Interlocked Network Research Articles

Highly durable superhydrophobic bilayer nanofibrous composite membrane with intermediate interlocked network inspired by mortise and tenon connections for membrane distillation

The membranes for membrane distillation (MD) posed challenges for long-term stable operation due to poor mechanical strength, low flux and susceptibility to wetting. In this study, inspired by conventional mortise and tenon (MT) structure, we constructed a novel robust and porous bilayer composite membrane consisting of superhydrophobic microsphere layer and nanofibrous substrate along with interfacial interlocked networks via a facile integrated casting-recrystallization (ICR) method for highly efficient direct contact membrane distillation (DCMD). During one-step ICR process, amorphous polypropylene (aPP) and isotactic polypropylene (iPP) (a-iPP) with certain mass ratio were completely dissolved in xylene and then cast on the surface of highly porous poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) nanofibrous substrate at high temperature, in which a crystallization process of the mixed solution occurred in a single step to form PP microsphere layer with a flower-like structure for guarantee of the superhydrophobicity and permeability of the composite membrane. Meanwhile, PP solution infiltrated into the PVDF nanofibrous substrate and then solidified along the fibers and fiber junctions at the initial pouring to create intermediate interlocking connections based on MT construction between the nanofibrous substrate and the microsphere layer, which resulted in the composite membrane with extremely high structural integrity and mechanical properties. The optimal a-iPP/PVDF composite membranes exhibited outstanding mechanical properties (36.6 MPa in tensile strength and 118.0% in strain), significantly superior to PVDF electrospun nanofibrous membrane and commercial PVDF membrane. This unique a-iPP composite membrane with unrelenting superhydrophobicity and high permeability demonstrated a complete barrier to salts with a considerable permeation flux of 54 kg m-2 h-1 in a 70-hour DCMD test (ΔT=40 oC).

Continuous dual-network alginate hydrogel fibers with superior mechanical and electrical performance for flexible multi-functional sensors

Hydrogel fibers play a crucial role in the design and manufacturing of flexible electronic devices. However, continuous production of hydrogel fibers with high strength, toughness, and conductivity remains a significant challenge. In this study, ion-conductive sodium alginate/polyvinyl alcohol composite hydrogel fibers with an interlocked dual network structure were prepared through continuous wet spinning based on the pH-responsive dynamic borate ester bonds. Owing to the interlocked dual network structure, the resulting hydrogel fibers integrated superior performance of strength (4.31 MPa), elongation-at-break (>1500 %), ion conductivity (17.98 S m−1) and response sensitivity to strain (GF = 3.051). Benefiting from the excellent performance, the composite hydrogel fiber could be applied as motion-detecting sensors, including high-frequency, high-speed reciprocating mechanical motion, and human motion. Furthermore, the superior compatibility for human-computer interaction of the hydrogel fiber was also demonstrated, which a manipulator could be controlled to perform different actions, by a smart glove equipped with the hydrogel fiber sensors.

Apical-basal polarity precisely determines intestinal stem cell number by regulating Prospero threshold.

Apical-basal polarity and cell-fate determinants are crucial for the cell fate and control of stem cell numbers. However, their interplay leading to a precise stem cell number remains unclear. Drosophila pupal intestinal stem cells (pISCs) asymmetrically divide, generating one apical ISC progenitor and one basal Prospero (Pros)+ enteroendocrine mother cell (EMC), followed by symmetric divisions of each daughter before adulthood, providing an ideal system to investigate the outcomes of polarity loss. Using lineage tracing and exvivo live imaging, we identify an interlocked polarity regulation network precisely determining ISC number: Bazooka inhibits Pros accumulation by activating Notch signaling to maintain stem cell fate in pISC apical daughters. A threshold of Pros promotes differentiation to EMCs and avoids ISC-like cell fate, and over-threshold of Pros inhibits miranda expression to ensure symmetric divisions in pISC basal daughters. Our work suggests that a polarity-dependent threshold of a differentiation factor precisely controls stem cell number.

Metakaolin-based geopolymer composites modified by epoxy resin and silane: Mechanical properties and organic-inorganic interaction mechanism

The wide application of metakaolin based geopolymer (MG) is highly limited by its brittleness. In this study, different contents of S823, S1213 and KH570 silane coupling agent (SCA) and waterborne epoxy resin (WR) were used to synthesize organic-geopolymer composites to improve the ductility of MG. The influence of the contents of these organic agents on the mechanical properties of MG was investigated with unconfined compression tests and three-point bending tests, and the organic-inorganic interaction was characterized with Scanning Electron Microscopy, Isothermal Calorimetry, solid-state Nuclear Magnetic Resonance and Nanoindentation. By adding 1% of SCA and 20% of WR, the 28-day compressive strength, flexural strength and flexural toughness of MG achieved the highest increase of 197.0%, 128.3% and 108.4%, respectively. The reaction degree of the MG-WR and MG-SCA composites were both higher than that of MG thanks to the polymerization between the organic agents and geopolymer gel, resulting in more compact microstructure. It was revealed that the organic-inorganic polymeric structure bridged by Si-O-Si and Si-O-Al bonds were formed between SCA and MG with higher content of SiO bonds, which enhanced the micro-mechanical homogeneity, and thus the strength and ductility of MG-SCA composites. In addition, the interlocked MG-WR network formed through the hydrogen bonds allowed the high-toughness WR to improve the ductility of MG. The better understanding of organic-geopolymer interaction in this study is beneficial for the synthesis of geopolymer composites with improved mechanical performance.

Fabrication and characterization of porous mullite ceramics derived from fluoride-assisted Metakaolin-Al(OH)3 annealing for filtration applications

In this work, polycrystalline mullite whiskers are synthesized by fluoride-assisted method from metakaolin and several aluminum-containing compounds such as γ-Al(OH)3, AlF3·3H2O, and α-Al2O3 (corundum). The mullite formation and crystallization are assessed both in ex situ and in situ synchrotron X-ray diffraction experiments under synthesis conditions. Polycrystalline mullite starts to form from metakaolin, Al(OH)3, and AlF3·3H2O reactants at 680 °C, whereas mullite does not form even at 1000 °C when corundum is used. Porous mullite ceracmics are fabricated at sintering temperatures between 1000 and 1700 °C and tested for water permeance. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and synchrotron X-ray tomography (μCT) reveal that ceramics are comprised of pore channels with an interlocked network of mullite whiskers. With competitive porosity (up to 63 %), compressive strength (up to 20 MPa), and pure water flux (up to 579 L/m2·h at 1 bar), fabricated mullite ceramics are promising candidates for water filtration and purification.

One-Step Conversion of Crab Shells to Levulinic Acid Catalyzed by Ionic Liquids: Self-Healing of Chitin Fraction

A highly selective route to produce levulinic acid (LA) from raw crab shells in one step has been provided by the catalysis of the ionic liquid (IL) 1-methyl-3-(3-sulfopropyl)imidazolium hydrogen sulfate ([C₃SO₃Hmim]HSO₄), resulting in the LA yield up to 77.9%. The relationship between the structure of ILs and the yield of LA was investigated, demonstrating both the acidity and hydrogen-bonding ability of ILs dictate their catalytic activity. Furthermore, by means of IR, scanning electron microscopy, elemental analysis, solid-state ¹³C NMR, X-ray diffraction, and determination of the degree of acetylation, the self-healing of chitin fraction driven by hydrogen-bond interactions was discovered upon the removal of CaCO₃ and protein for the first time. In the presence of a strong and interlocked hydrogen-bond network, direct depolymerization and consecutive deacetylation/depolymerization take place alternatively on the outer surface, whereas the interior crystalline structure of chitin remains intact.

PEG/PPG-PDMS-Based Cross-Linked Copolymer Membranes Prepared by ROMP and In Situ Membrane Casting for CO2 Separation: An Approach to Endow Rubbery Materials with Properties of Rigid Polymers.

Rubbery polymer membranes prepared from CO2-philic PEO and/or highly permeable PDMS are desired for efficient CO2 separation from light gases (CH4 and N2). Poor mechanical properties and size-sieving ability, however, limit their application in gas separation applications. Cross-linked rubbery polymer-based gas separation membranes with a low Tg based on both PEG/PPG and PDMS units with various compositions between these two units are prepared for the first time in this work by ring-opening metathesis polymerization type cross-linking and in situ membrane casting. The developed membranes display excellent CO2 separation performance with CO2 permeability ranging from 301 to 561 Barrer with excellent CO2/N2 selectivity ranging from 50 to 59, overcoming the Robeson upper bound (2008). The key finding underlying the excellent performance of the newly developed cross-linked x(PEG/PPG:PDMS) membranes is the formation of a well-connected interlocked network structure, which endows the rubbery materials with the properties of rigid polymers, e.g., size-sieving ability and high thermomechanical stability. Moreover, the membrane shows long-term antiaging performance of up to eight months and antiplasticization behavior up to 25 atm pressure.

Constructing Bone-Mimicking High-Performance Structured Poly(lactic acid) by an Elongational Flow Field and Facile Annealing Process.

Poly(lactic acid) (PLA) as one of the most promising biodegradable polymers is being tremendously restricted in large-scale applications by the notorious toughness, ductility, and heat distortion resistance. Manufacturing PLA with excellent toughness, considerable ductility, balanced strength, and great heat distortion resistance simultaneously is still a great challenge. Natural structural materials usually possess excellent strength and toughness by elaborately constructed sophisticated hierarchical architectures, however, completely reproducing natural structural materials' architecture have evidenced to be difficult. Inspired by the hierarchical construction of the compact bone, an innovational method with an intensive and continuous elongational flow field and facile annealing process was developed to create bone-mimicking structured PLA at an industrial scale. The bone-mimicking structured PLA with unique and novel hierarchical architectures of interlocked 3D network lamellae and large extended-chain lamellae connecting the regular lamellae was constructed by in situ formed oriented thermoplastic poly(ether)urethane nanofibers (TNFs) acting as "collagen fibers", orderly staggered PLA lamellae behaving as "hydroxyapatite (HA) nanocrystals", and the tenacious interface functioning as a "soft protein" adhesive layer. Attributed to the unique structure, it possesses super toughness (90.3 KJ/m2), high stiffness (2.15 GPa), balanced strength (52.6 MPa), and notable heat distortion resistance (holding at 163 °C for 1 h) simultaneously. These excellent performances of the structured PLA provide it with immense potential applications in both structural and bio-engineering materials fields such as artificial bones and tissue scaffolds.

Atomistic Insights into the Tunable Transition from Cavitation to Crazing in Diamond Nanothread-Reinforced Polymer Composites.

Cavitation and crazing in thermosetting polymers can be sophisticatedly designed for valuable applications in optics, electronics, and biotechnology. It is a great challenge for numerical study to describe the formations of cavity and fibrils in polymer composite due to the complicated interfacial interaction. To explore this challenging task, we exploit a two-phase coarse-grained framework which serves as an efficient atomistic level-consistent approach to expose and predict the transition between cavitation and crazing in a polymeric system. The coarse-grained framework is utilized to transmit the information between single phase and interface in polymer composite, and the learning tasks of force field are fulfilled through parameterization of mechanical performances and structural characterizations. We elaborate on the intrinsic characteristics of the cavitation-crazing transition in diamond nanothread- (DNT-) reinforced polymethyl methacrylate composites, in which DNT plays a specific role of nanomodulator to tune the cavity volume ratio. The transition from cavitation to crazing can be induced through a novel dissipative mechanism of opening an interlocked network, in which case the DNT is stretched to the aligned fibrils and links crazing tightly by interfacial adhesion. The designed computational framework can broaden the scope of theoretical tools for providing better insights into the microstructure design of polymer composites.

Synergistic strengthening effect of alumina anchored graphene nanosheets hybrid structure in aluminum matrix composites

The microstructure design of graphene based reinforcement is an effective route to obtain graphene/aluminum composites with good mechanical properties. In this study, alumina anchored on graphene nanosheets hybrid (Al2O3@GNS) was in situ synthesized by a sodium chloride template-assisted high-temperature calcination strategy. Al2O3@GNS was used as a reinforcement to fabricate aluminum matrix composites (Al2O3@GNS/Al) by flake powder metallurgy (FPM) route. It was found that Al2O3@GNS was homogenously distributed and a relatively obvious synergistic strengthening effect was acquired by employing Al2O3@GNS as reinforcement of the composites. ∼1.0 vol%-Al2O3@GNS/Al composite obtained the maximum tensile strength of 359 MPa, an ∼131.6% improvement superior to pure Al. The strengthening efficiency of Al2O3@GNS is higher than those reinforced by individual GNS, Al2O3 or its simple mixture. An elongation of 11.2% was achieved in the ∼ 1.0 vol%-Al2O3@GNS/Al composite, exhibiting a favorable strength-ductility synergy. The synergistic strengthening effect was attributed to the formation of an interlocked network of Al2O3@GNS, which was beneficial to improve the load transfer efficiency from the matrix to reinforcement in the composites.

Adsorption effect of Zn+2 and Co+2 on the antibacterial properties of SiC‐porcelain ceramics

AbstractThis investigation reports the adsorption effect of Cobalt and Zinc ions on the antibacterial properties of Silicon Carbide (SiC) added fired Porcelain based ceramics against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. Incorporation of SiC in porcelain composition shows decrease in bulk density and increase in apparent porosity gradually upto 15 weight percent addition. The bulk density and apparent porosity of 15 wt% SiC added porcelain are 2.01 g/cm3 and 24.03%, respectively. Phase and microstructural charecterization reveals that fine grained interlocked mullite network with little unconverted quartz and carborandum are uniformly distributed in the microstructure. Co+2 and Zn+2 adsorption on exposed surface is calculated to be ~0.42 mg/cm2 and Inductively coupled mass plasma spectroscopy (ICP‐MS) shows that 1641.41 ppm of Co+2 and 1936.37 ppm of Zn+2 are leached in water from adsorbed surface. This is the first report where, transition metal specific antibacterial efficacy of SiC added porcelain‐based ceramics are investigated. This report reveals that both Co+2 and Zn+2 adsorption results in antibacterial efficacy against E coli and S aureus and Co+2 adsorption is superior to (zone of inhibition is ~1.3 cm more depending on bacteria and sample specifications) Zn+2 adsorption.

Long non-coding RNAs have age-dependent diurnal expression that coincides with age-related changes in genome-wide facultative heterochromatin

BackgroundDisrupted diurnal rhythms cause accelerated aging and an increased incidence in age-related disease and morbidity. The circadian clock governs cell physiology and metabolism by controlling transcription and chromatin. The goal of this study is to further understand the mechanism of age-related changes to circadian chromatin with a focus on facultative heterochromatin and diurnal non-coding RNAs.ResultsWe performed a combined RNA-seq and ChIP-seq at two diurnal time-points for three different age groups to examine the connection between age-related changes to circadian transcription and heterochromatin in neuronal tissue. Our analysis focused on uncovering the relationships between long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) and age-related changes to histone H3 lysine 9 tri-methylation (H3K9me3), in part because the Period (Per) complex can direct facultative heterochromatin and models of aging suggest age-related changes to heterochromatin and DNA methylation. Our results reveal that lncRNAs and circadian output change dramatically with age, but the core clock genes remain rhythmic. Age-related changes in clock-controlled gene (ccg) expression indicate there are age-dependent circadian output that change from anabolic to catabolic processes during aging. In addition, there are diurnal and age-related changes in H3K9me3 that coincide with changes in transcription.ConclusionsThe data suggest a model where some age-related changes in diurnal expression are partially attributed to age-related alterations to rhythmic facultative heterochromatin. The changes in heterochromatin are potentially mediated by changes in diurnal lncRNA creating an interlocked circadian-chromatin regulatory network that undergoes age-dependent metamorphosis.

Chlorine Atom-Induced Molecular Interlocked Network in a Non-Fullerene Acceptor.

The differences between the introduction of chlorine and fluorine atoms to small-molecule acceptors were deeply investigated. From the single-crystal structures of three molecules, the Cl-substitution intervention into the molecular configuration and packing mainly lies in three aspects as follows: single molecule configuration, one direction of the intermolecular arrangement, and three-dimensional (3D) molecular packing. First, the introduction of the chlorine atom in IDIC-4Cl leads to a more planar molecular configuration than IDIC-4H and IDIC-4F because of the formation of a molecular interlocked network induced by the strong Cl···S intermolecular interactions. Second, IDIC-4Cl shows the closest π-π stacking distance and the smallest dihedral angle (0°) between adjacent molecules to form ideal J-aggregation, which should be beneficial for charge transportation between different connected molecules in this direction. Finally, the interlocked interactions between Cl and S atoms lead to a highly ordered 3D molecular packing, in which the end groups will form an ideal overlapped packing among different molecules, whereas the other two analogues with H or F show less ordered packing of their 1,1-dicyanomethylene-3-indanone ending groups. Organic solar cells based on IDIC-4Cl show the highest power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 9.24%, whereas the PCEs of IDIC-4H- and IDIC-4F-based devices are 4.57 and 7.10%, respectively.

Synergistic effect of cellulose nanofibres and bio- extracts for fabricating high strength sodium alginate based composite bio-sponges with antibacterial properties

This study investigates the synergistic potential of natural bio-extracts for preparing “all-natural” composite bio-sponges of sodium alginate (SA) with the reinforcement of a natural bio-nanomaterial i.e., cellulose nanofibres (CNFs). Aqueous suspensions of SA and CNFs in various combinations of bio-extracts (Rice water (Rw) and Giloy extract (Ge)) were freeze-dried to obtain the composite bio-sponges. Composites prepared using Rw resulted in structurally more stable samples with porosity above 75% that showed a compact honeycomb-like microstructure with interlocked CNFs network structures. A significant improvement in mechanical performance (400% increment in compressive strength and 800% increment in modulus) and thermal stability (decomposition temperature reaching up to 240 °C from 200 °C) for SA based composite bio-sponges was achieved due to the synergistic effect of Rw and CNFs as compared to conventionally prepared sponges in water. Additionally, the use of Ge has resulted in developing antimicrobial surfaces with up to 98% and 90% growth inhibition efficiency for gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria, respectively. Hence, CNFs and bio-extracts together played a competent role in effective tailoring of structural, thermo-mechanical and antibacterial properties of composite bio-sponges.

Evaluation of a highly-modified asphalt binder for field performance

This paper deals with laboratory and field evaluation of pure and polymer-modified asphalts (PMAs), in which one bitumen and one polymer type of different contents were used. Styrene-butadiene-styrene (SBS) modified asphalts were selected to evaluate which polymer concentration could offer cost-effective solutions on heavily trafficked highways. Polymer concentrations used were 0%, 3%, and 6% SBS by weight of binder. Asphalt cement containing 6% SBS was referred to as a highly-modified binder in this study. An in-service test road was constructed in 2012 to compare the performance of asphalt pavements built with PMAs while all other variables were held constant as possible. The results of laboratory testing indicated that the morphology of SBS modified binders was influenced by storage temperature and polymer content. The formation of an interlocked continuous network was shown to enhance the rheological properties of PMAs. Significant differences in resistance to rutting and cracking were noted between highly-modified and control asphalt mixtures. This observation was attributed to increased modulus and enhanced critical strain energy release rate of polymer-modified asphalt mixtures. Preliminary performance evaluations showed that none of the test sections evaluated exhibited obvious rutting. Notable differences were, however, observed in the cracking behavior. The test section with the highly-modified binder had a much better resistance to cracking. The field measurements on cracking corresponded well with the test results of the semi-circular bend test in the laboratory. The experimental results of the highly-modified asphalt were in good agreement with field performance. Future monitoring is needed to evaluate long-term trends in performance.

High-pressure-assisted design of porous topological semimetal carbon for Li-ion battery anode with high-rate performance

It has been a great challenge to develop a high-rate anode material with high-capacity, fast Li-ions diffusion and long cycling life going beyond the commercially used graphite in Li-ion battery. Here for the first time we propose a strategy combined high-pressure synthesis method with the global structure search to find a topological semimetal porous carbon as the desired anode. Our crystal-structure searching shows that we can obtain the ground state of an orthorhombic phase $\mathrm{Li}{\mathrm{C}}_{6}$ with regular pores at 30 GPa, and when the Li atoms are removed, the resulting carbon structure is the recently predicted interlocked graphene network (IGN) that is a topological semimetal with an intrinsic high electronic conductivity. Based on the state-of-the-art first-principles calculations, we further find that the Li-ion migration energy barrier in the IGN is extremely low and the estimated diffusion coefficient can reach a magnitude of ${10}^{\ensuremath{-}4}\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}\mathrm{c}{\mathrm{m}}^{2}/\mathrm{s}$ at both low and high Li concentrations, which is three orders of magnitude larger than that of graphite anode. Moreover, the volume changes during the Li insertion and deinsertion are smaller than $3.2%$, while the theoretical specific capacity is the same as that of graphite anode. Our studies not only suggest a practical way of synthesizing the topological semimetal carbon but also propose a new anode material for Li-ion battery.

TiO2 Nanoribbons/Carbon Nanotubes Composite with Enhanced Photocatalytic Activity; Fabrication, Characterization, and Application

TiO2 nanoribbons (TiO2 NRs) loaded with FeCo-Al2O3 catalyst were synthesized and used as a precursor in the synthesis of TiO2 nanoribbons/carbon nanotubes (TiO2 NRs/CNTs) composite by a chemical vapor deposition (CVD) method. TiO2 NRs and TiO2 NRs/CNTs composite were characterized by XRD, FT-IR, TEM, SEM, EDX and UV-Vis spectrophotometer. The results revealed the formation of TiO2-B and hydrogen titanate nanoribbon like structures by the hydrothermal treatment. After loading TiO2 NRs by FeCo-Al2O3 catalyst and the CVD growth of carbon nanotubes, the synthetic TiO2 nanoribbons converted entirely to TiO2-B nanoribbons with nanopits structure. The composite composed of tube-like nanostructures forming an interlocked network from CNTs and TiO2-B NRs. The composite shows a relatively red-shifted band gap (3.09 eV), broader and stronger UV absorption band relative to TiO2 NRs. The photocatalytic properties of TiO2 NRs and TiO2 NRs/CNTs composite were studied under sunlight irradiation. The photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue (MB) dye was investigated as a function of contact time, dye concentration, and catalyst dose. The kinetics and mechanisms of degradation were discussed. TiO2 NRs/CNTs composite showed higher stability after six runs and 50% shorter irradiation time than TiO2 NRs photocatalyst.

Hierarchically porous composites fabricated by hydrogel templating and viscous trapping techniques

Two methods for the preparation of hierarchically porous composites have been developed and explored. The first involved templating mixed slurries of hydrogel beads with two different average bead size distributions with gypsum slurry which allows for precise control over the porosity, pore size distributions and hierarchical microstructure of the hardened composite after the evaporation of the water from the hydrogel beads. The other technique utilised the viscosity of methylcellulose solution to suspend gypsum particles as they form an interlocked network. By varying the volume percentage of methylcellulose solution used, it is possible to control the porosity of the dried sample. The mechanical and thermal insulation properties of the composites as a function of both their porosity and pore size were investigated. Both methods demonstrate an inexpensive approach for introducing porosity in gypsum composites which reduces their thermal conductivity, improves their insulation properties and allows economic use of the matrix material whilst controlling their mechanical properties. Such composites allow for tuneable porosity without significantly compromising their strength which could find applications in the building industry as well as structuring of other composites for a variety of consumer products.

Characterization of natural stone material used in the Nordic eastern urban and costal environment

The report analyses the main properties pertaining to the durability of Finnish granitoid rocks, based upon extensive field and laboratory data collected during the past ten years. Commercial materials have been tested and compared along ten years of production and their frost resistance assessed according to European standards. Laboratory tests have been coupled with non-destructive methods most used on site assessment as ultra-pulse velocity and Schmidt hammer in order to compare the results of commercial materials with materials on construction site. Evaluation of durability has included petrographic analysis, crack density, and for site exposed material, chemical analysis, to understand the environmental effects on it. The material has generally maintained its original properties. It has natural heterogeneity, and it presents higher interlocked cracking network on the surface of the exposed materials. Site samples in some cases have shown chemical changes due to environmental actions.

Electrochemical route to fabricate porous organic polymers film and its application for polymer solar cells

A facile and controllable electrochemical polymerization of porous organic polymers (POP) film using carbazolyl triphenylethylene derivative (TPCz) as building block for the applications in polymer solar cells(PSCs) was developed. The POP film is an interlocked network film of poly-TPCz (designated as PTPCz) which has smooth surface morphology and porous nanostructures. The film can increase the work function (WF) of the anode of PSCs, the contact with the active layer, and enhance hole-extraction process. By using PEDOT:PSS/PTPCz instead of PEDOT:PSS as the anode interlayer, the optimized PSCs shows a 13% enhancement in power conversion efficiency (PCE) which is 8.54%. These results indicate the potential of electrochemical synthesized POP film as efficient interlayer for PSCs.