Interleukin-1 Gene Research Articles

Distribution of IL28B and IL10 polymorphisms as genetic predictors of treatment response in Pakistani HCV genotype 3 patients.

There are over 10 million hepatitis C virus (HCV)-infected patients in Pakistan. For these patients, a combination of interferon with ribavirin is the most economical and easily available treatment. Single-nucleotide polymorphisms in interleukin genes have been reported to be associated with the pathogenesis and clearance of HCV, and sustained virologic response (SVR). An interleukin 28B (IL28B) gene polymorphism has been shown to modify treatment outcomes, but the effects of interleukin 10 (IL10) polymorphisms have not been previously assessed in the Pakistani population. The present study was conducted with 302 subjects categorized into two groups: 100 healthy volunteers (Group I) and 202 patients with chronic HCV (Group II). Patients within Group II were further divided into two subgroups according to therapeutic response: SVR (responders = 132) and NR (non-responders/relapsers = 70). IL28B (rs8099917, rs12979860) and IL10 (rs1800872, rs1800871, rs1800896) gene polymorphisms were studied in all subjects. A significant difference in the distribution of IL28B rs12979860C/T genotypes between the two groups (p<0.05) was observed, while of the three IL10 polymorphisms, a significant difference was only shown for rs1800896 A/G. Haplotype analysis (IL28B and IL10) showed a significant association of TTGTC and TTGTA when comparing the groups. There was a strong association of the favorable alleles rs8099917T and rs12979860C in the SVR group as compared with the NR group (p<0.05), and rs1800896 also showed an association with the SVR group as compared to the NR group (p<0.004). Haplotype analysis showed significant associations when comparing the SVR and NR subgroups, i.e. TCATC (p=0.009), TTGTA (p=0.005), TCATA (p<0.0005), TCACA (p=0.002), GTGCC (p=0.002) and TCGTC (p=0.005). IL28B (rs8099917 and rs12979860) and IL10 (rs1800896) polymorphisms alone, or in combination, are good predictors of therapeutic response in HCV-3a patients.

Research Article Retrospective Investigation of Interleukin 1 and 6 Gene Polymorphism among Elderly Patients with Sarcopenia in the Turkish Population

Introduction: Sarcopenia, one of the geriatric syndromes, is defined as generalized and progressive reduction in skeletal muscle mass accompanied by loss of muscle strength and/or function. There is a paucity of research in the Turkish population about the effects of interleukin 1 (IL-1) and IL-6 gene polymorphism on sarcopenia. The aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship between IL-1 and IL-6 gene polymorphism and sarcopenia in the older Turkish population. Materials and Methods: The study included elderly residents of nursing homes who were 65 years or older had resided in a nursing home. Data regarding the patients’ demographics, anthropometric measurements, muscle strength and physical performance were retrospectively examined. Sarcopenia screening was performed as specified in the European Union Geriatric Association’s 2010 report entitled “The European Working Group on Sarcopenia in Older People”. Fat-free mass (FFM) was compared to individuals in the general population between 18 and 45 years old with no illnesses or medication use (534 men, 180 women). Nursing home residents were divided into two groups: with or without sarcopenia. A blood sample was taken from each participant. DNA was obtained from peripheral blood and Interleukin 1 and 6 Gene Polymorphism was genotyped by polymerase chain reaction and restriction fragment length polymorphism method. Results: A total of 149 elderly patients were included in the study. The overall rate of sarcopenia was determined as 42.2 %. There was no statistically significant difference in sarcopenia based on IL-6, IL-1B31, and IL-1B511 genotype distributions and allele frequencies. Conclusions: Our study demonstrates that sarcopenia in Turkish population is not influenced by IL-1 and IL-6 polymorphism

Chia (Salvia hispanica) harvest residue induces cytokine expression in rabbits

The seed of chia plant (Salvia hispanica) is characterized by a high content of polyunsaturated fatty acids, which is an important source of -linolenic acid for human and animal consumption. During the harvest of the seed, waste is generated that contains remnants of leaves, stems and some seeds, which is generally discarded. The objective of the present work was to evaluate the eect of chia seed residue (CSR) on protein expression of the rabbit immune system, when added as a supplement in the diets of animals deliberately induced to an intestinal infection. Twenty rabbits (New Zealand x California) were randomly distributed in five treatments and fed fieve diets with different percentages of CSR inclusion (0, 10, 20, 30 and 40%). Quantification of the relative expression of the anti-inflammatory Interleukin-10 (IL-10) and Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF-α) genes showed that as CSR inclusion levels increased up to 40%, mRNA expression of IL-10 increased significantly (22.4-fold) with respect to the control, while TNF- mRNA expression was inversely proportional, where a signicant increase (7.47-fold) in mRNA expression was found in the control group. It is concluded that the indirect inclusion of α-linolenic acid through the consumption of CSR induces a positive response in the immune system of the rabbits and represents an alternative for the formulation of rations with nutraceutical effects.

Interleukin-1 gene variants and the risk of non-syndromic microtia

GIRIS ve AMAC: Mikrotia kucuk ve sekil bozuklugu olan kulak kepcesi ile gorulen kongenital bir anomalidir. Interlokin (IL) 1 enflamasyon ve kikirdak harabiyeti icin onemli bir duzenleyicidir. Bu calisma Turk mikrotia hastalarinda IL-1A (-889) ve IL-1B (-511) varyantlarinin iliskisini degerlendirmeyi amaclamistir. YONTEM ve GERECLER: Calismaya mikrotia tanili 19 hasta ve 40 saglikli kontrol dahil edilmistir. IL-1A (-889) ve IL-1B (-511) varyantlari polimeraz zincir reaksiyonu (PZR)- sinirlayici parca uzunluk polimorfizm (RFLP) yontemi ile incelenmistir. Istatistik analiz icin, SPSS 22.0 versiyonu kullanilmistir. BULGULAR: IL-1A (-889) varyant genotip dagilimi hastalar ve kontrol grubu arasinda istatistiksel olarak farkliydi. IL-1A -889 TT genotipi mikrotia hastalarinda daha yayginken, CC genotipi mikrotia hastalarinda daha azdi, sirasiyla (p=0.008, p=0.008). Hasta ve kontrol gruplari IL-1 (-889) CT+TT durumuna gore karsilastirildiginda buyuk fark saptandi (p=0.003). IL-1A (-889) C alleli mikrotia hastalarinda azdi ve T alleli hastalarda coktu (p=0.005). IL-1B (-511) CT varyant genotip ve allel dagilimi hastalar ve kontrol arasinda herhangi istatistiksel fark gostermedi (p>0.05). TARTISMA ve SONUC: Bildigimiz kadariyla literaturde ilk olarak, IL-1A (-889) fonksiyonel varyantin Turk toplulugunda mikrotia ile onemli iliskisi oldugunu gosterdik. Turkce Kisa Baslik: Mikrotiada IL-1 gen varyantlari

Association of Interleukin-1 Gene cluster polymorphisms with coronary slow flow phenomenon.

Objective:Coronary slow flow phenomenon (CSFP) is characterized by the decreased rate of contrast progression in epicardial coronary arte-ries in the absence of significant coronary stenosis. Mounting evidence has showed a significant association between inflammation and CSFP severity. This study aimed to evaluate possible associations between interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1ra) gene variable number tandem repeat (VNTR), IL-1β -511 single nucleotide (SNP), and IL-1β+3954 SNP mutations with CSFP.Methods:Forty-eight patients with CSFP and 62 controls with angiographically normal coronary arteries were prospectively enrolled in the study. Genotypes were assessed using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) technique.Results:Homozygote genotype for allele 2 of+3954 C>T 2/2 genotype was significantly more frequent in patients with CSFP than in the control group, whereas 1/2 genotype was more frequent in the control group (35.4% versus 14.5% for 2/2 genotype and 25% versus 35.5% for 1/2 genotype in CSFP and control groups, respectively, X2=6.6; p=0.04). The allelic frequency of allele 2 of this polymorphism was significantly higher in the CSFP group than in the control group (47.9% versus 28.6% in the control group, X2=5.6; p=0.02). However, there was no significant difference with regard to genotype or allelic frequencies of IL-1ra VNTR or IL-1β -511 SNP polymorphisms between patients with CSFP and controls.Conclusion:IL-1β+3954 SNP mutations are significantly more common in patients with CSFP. It may suggest that the tendency for inflammation may contribute to the presence of this phenomenon.

Expression of some cytokine genes and amount of their products in fibroblast cultures from skin and lung of rats in ontogenesis

The expression of interleukin (IL 1, 2, 6, 8, 10–13, 15, 18), fibroblast growth factors 1, 2, 8, and transforming growth factors α and β1 genes in skin and lung fibroblast cultures (donors – white rats at the age of 0.5, 1, 3 and 24 months) was studied. It is known that these molecules regulate the development and restoration of connective tissue in postnatal ontogenesis, at the same time, different types of connective tissue, in connection with their functional characteristics, develop under unequal conditions and under the influence of various internal and external factors, but not yet investigated the age specificity of the production of these molecules in the cells of connective tissue of various types. That is why, in this paper, the age dynamics of these indicators was compared in cultures of fibroblasts taken from various organs – skin and lungs. The content of the products of these cytokine genes in cultures was also determined, in order to compare the ratio of production of pro- and anti-inflammatory interleukins in cultures of skin and lung fibroblasts. The age dynamics of these indices and its features in connection with the functions of the cytokines studied are discussed. For the genes of all investigated types of cytokines – interleukins, fibroblast growth factors and transforming growth factors – a change in the intensity of expression and accumulation of their products in postnatal ontogenesis was recorded. Dynamics of both the expression intensity of the studied genes and the accumulation of their products is qualitatively similar in cell cultures of both types of tissues, but for skin fibroblasts the age and quantitative variations of these parameters are more pronounced. The maxima of expression and concentrations of all three types of cytokines studied are between 0.5 and 3 months with significant quantitative differences both between cytokinins of different types and between cultures of fibroblasts of the lungs and skin. The significance of the ratio of both expression and accumulation of the products of the anti-inflammatory interleukin genes to pro-inflammatory genes in ontogeny increases in cell cultures of both types of fibroblasts, it can reflect both the developmental features of the organism and the decrease in the ability to regenerate connective tissue with age.

Research of the role of polymorphic options of interleukins genes in development of asthma in the Yakut population

Research of the role of polymorphic options of interleukins genes in development of asthma in the Yakut population

Interleukin 1 gene polymorphism and susceptibility to disease.

The Interleukin 1 (IL-1) family plays a central role in the generation and regulation of inflammatory responses, in both innate and adaptive immunity. Although the IL-1 molecules are traditionally considered to be classical proinflammatory cytokines, their functions are not restricted to inflammation, and they have also been shown to play a key role in a wide range of additional physiological and pathological functions, including learning modulation, sleep, pregnancy, depression, appetite, hematopoiesis, metabolism, and many others. Since their effect as cytokines and regulators of inflammation is so pleiotropic, any shift of the biological balance between agonistic and antagonistic signals has the potential to cause disease. Here, we consider the genetic influence of interleukin-1 gene polymorphism in the context of susceptibility to human diseases. We review known single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) of IL-1 genes linked to human diseases, and suggest how exploring biological effects of IL-1 gene cluster polymorphism may lead to new directions in understanding and diagnostic of disease and effective treatment.

Interleukin gene polymorphisms in Chinese Han population with breast cancer, a case-control study.

Cytokines are known as important regulators of the cancer involved in inflammatory and immunological responses. This fact and plethora of gene polymorphism data prompted us to investigate IL1 gene polymorphisms in breast cancer (BC) patients. Totally, 530 patients with BC and 628 healthy control women were studied. The genetic polymorphisms for IL1 were analyzed by Massarray Sequencing method. Three single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) identified in IL1B, IL1R1 gene are thought to influence breast cancer risk. The results of the association between IL-1B, IL1R1 polymorphisms and breast cancer risk have significant. We found that the variant TT genotype of rs10490571 was associated with a significantly increased breast cancer risk (TT vs. CC: OR = 2.82, 95% CI = 1.12–7.08, P = 0.047 for the codominant model). For rs16944 (AG vs. GG: OR = 0.60, 95% CI = 0.41–0.90, P = 0.034 for the codominant model) and rs1143623 (CG vs. CC: OR = 0.65, 95% CI = 0.45–0.94, P = 0.023 for the codominant model) have significant associations were found in genetic models. In conclusion, the present analysis suggests a correlation of polymorphic markers within the IL-1 gene locus with the risk in developing breast cancer. Taken together with our finding that IL1B, IL1R1 gene three SNP are also associated with the risk for the disease, we suggest that inflammation via innate and adaptive immunity contributes to multifactorial hereditary predisposition to pathogenesis of the breast cancer.

Impacts of different cytokine and chemokine polymorphisms in Pakistani asthmatics a case control study

BackgroundAsthma is a chronic disease of the airways. Its symptoms are caused by inflammation and constriction of the bronchial muscles. During asthma there are changes in immunological pathways in which various cytokines and chemokines are involved directly or indirectly. The present study was conducted to explore the involvement of 15 Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in 10 candidate cytokine and chemokine genes with asthma in Pakistani population.MethodsWe conducted this study in 333 asthmatic cases and 220 healthy controls.Genotyping was performed using the Sequenom Mass ARRAY iPLEX platform (10 SNPs) and TaqMan assay (5 SNPs).ResultsThe minor allele at two SNPs have shown evidence of association with risk for asthma, rs1800896 in the interleukin 10 (IL10) (OR 1.38, 95% CI 1.01–1.88, P = 0.04) and rs1800925 in the interleukin 13 (IL13) (OR 1.45, 95% CI 1.04–2.02, P = 0.03).ConclusionVariations at the IL10 and IL13 genes are found to be associated with asthma susceptibility in the Pakistani population.

Association of Interleukin-1 gene clusters polymorphisms with primary open-angle glaucoma: a meta-analysis

BackgroundPrevious studies have associated the Interleukin-1 (IL-1) gene clusters polymorphisms with the risk of primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG). However, the results were not consistent. Here, we performed a meta-analysis to evaluate the role of IL-1 gene clusters polymorphisms in POAG susceptibility.MethodsPubMed, EMBASE and Cochrane Library (up to July 15, 2017) were searched by two independent investigators. All case-control studies investigating the association between single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of IL-1 gene clusters and POAG risk were included. Odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated for quantifying the strength of association that has been involved in at least two studies.ResultsFive studies on IL-1β rs16944 (c. -511C > T) (1053 cases and 986 controls), 4 studies on IL-1α rs1800587 (c. -889C > T) (822 cases and 714 controls), and 4 studies on IL-1β rs1143634 (c. +3953C > T) (798 cases and 730 controls) were included. The results suggest that all three SNPs were not associated with POAG risk. Stratification analyses indicated that the rs1143634 has a suggestive associated with high tension glaucoma (HTG) under dominant (P = 0.03), heterozygote (P = 0.04) and allelic models (P = 0.02), however, the weak association was nullified after Bonferroni adjustments for multiple tests.ConclusionsBased on current meta-analysis, we indicated that there is lack of association between the three SNPs of IL-1 and POAG. However, this conclusion should be interpreted with caution and further well designed studies with large sample-size are required to validate the conclusion as low statistical powers.

The effect of low-level laser therapy (660nm) on the gene expression involved in tissue repair.

The effect of low-level laser therapy (LLLT) on the healing of skin lesions has been evaluated in many studies; however, the molecular mechanisms involved in the biostimulatory effects resulting from this treatment need to be better understood. The paper aims to analyze the effects of LLLT (660nm) at doses of 1 and 5J/cm2 on cell viability and expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and interleukin (IL6) genes in L929 fibroblast cells. The dose-response curve was performed with the GaInAlAs (660nm) laser-treated cells at energy rates of 1 and 5J/cm2. Cell viability was quantified at 24, 48, and 72h after irradiation and the effects of TLBP on the cytoskeleton and endoplasmic reticulum were evaluated by fluorescence microscopy and the RT-qPCR method was used for the analysis of gene expression. It was observed that the 72h group had a statistically significant increase in cell viability compared to the 48h group (p<0.01) and when compared to the 72h control (p=0.03). In 72h, a greater distribution of the cytoskeleton filaments and the more evident endoplasmatic reticulum was verified, indicating an increase in the protein synthesis when compared with the control group. In the expression of the VEGF gene, a significant increase of 1.98 times (p<0.05) in the number of transcripts was observed; whereas for the IL6 gene, a decrease of the transcripts was 4.05 times (p<0.05), both occurring within 72h after irradiation at 5J/cm2. The LLLT (660nm) at the dose of 5J/cm2 should modulate cellular viability, upregulated VEGF, and downregulated IL6 expression of messenger RNA in culture of L929 fibroblast cells.

Association of a genetic polymorphism of IL1RN with risk of acute pancreatitis in a Korean ethnic group.

Background/AimsSeveral epidemiological studies have validated the association of interleukin gene polymorphisms with acute pancreatitis (AP) in different populations. However, there have been few studies in Asian ethnic groups. We aimed to investigate the relationships between inflammatory cytokine polymorphisms and AP as pilot research in a Korean ethnic group.MethodsPatients who had been diagnosed with AP were prospectively enrolled. DNA was extracted from whole blood, and DNA sequencing was subsequently performed. Single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of the interleukin 1β (IL1B), interleukin 1 receptor antagonist (IL1RN), and tumor necrosis factor α (TNFA) genes of patients with AP were compared to those of normal controls.ResultsBetween January 2011 and January 2013, a total of 65 subjects were enrolled (40 patients with AP vs. 25 healthy controls). One intronic SNP (IL1RN −1129T>C, rs4251961) was significantly associated with the risk of AP (odds ratio, 0.304; 95% confidence interval, 0.095 to 0.967; p = 0.043). However, in our study, AP was not found to be associated with polymorphisms in the promoter regions of inflammatory cytokine genes, including IL1B (−118C>T, c47+242C>T, +3954C/T, and −598T>C) and TNFA (−1211T>C, −1043C>A, −1037C>T, −488G>A, and −418G>A).ConclusionsIL1RN −1129T>C (rs4251961) genotypes might be associated with a significant increase of AP risk in a Korean ethnic group.

Interleukin-1 gene cluster Haplotype analysis in the chronic outcome prediction of the Hepatitis B virus infection.

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is well known as an important cause of the chronic liver disease. The screening of the genotype of certain cytokines might be helpful to predict the clinical outcome of an HBV infection. The present study investigates the relationship between the polymorphism and haplotypes of the Interleukin-1 (IL-1) gene family, including IL-1-alpha (IL-1A), IL-1-beta (IL-1B,) and IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1RN), with chronic HBV infection. A total of 297 chronic HBV and 333 matched on sex and age control individuals were genotyped using the standard sequence-specific-polymerase chain reaction primer (SSP-PCR) method. Four different haplotype analysis software packages were applied for data interpretation. The results showed excess genotype A1/A1 and A2/A2 at IL-1RN (40.2%, 39.9%), C/T at IL-1A-889 (55.6%), and C/C at IL-1B-511 (41.1%) in controls while A1/A1 at IL-1RN (59.3%), T/T at IL-1B-31 (46.5%), C/T at IL-1B + 3953 (65%), in chronic HBV infection cases. A total of 148 haplotypes were observed overall (96 in the case group and 89 in the control group). The haplotype combination of genotype A1/A1 at IL1-RN along with a C/T for all three IL-1B polymorphic positions and either C/T or T/T at the IL-1A-899 position may increase the probability of the chronic outcome for the HBV infection.

Cathelicidin-WA polarizes E. coli K88-induced M1 macrophage to M2-like macrophage in RAW264.7 cells

Immune cells - macrophages induced by E. coli K88 will lead to a pro-inflammatory response, which is important in host defense. Cathelicidin-WA (CWA) is an efficient antimicrobial peptide (AMP) and can exert immunomodulatory properties. Many studies have demonstrated that AMP can modulate cellular subsets but whether CWA can regulate macrophage polarization by transferring E. coli K88-induced M1 macrophage towards M2 one that of anti-inflammation remains unclear. In this study, E. coli K88 increased the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines interleukin-6, interleukin-1β, tumor necrosis factor-α and chemokine CCL3 in RAW264.7 cells with a time-dependent manner, as well as the expression of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS). On this basis, CWA significantly decreased the pro-inflammatory molecules but increased the anti-inflammatory mediators interleukin-4, interleukin-10 and other M2-related genes in E. coli K88-induced macrophages. Western blot analysis indicated that CWA suppressed the expression of TLR-4 and the phosphorylation of STAT1 and NF-κB which modulated M1 macrophage while induced the phosphorylation of STAT6 which activated M2 macrophage. Double staining of M1-specific CD86 and M2-specific CD206 also proved the hypothesis. These results suggested that CWA might dampen the inflammation by modulating M1 phenotype to M2 phenotype in E. coli K88-induced macrophages.

The role of cortisol and interleukin-10 gene expression patterns in exhaustive exercise

Cortisol is a steroid hormone produced by the zona fasciculate of the adrenal cortex in response to stress, whereas interleukin-10 is an important immunoregulatory cytokine which increases with exercise. Cortisol most often is viewed as having a counter-productive role in exercise. Therefore, the objective of this study was to establish the critical role of cortisol during exercise. Moreover, the immunoregulatory role of interleukin-10 in limiting host immune response to stress was also investigated. The longitudinal study randomly selected twenty-five young apparently healthy students from the Faculty of Health Sciences and Technology, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Nnewi Campus, aged 24.3 ± 3 years. The participating male undergraduate students were placed under resting and relaxed conditions for 48 hours prior to the test. Their blood pressures and pulse rates were taken and fasting blood sugar determined as a prerequisite screening before enlisting in the study. The subjects took part in an endurance race using the Bruce treadmill protocol for sub-maximal exercise for a maximum of 21 minutes. The target heart rate on the treadmill was 60 – 80 percent of the heart rate reserve. Blood samples were collected from the participants before commencement of the study, at 1 hour, 4 hours and 24 hours post exercise. Serum cortisol (nmol/L), troponin I (ng/ml), creatine kinase MM (ng/ml) was determined using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay methods. Interleukin-10 genes expression patterns were detected using reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction method. There was a significant increase in cortisol, troponin and creatine kinase MM level at 1 hour post exhaustive exercise when compared with pre-exercise stage (F = 6.032, P = 0.000), (F = 4.551, P = 0.000) and (F = 10.282, P = 0.000) respectively. The expression patterns of interleukin-10 genes were up-regulated at 4 hours post exercise and sustained till 24 hours post exercise (χ² = 50, P = 0.000). Post exercise stress activates the release of cortisol, and interleukin-10 genes to reinstate homeostasis through modulation of the immune response. Keywords : Homeostasis, immune response, interleukin-10 genes, cortisol, stress.

Cytokines Interleukin 4 (IL-4) and Interleukin 10 (IL-10) Gene Polymorphisms as Potential Host Susceptibility Factors in Virus-Induced Encephalitis.

BackgroundThis study aimed to analyze and explore the relationship between the cytokines IL-4 and IL-10 in relation to gene polymorphism and their respective effects on the susceptibility to virus-induced encephalitis.Material/MethodsFrom January 2012 to June 2013, 112 patients with virus-induced encephalitis (the case group and 109 healthy individuals (the control group) were recruited for the purposes of this study. The functional variations that IL-4 and IL-10 genes exhibit were detected through the use of a function analysis and selection tool for single-nucleotide polymorphisms (FASTSNP). The genotypes of IL-4 were rs2227283 and IL-4 rs2227288, and the genotypes of IL-10 were rs1800871 and IL-10 rs1800872. These genotypes were respectively assessed using direct sequencing.ResultsIL-4 rs2227283 and IL-10 rs1800871 have no correlation in with risk of virus-induced encephalitis (both P>0.05)GA and AA genotypes were related to IL-4 rs2227288 and GT, while TT and GT + TT genotypes were related to IL-10 rs1800872. These were highlighted as being risk factors in virus-induced encephalitis (all P<0.05). However, the duration of fever, white blood cell (WBC) count, C-reactive protein (CRP), neutrophils, and lymphocytes and monocytes of virus-induced encephalitis patients with IL-4 rs2227288 and IL-10 rs1800872 all displayed significant differences (all P<0.05). Frequencies of GAGT and CAGT haplotypes were evaluated and deemed to be of statistical significance and subsequently were highlighted as being risk factors in virus-induced encephalitis (all P<0.05).ConclusionsIL-4 rs2227288 and IL-10 rs1800872 may contribute to an increased risk for virus-induced encephalitis. Through use of direct sequencing, we showed that genotypes of IL-4 rs2227288 and IL-10 rs1800872 may have particular host susceptibility to virus-induced encephalitis.

Role of atd Angle of Palm in Diagnosis of Pulmonary Tuberculosis

Background: Dermtoglyphics are the lines and ridges forming a skin pattern, especially on the palm of the hands, fingertips and soles of feet. Differentiations of dermal ridges in early life are genetically determined1. Any disturbance by genetic factors causes development of unusual dermatoglyphics. On the other hand, deficiency of Mannose binding protein (MBP) gene and Interleukin-1 (IL-1) gene cause spread of pulmonary tuberculosis2. The dermatoglyphic pattern in patient with pulmonary tuberculosis can represent an anatomical, non-invasive, inexpensive tool for screening high-risk population, and facilitates early prediction of vulnerable population of PTB.Materials and Methods: A Cross-sectional, analytical type of study was conducted in Department of Anatomy, Dhaka Medical College, Dhaka, from January 2012 to December 2012. The study was performed in 100 patients suffering from pulmonary tuberculosis and 100 healthy individuals.Results: There was significant reduction in mean±SD of atd angle in pulmonary tuberculosis patients in comparison to control subjects. Mean±SD of atd angle was 37.87±3.403 in pulmonary tuberculosis patients and 49.77±4.628 in the control subjects. The difference was highly significant (P&lt;0.001).Conclusion: The atd angle was found significantly narrower in the study group compared to the control subjects.Anwer Khan Modern Medical College Journal Vol. 8, No. 2: Jul 2017, P 85-88

Microcystin-leucine-arginine Modulates the Expression Patterns of Proinflammatory Cytokines and an Apoptotic Gene in Chicken Liver.

Microcystins (MCs) are included in drinking water and a family of cyclic heptapeptide hepatotoxins that have been implicated in the impairment of liver function in various animals. There is scarce information on the effect of MCs on cytokines and apoptotic gene expression and on whether MCs can induce inflammation and apoptosis in avian hepatic tissue. This study investigated the expression of genes related to proinflammatory interleukins, apoptosis, and antioxidant function in chicken liver tissues cultured in the presence of different doses of microcystin-leucine-arginine (MC-LR). Livers were collected from five hens and liver slices were placed in sterile tubes containing Dulbecco's medium supplemented with 0, 1, 10, or 100 ng/mL of MC-LR. After 6 h of cultivation, total RNA was extracted and quantitative PCR analysis was performed for interleukin genes (IL-1β, IL-6, and IL-8), TNF sf15, an apoptotic gene (caspase-3), and genes involved in antioxidant function ([catalase [CAT ], glutathione peroxidase [GSH-PX ], and superoxide dismutase [SOD]). Liver tissues in each group were fixed for histopathology. MC-LR downregulated the mRNA levels of IL-1β, IL-8, and TNF sf15 as compared to the control (0 ng/mL) in dose-dependent patterns; however, the differences were not significant. The expression of IL-6 in liver tissues exposed to 100 ng/mL of MC-LR was significantly (P<0.05) lower than that in tissues exposed to 1 ng/mL. In contrast, MC-LR upregulated the mRNA expression of caspase-3 and genes involved in antioxidant function in the liver tissues after 6 h, without the difference reaching statistical significance. Hepatocytes showed vacuolar degeneration and focal necrosis according to the dose of MC-LR. This study highlighted the risk of low doses of MC-LR in chicken liver. Moreover, MC-LR could modulate the transcriptional patterns of at least IL-6 in liver-tissue culture of chicken after 6 h of exposure.

Effect of apigenin, kaempferol and resveratrol on the gene expression and protein secretion of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin-10 (IL-10) in RAW-264.7 macrophages

Polyphenols such as apigenin, kaempferol or resveratrol are typically found in plants, including fruits, vegetables, herbs and spices, which have a wide range of biological functions such as antioxidative, anti-inflammatory, vasodilative, anticoagulative and proapoptotic. Discovering such multifunctional compounds in widely consumed plant-based products – ones that both inhibit the release of TNF-α from tissue macrophages and at the same time enhance the secretion of IL-10 – would be an important signpost in the quest for effective pharmacological treatment of numerous diseases that have an inflammatory etiology.The aim of the study is to investigate the impact of biologically active polyphenols such as apigenin, resveratrol and kaempferol on gene expression and protein secretion of IL-10 and TNF-α in line RAW-264.7.Cells were cultured under standard conditions. IL-10 and TNF-α genes expression were examined using QRT-PCR and to assess cytokines concentration ELISA have been used.Apigenin, kaempferol and resveratrol at a dose 30μM significantly decrease the TNF-α expression and secretion. Apigenin decrease the IL-10 expression and secretion. Furthermore, increase in IL-10 secretion after administration of kaempferol and resveratrol were observed. In the process of administration of tested compounds before LPS, which activate macrophages, decrease of TNF-α secretion after apigenin and kaempferol and increase of IL-10 secretion after resveratrol were observed.The results of present work indicate that 1) apigenin, resveratrol and kaempferol may reduce the intensity of inflammatory processes by inhibiting the secretion of proinflammatory cytokine TNF-α, and resveratrol and kaempferol additionally by increasing the secretion of anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 2) the studies indicate the potentially beneficial – anti-inflammatory – impact of diet rich in products including apigenin, resveratrol and kaempferol.