized in Japan, and also the extent to which the Japanese business community has come to share the securitizers’ sense of exigency. In so doing, this article employs the text-mining method called KH Coder to analyze relevant government documents as well as statements issued by Keidanren (also known as Japan Business Federation). The analysis shows that the Ministry of the Environment together with other governmental actors has collectively securitized the issue within the context of Japanese society, but that its impact on industry has been indirect, pointing to the complexity of its causal impact.

Institutional Audit of Adaptive Re-Planning With Pencil Beam Scanning Proton Beam Therapy

Pencil beam scanning proton beam therapy (PBS-PBT) dose distributions are extremely sensitive to tissue deformation. We conducted a retrospective audit of 190 consecutive patients treated with image guided PBS-PBT over a period of 1.5 years, to analyze the incidence, causes and trigger for adaptive re-planning.Patients were treated with daily image guidance with either KV X-rays or Cone beam CT scan (CBCT) or both. Patients underwent quality assurance imaging either with a CT (QA-CT) or MRI after every 5-10 fractions or earlier based on CBCT. The nominal plans were overlaid on the QA-CT and the doses were recalculated to assess dose perturbations and need for adaptive re-planning. The thresholds for re-planning were based on the physician's choice. The trigger for re-planning was also recorded and classified as elective QA-CT, QA-CT based on CBCT trigger or based on clinical triggers. After the initial 6-9 months of the study several measures were implemented with regards to simulation and planning such as skin rind evaluation for head neck patients, modified planning techniques, avoidance of certain beam angles and changes to class solutions.At least 3 QA images were acquired for each patient. A total of58 patients (30.52 %) required adaptive re-planning, of which 9 (15%) underwent re-planning more than once. Of the patients undergoing re-planning, 44.8%were of head neck,15.5%brain, 10.3%pelvic,5.2%skull base, 5.2% CSI, and 12.3% were of thoracic subsite.68% of Head neck and 66% of thoracic patients underwent adaptive re-planning. The number of patients undergoing adaptive re-planning in week 1,2,3,4,5&6 were 11, 10, 18, 8, 7 and 4 respectively. Most common cause for adaptive planning was deformation of target (23.07%) and beam path changes (23.07%) followed by persistent set up errors (9.23%), OAR deformation (7.69%) and combination of either of the factors in 26.15%. 59% of plans were adapted due to overdose in OARs, 29.7% were due to under-coverage of target while 10.8% had both. The average dose perturbation in the high dose target was higher than the intermediate dose target. Of the first 70 patients 43% underwent plan adaptation while after implementation of measures to reduce the adaptive re-planning, in next 120 patients only 23.3% required the same. Trigger for adaptive re-planning was elective QA-CT in 15%, CBCT trigger in 78%, and clinical triggers in 7% of patients.Our retrospective audit showed that the need for adaptive re-planning for patients treated with PBS-PBT is significantly high especially for head neck and thoracic tumors. The most common causes for adaptive re-planning were target deformations and beam path changes which in a majority of cases are picked up by CBCT imaging. Innovative simulation and planning approaches could potentially reduce the need for adaptive re-planning.

The Challenges of Implementing the Indonesian Experimental Power Reactor (RDE) Program

This paper shows the effort to implement the RDE and its challenges from 2013 to 2018. RDE was a program to introduce nuclear power plants by building non-commercial power reactors. The RDE program was also used to prove that Indonesian engineers can design a reactor that will later supply electricity and steam for industry. The technology used is a high-temperature gas-cooled reactor. This RDE program is a very strategic intermediate target for energy security and national sovereignty. The development of RDE-based nuclear power plants, in the long run, is expected to have implications for reducing reliance on fossil fuels, more self-sufficiency in energy supply increases national industrial capacity and competitiveness in the global economic order, as well as enhance energy and political diplomacy. Also, RDE can be a reference installation for PeLUIt (Power and Steam Generators for Industry) power plants for small and medium enterprises to meet the demand for electricity and industrial heat in an area’s needs. However, many challenges occurred to implement this program; among them were cost estimation and cost-benefit analysis. Although the program has not been realized, mainly for financial reasons, many positive things have been obtained from these activities.

Feasibility of Evaluating Result of Auto-segmentation of Target Volumes in Radiotherapy with Medical Consideration Index

To explore the feasibility of using the bidirectional local distance based medical similarity index (MSI) to evaluate automatic segmentation on medical images. Taking the intermediate risk clinical target volume for nasopharyngeal carcinoma manually segmented by an experience radiation oncologist as region of interest, using Atlas-based and deep-learning-based methods to obtain automatic segmentation respectively, and calculated multiple MSI and Dice similarity coefficient (DSC) between manual segmentation and automatic segmentation. Then the difference between MSI and DSC was comparatively analyzed. DSC values for Atlas-based and deep-learning-based automatic segmentation were 0.73 and 0.84 respectively. MSI values for them varied between 0.29~0.78 and 0.44~0.91 under different inside-outside-level. It is feasible to use MSI to evaluate the results of automatic segmentation. By setting the penalty coefficient, it can reflect phenomena such as under-delineation and over-delineation, and improve the sensitivity of medical image contour similarity evaluation.

Early construction of the thalamocortical axon pathway requires c-Jun N-terminal kinase signaling within the ventral forebrain.

Thalamocortical connectivity is essential for normal brain function. This important pathway is established during development, when thalamic axons extend a long distance through the forebrain before reaching the cerebral cortex. In this study, we identify a novel role for the c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) signaling pathway in guiding thalamocortical axons through intermediate target territories. Complete genetic removal of JNK signaling from the Distal-less 5/6 (Dlx5/6) domain in mice prevents thalamocortical axons from crossing the diencephalon-telencephalon boundary (DTB) and the internal capsule fails to form. Ventral telencephalic cells critical for thalamocortical axon extensions including corridor and guidepost neurons are also disrupted. In addition, corticothalamic, striatonigral, and nigrostriatal axons fail to cross the DTB. Analyses of different JNK mutants demonstrate that thalamocortical axon pathfinding has a non-autonomous requirement for JNK signaling. We conclude that JNK signaling within the Dlx5/6 territory enables the construction of major axonal pathways in the developing forebrain. Further exploration of this intermediate axon guidance territory is needed to uncover mechanisms of axonal pathfinding during normal brain development and to elucidate how this vital process may be compromised in neurodevelopmental disorders.

Monetary Policy in a Developing Country: A Case of Pakistan

The State Bank of Pakistan (SBP) has to fulfil multiple objectives in Pakistan’s monetary policy. The choice of policy objectives is an old theme that acquired a renewed importance after the financial crisis of 2007–2009. Most of the textbooks do not discuss the debate around objectives, rather they discuss monetary policy objectives from the lens of a developing country. The choice of objectives should be seen in the context of the country’s overall level of economic development. With historical illustration of Pakistan during the 1970s and 1980s, the case has shown how the credit-starved sectors were helped through government-directed credit. With the opening of the trade and financial sector, the economic liberalization reforms increased the private sector’s role, and authorities adopted a more market-based approach towards monetary management. Various small businesses and entrepreneurs are faced with credit constraints. Private sector financial institutions cannot relax these credit constraints given their concern with creditworthiness, a condition that small businesses and entrepreneurs cannot satisfy. The SBP Act states that it has to pursue potentially conflicting goals of economic development and stable prices. The conflicting goals create tension in the case of whether SBP should control credit supply to various sectors of the economy or determine the cost of credit through interest rate targeting. It compares the two intermediate targets: monetary and interest rate. Finally, it also highlights the difficult trade-offs faced by policymakers in developing countries.

Morbidity following image-guided brachytherapy for cervical cancer: Patient and treatment related factors

PurposeThis retrospective study aims to assess factors associated with the occurrence of toxicity after brachytherapy (BT), as boost after external beam radiotherapy (EBRT) for treatment of invasive cervix carcinoma. METHODS AND MATERIALSAll consecutive patients diagnosed with cervical carcinoma, and treated with concurrent radiochemotherapy from August 2017 to January 2020 were retrospectively included. An isodose conformation index (ICI) was developed to assess the percentage of the prescription isodose contained within the intermediate risk clinical target volume (IR-CTV). ResultsEighty-one patients with invasive cervix carcinoma from stage IB to stage IVa were included. Thirty-two (40%) and 49 (60%) patients were treated with Pulsed Dose Rate (PDR) and High Dose Rate (HDR) BT, respectively. Median follow-up was 19.6 months (5.6–41.2). The main factors associated with development of gastrointestinal toxicity were: the median volume of the prescription isodose (67.9cm[3] [37.6–92.9] vs. 49.1cm[3] [34.5–53.5], p = 0.05), the value of ICI (59% [51%-83%] vs. 86% [65%-96%], p = 0.01), the median equivalent dose delivered to the sigmoid (D2cc= 58.4 GyEQD2 [53.9–61.1] vs. 55.2 GyEQD2 [52.8–57.5], p = 0.06) and the median equivalent dose delivered to the IR-CTV (D90= 63.9 GyEQD2 [60.6–66.4] vs. 61.2 GyEQD2 [59.4–64.5], p = 0.03). The proportion of patients who received EBRT lymph node boost was higher in patients who developed urinary toxicity than in patients who did not (57.1% vs. 28.6%, p = 0.08). Anticoagulant (p = 0.02) and antiaggregant therapy (p = 0.01) were associated with occurrence of both urinary and gastrointestinal toxicity. ConclusionSOur study confirms the predictive value of irradiated volume in the occurrence of gastrointestinal toxicity, as well as the need for a better conformation to the target volume. Precautions should be considered in patients with vascular comorbidities.

Monetary policy and its transmission channels: Evidence from China

This paper examines the individual effect of the channels of monetary transmission (the asset price channel, the credit channel, the interest rate channel, and the exchange rate channel) in China using Impulse Response Separation Vector Auto Regression (IRSVAR) technique. The results are as follows: First, although China's market-oriented reform has been carried out for 40 years, the role of the neoclassical interest rate channel in the overall effect of monetary policy is still relatively low (31%). Second, although the relative role of the credit channel has declined, it remains, on average, the most important transmission channel (42%). It shows that there are still serious frictions in China's economy and that market-oriented reforms need to be further strengthened. Third, in general, the relative marginal role of asset price channels has risen significantly (20%), mainly because of the rapidly increasing wealth effect on households in China's stock and property markets. Since the exchange rate has been strictly controlled, the role of the exchange rate channel has always been unimportant (7%). These results have important policy implications: China has made progress to marketize the interest rate in the past years, however, it is necessary to further improve the comprehensive marketization mechanism, and the choice of the intermediate target of macro-prudential monetary policy should pay sufficient attention to the changes in asset prices.

The Relationship Between Late Morbidity and Dose-Volume Parameter of Rectum in Combined Intracavitary/Interstitial Cervix Cancer Brachytherapy: A Mono-Institutional Experience.

PurposeTo establish a dose volume–effect relationship for predicting late rectal complication (LRC) in locally advanced cervical cancer patients treated with external beam radiotherapy (EBRT) followed by combined intracavitary/interstitial brachytherapy (IC/IS-BT).Materials and MethodsA retrospective analysis was performed in 110 patients with locally advanced cervical cancer who underwent definitive radiotherapy combined with IC/IS-BT from July 2010 to September 2018. We report the 90% of the target volume receiving the minimum dose for high risk clinical target volume (HR-CTV D90) and intermediate risk clinical target volume (IR-CTV D90), and the minimum doses to the most exposed 0.1, 1, and 2 cm³ doses at the International Commission on Radiation Units and Measurements (DICRU) for organs at risk (OARs). The total dose of EBRT plus brachytherapy was transformed to the biologically equivalent dose in 2 Gy fractions (EQD2) with α/β value of 10 Gy for target, 3 Gy for organs at risk using the linear quadratic model. The morbidity was scored according to the Radiation Therapy Oncology Group (RTOG) criteria. The Probit model was used to establish a prediction model on rectum between the organs at risk for dose and LRC. The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was used to evaluate the predictive value of dose volume parameters for LRC.ResultsThe median follow-up time was 72.3 months. The mean ( ± standard deviation) , and DICRU values of rectum were 64.72 ± 7.47 GyEQD2, 70.18 ± 5.92 GyEQD2, 79.32 ± 7.86 GyEQD2, and 67.22 ± 7.87 GyEQD2, respectively. The Probit model showed significant relationships between , and the probability of grade1–4, grade 2–4 rectal events at 1 year, and between and the probability of grade2–4 rectal events at 3 and 5 years. The dose values for 10% complication rates (ED10) of were 74.18 (70.42–76.71) GyEQD2, 67.80 (59.91, 71.08) GyEQD2, 66.37 (52.00, 70.27) GyEQD2 for grade 2–4 with rectal morbidity at 1, 3, and 5 years, respectively.ConclusionOur study proved that were considered as useful dosimetric parameters for predicting the risk of grade1–4 and grade2–4 LRC at 1-year, and might be an indicator for predicting grade2-4 LRC at 3/5years. The patients with rectal >66.37–74.18 GyEQD2 should be closely observed for grade2–4 LRC.

The Stability of Money Demand Function in Sri Lanka: A Bound Cointegration Approach

The importance of demand for money has become a prominent research topic in monetary economics due to its role in monetary policy formulation. This paper investigates empirically the determinants of money demand function in Sri Lanka over the period 1977-2019. This study estimates both short run and long run money demand function using monetary aggregates M1 and M2 based on time series data. The explanatory variables used in the study comprised with stability variables such as Inflation rate, exchange rate and Gross Domestic product, Opportunity cost variables such as short run interest rate and long term interest rate and other macroeconomic variables such as government expenditure, interest rate spread and economic crisis. Annual time series data has been taken to estimate eterminants of money demand. The estimates of the long run relationship is obtained by using bound cointegration technique and the vector error correction technique was used to estimate of the short run dynamics of the long run equation. Findings of the study confirmed real GDP, interest rate, government expenditure, inflation rate, interest rate spread and economic crisis has significant relationship with the money demand in Sri Lanka. According to the stability test, the empirical results show that the both M1 and M2 money demand functions are stable for the period 1977-2019. Results indicate that both M1 and M2 are suitable for the monetary policy formulation. Thus, Sri Lanka’s current practice of monetary targeting framework using broad money as an intermediate target is viable. This study provides the policy challenges that Sri Lankan economy meets to develop favorable macroeconomic environment in order to manage money demand for a sustainable growth.

Stabilization of a heat equation with an integral type boundary condition

This paper considers the stabilization of a heat equation with an integral type nonlocal boundary condition. Via choosing a new intermediate target control system with undetermined term instead of the determined one appeared in the normal backstepping method, we convert the original control system into the intermediate target control system by backstepping transformation. At the same time, we prove the exponential stabilization of the intermediate target control system by Lyapunov function method after choosing an appropriate linear integral feedback control. Then, combined with the invertibility and boundedness of backstepping transformation, we obtain the exponential stability of closed-loop system. Finally, the simulation shows the validity of the main theorem.

Achieving long-term renewable energy goals: Do intermediate targets matter?

Policymakers in various countries often determine roadmaps, a sequence of intermediate goals to achieve their long-term renewable energy objectives. We study the influence of roadmaps on regulatory decisions and market functioning using laboratory experiments. We simulate a stylized electricity market with two generation technologies (a renewable “green” technology and a thermal source) whose share of renewable generation must increase over a 40-year period. Investments in thermal capacity are driven by subsidies and profitability, while green capacity investments solely depend on subsidies. Participants act as regulators and decide each year how many MWs of green and thermal capacity to subsidize while managing the trade-off between blackout risk, cost for customers and subsidies. We manipulate the presence and the time granularity of roadmaps.We find that roadmaps impact regulatory decisions and the resulting subsidies, but not the likelihood of achieving the long-term goals, illustrating that a given target can be reached by different trajectories with different costs. Therefore, policymakers should carefully consider the choice of intermediate objectives that impact paths toward greener energy in terms of trade-offs between governmental subsidies and market forces.

Netrin 1-Mediated Role of the Substantia Nigra Pars Compacta and Ventral Tegmental Area in the Guidance of the Medial Habenular Axons.

The fasciculus retroflexus is an important fascicle that mediates reward-related behaviors and is associated with different psychiatric diseases. It is the main habenular efference and constitutes a link between forebrain regions, the midbrain, and the rostral hindbrain. The proper functional organization of habenular circuitry requires complex molecular programs to control the wiring of the habenula during development. However, the mechanisms guiding the habenular axons toward their targets remain mostly unknown. Here, we demonstrate the role of the mesodiencephalic dopaminergic neurons (substantia nigra pars compacta and ventral tegmental area) as an intermediate target for the correct medial habenular axons navigation along the anteroposterior axis. These neuronal populations are distributed along the anteroposterior trajectory of these axons in the mesodiencephalic basal plate. Using in vitro and in vivo experiments, we determined that this navigation is the result of netrin 1 attraction generated by the mesodiencephalic dopaminergic neurons. This attraction is mediated by the receptor deleted in colorectal cancer (DCC), which is strongly expressed in the medial habenular axons. The increment in our knowledge on the fasciculus retroflexus trajectory guidance mechanisms opens the possibility of analyzing if its alteration in mental health patients could account for some of their symptoms.

The Practice of Flexible Inflation Targeting in India – A Preliminary Assessment

This paper examines how the new flexible inflation targeting framework has worked in practice in India, five years after it was introduced. The policy decisions taken by the Reserve Bank of India are analysed on four fronts — the trajectory of inflation, the inflation forecasting record, the voting behaviour of the monetary policy committee, and the ability to keep the weighted average call money rate within the policy corridor. These four themes represent the formal nominal anchor, the intermediate target, the central bank response function and the operating target of monetary policy. Each is a building block of the flexible inflation targeting framework. The paper then offers some suggestions on the road ahead for monetary policy practice in India, both given the experience of the past five years as well as the Covid-19 shock to the Indian economy.

Methods for Integrating Extraterrestrial Radiation into Neural Network Models for Day-Ahead PV Generation Forecasting

Variability, intermittency, and limited controllability are inherent characteristics of photovoltaic (PV) generation that result in inaccurate solutions to scheduling problems and the instability of the power grid. As the penetration level of PV generation increases, it becomes more important to mitigate these problems by improving forecasting accuracy. One of the alternatives to improving forecasting performance is to include a seasonal component. Thus, this study proposes using information on extraterrestrial radiation (ETR), which is the solar radiation outside of the atmosphere, in neural network models for day-ahead PV generation forecasting. Specifically, five methods for integrating the ETR into the neural network models are presented: (1) division preprocessing, (2) multiplication preprocessing, (3) replacement of existing input, (4) inclusion as additional input, and (5) inclusion as an intermediate target. The methods were tested using two datasets in Australia using four neural network models: Multilayer perceptron and three recurrent neural network(RNN)-based models including vanilla RNN, long short-term memory, and gated recurrent unit. It was found that, among the integration methods, including the ETR as the intermediate target improved the mean squared error by 4.1% on average, and by 12.28% at most in RNN-based models. These results verify that the integration of ETR into the PV forecasting models based on neural networks can improve the forecasting performance.

Oculomotor nerve guidance and terminal branching requires interactions with differentiating extraocular muscles

Muscle function is dependent on innervation by the correct motor nerves. Motor nerves are composed of motor axons which extend through peripheral tissues as a compact bundle, then diverge to create terminal nerve branches to specific muscle targets. As motor nerves approach their targets, they undergo a transition where the fasciculated nerve halts further growth then after a pause, the nerve later initiates branching to muscles. This transition point is potentially an intermediate target or guidepost to present specific cellular and molecular signals for navigation. Here we describe the navigation of the oculomotor nerve and its association with developing muscles in mouse embryos. We found that the oculomotor nerve initially grew to the eye three days prior to the appearance of any extraocular muscles. The oculomotor axons spread to form a plexus within a mass of cells, which included precursors of extraocular muscles and other orbital tissues and expressed the transcription factor Pitx2. The nerve growth paused in the plexus for more than two days, persisting during primary extraocular myogenesis, with a subsequent phase in which the nerve branched out to specific muscles. To test the functional significance of the nerve contact with Pitx2+ cells in the plexus, we used two strategies to genetically ablate Pitx2+ cells or muscle precursors early in nerve development. The first strategy used Myf5-Cre-mediated expression of diphtheria toxin A to ablate muscle precursors, leading to loss of extraocular muscles. The oculomotor axons navigated to the eye to form the main nerve, but subsequently largely failed to initiate terminal branches. The second strategy studied Pitx2 homozygous mutants, which have early apoptosis of Pitx2-expressing precursor cells, including precursors for extraocular muscles and other orbital tissues. Oculomotor nerve fibers also grew to the eye, but failed to stop to form the plexus, instead grew long ectopic projections. These results show that neither Pitx2 function nor Myf5-expressing cells are required for oculomotor nerve navigation to the eye. However, Pitx2 function is required for oculomotor axons to pause growth in the plexus, while Myf5-expressing cells are required for terminal branch initiation.

First experience of autonomous, un-supervised treatment planning integrated in adaptive MR-guided radiotherapy and delivered to a patient with prostate cancer

Background and purposeCurrently clinical radiotherapy (RT) planning consists of a multi-step routine procedure requiring human interaction which often results in a time-consuming and fragmented process with limited robustness. Here we present an autonomous un-supervised treatment planning approach, integrated as basis for online adaptive magnetic resonance guided RT (MRgRT), which was delivered to a prostate cancer patient as a first-in-human experience. Materials and methodsFor an intermediate risk prostate cancer patient OARs and targets were automatically segmented using a deep learning-based software and logical volume operators. A baseline plan for the 1.5 T MR-Linac (20x3 Gy) was automatically generated using particle swarm optimization (PSO) without any human interaction. Plan quality was evaluated by predefined dosimetric criteria including appropriate tolerances. Online plan adaptation during clinical MRgRT was defined as first checkpoint for human interaction. ResultsOARs and targets were successfully segmented (3 min) and used for automatic plan optimization (300 min). The autonomous generated plan satisfied 12/16 dosimetric criteria, however all remained within tolerance. Without prior human validation, this baseline plan was successfully used during online MRgRT plan adaptation, where 14/16 criteria were fulfilled. As postulated, human interaction was necessary only during plan adaptation. ConclusionAutonomous, un-supervised data preparation and treatment planning was first-in-human shown to be feasible for adaptive MRgRT and successfully applied. The checkpoint for first human intervention was at the time of online MRgRT plan adaptation. Autonomous planning reduced the time delay between simulation and start of RT and may thus allow for real-time MRgRT applications in the future.