Interior Paint Research Articles

Innovative synthesis of multicomponent acrylate based redispersible powder and approaches for application in interior paints

The present work discloses the synthesis of multicomponent acrylate based waterborne latex for especially interior coatings. Redispersible powder (RDP) can be utilized in the paint and coatings industry due to its simplicity of use in variety of applications. In this paper, acrylate based latex was prepared by emulsion polymerization method. Three components were mixed for the preparation of the emulsion of RDP. The prepared acrylic latex was later spray dried and converted into RDP. The obtained dried RDP has very good redispersibility. The characterization of RDP was carried out using a Fourier transform infrared spectrometer (FTIR), Particle size analyzer, Differential scanning calorimeter (DSC), and Field emission scanning electron microscope (FE-SEM). The viscosity, freeze thaw stability, redispersibility and storage stability were also studied for RDP. Results show that the Total solid content (TSC) of synthesized RDP is 89%. Freeze thawing stability shows good quality with a milky white appearance of latex. There is no gelation, setting and coagulation of emulsion. The prepared RDP shows good storage stability with no aggregation of particles after 48 to 96 h of storage. In this study, it is seen that as the inlet temperature of the dryer increases, the percentage of moisture in the final product decreases which leads to a free – flowing powder. It can be seen that RDP was free-flowing in nature having angle of response≈ 38.7° with a bulk density of 270 to 350 kg/m3. In the context of acrylate, FTIR peaks indicate the presence of carbonyl group, which is characteristic of the acrylate functional group. The Particle size of RDP is 133.6 μm. The optimum temperature to melt the powder was found to be 200 °C. SEM micrograph of RDP is recorded at magnification 1.00, 5.00, 5.00, 10.00 KX, and applied voltage 20 kV and scale range of images are 20 μm, 2 μm, 2 μm and 1 μm, respectively. Results showed a dented surface with a shrunken spherical form. In this paper, RDP based paint formulations were synthesized by mixing RDP with water, calcium carbonate, and titanium dioxide. Here, RDP acts as a binder. Paint formulations were applied to the specimen and dried. The resultant paints were characterized by pendulum hardness, cross cut, pencil hardness, methyl ethyl ketone (MEK) rubbing test and gloss test to understand the physical properties of the paint coating.Graphical

Determination of antibacterial performance of boric acid ester in the paint industry

ABSTRACT This study aims to assess the antibacterial activity of boric acid ester derived from boron mines, which is utilised as an active component in the paint industry. Multiple product variations were obtained by adding boric acid ester to the base, referred to as the reference sample, known as silk matte paint, and used as an interior paint with active substance concentrations ranging from 0.005% to 0.6%. Escherichia coli (ATCC10536) bacteria were inoculated at 78000 cfu cm−2 into samples with 0.005- 0.075% active substance, and at 24000 cfu cm−2 into samples containing 0.15- 0.6% of the active substance, and the reduction rates were determined by a mathematical equation via multivariate linear regression analysis, relating Escherichia coli reduction percentages, surface energy values, and pH measurements, including the power percentages and gloss values for the reference sample. The highest level of antibacterial effect was observed in the sample containing 0.075% active substance.

Validation of a low-cost lead hazard screening kit for the home environment.

The main sources of lead exposure for children occur in the home environment, yet no low-cost analytical methods exist to screen homes for lead hazards. Previously, an inexpensive (~$20), quantitative lead screening kit was developed in which residents collect soil, paint, and dust samples that are returned to a laboratory for lead analysis using X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy (XRF). This screening kit was initially validated in 2020; it was determined that in situ and ex situ XRF lead measurements on the same samples exhibited strong sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy. As a follow-up to the initial validation, an implementation study and further statistical analyses were conducted. Correlation analysis using the results from nearly 400 screening kits identified an overall lack of correlation between sample types, reinforcing the utility of all eight sample locations. Principal component analysis searched for underlying correlations in sample types and provided evidence that both interior and exterior paint are major sources of lead hazards for Indiana homes. The implementation study compared the results of the government-standard lead inspection and risk assessment (LIRA) and the lead screening kit in 107 Indiana homes. In the United States, the LIRA is a thorough inspection of paint, dust, and soil that is usually state mandated in response to a child's elevated blood level and is used to identify where remediation efforts should be focused. The lead screening kit and LIRA agreed on the presence of lead in 79 of the 107 homes tested (74%). Discrepancies in agreement are likely the result of differences in the sample location and number of samples collected by each method. Overall, these results suggest that the lead screening kit is an acceptable resource that could be used to expand the services health departments provide for lead prevention. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2024;20:1504-1513. © 2024 The Authors. Integrated Environmental Assessment and Management published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of Society of Environmental Toxicology & Chemistry (SETAC).

Near-field exposures and human health impacts for organic chemicals in interior paints: A high-throughput screening

Interior paints contain organic chemicals that might be harmful to painters and building residents. This study aims to develop a high-throughput approach to screen near-field human exposures and health impacts related to organic chemicals in interior paints. We developed mass balance models for both water- and solvent-based paints, predicting emissions during wet and dry phases. We then screened exposures and risks, focusing on Sri Lanka where residential houses are frequently repainted. These models accurately predict paint drying time and indoor air concentrations of organic chemicals. Exposures of both painter and household resident were estimated for 65 organic chemicals in water-based and 26 in solvent-based paints, considering 12 solvents. Chemicals of concerns (CoCs) were identified, and maximum acceptable chemical contents (MACs) were calculated. Water-based paints generally pose lower health risks than solvent-based paints but might contain biocides of high concern. The total human health impact of one painting event on all household adults ranges from 1.5 × 10-3 to 2.1 × 10-2 DALYs for solvent-based paints, and from 4.1 × 10-4 to 9.5 × 10-3 DALYs for water-based paints. The present approach is a promising way to support the formulation of safer paint, and is integrated in the USEtox scientific consensus model for use in life cycle assessment, chemical substitution and risk screening.

Development of color perception in interior painting classes in the context of professional development of a student of environmental design

The article discusses the importance of tasks in interior painting for the formation of professional competencies in students of environmenta; design on the example of specific educational works performed within the course "Special Painting" at the Department of Design, Omsk State Technical University. The perception of interiors of various proportions and functionality and ways to reproduce them by means of painting are considered. A comparative analysis of students' works made it possible to establish not only the specific practical significance of the assignments, but also identify the missing links in the curriculum of the discipline and the vectors for overcoming them.

A Study of Abandoned Ukrainian Wooden Churches in Poland. Current State and Conservation Recommendations

The paper summarises conservation research carried out on abandoned wooden Ukrainian Greek-Catholic churches from south-eastern Poland. As an example, two architectural objects remaining in complete ruin are discussed: the church in Babice and the church in Miękisz Stary. Both of them were erected in log construction and have rich interior polychrome. Conservation methodology was discussed, which must combine often contradictory challenges and aspects: both the need to stabilise the architectural body (which requires the replacement of a significant amount of historical substance) and the intention to preserve as much as possible the remains of the interior painting decoration (in the majority, polychrome was made directly on structural elements). The method of polychrome transfer was therefore discussed, which guarantees the preservation of the authentic character of the temples as well as their aesthetic and historical value. In addition, a detailed study of the remains of the iconostases of both temples (icons are currently stored in museum warehouses) and the issue of the possible restitution of the iconostases, along with a discussion of the necessary technical solutions for this procedure, are presented.

Microgravimetric Modeling-A New Method for Extracting Adsorption Parameters of Functionalized MIL-101(Cr).

As a volatile air pollutant, formaldehyde can enter people's living environment through interior decoration, furniture and paint, causing serious harm to human health. Therefore, it is necessary to develop a sensor for the real-time detection of formaldehyde in low concentrations. According to the chemical interaction between amino groups and formaldehyde, a MIL-101(Cr) aminated-material-based formaldehyde cantilever sensor was prepared, of which ethylenediamine- functionalized MIL-101(Cr) named ED-MIL-101(Cr)) showed the best gas sensing performance. Using quasi-in situ infrared spectroscopy, ED-MIL-101(Cr) was found bound to formaldehyde through a Schiff base. The adsorption enthalpy of formaldehyde-bound ED-MIL-101(Cr) was -52.6 kJ/mol, which corresponds to weak chemical adsorption, so the material showed good selectivity. In addition, ED-MIL-101(Cr) has the most active sites, so its response value to formaldehyde is larger and it takes longer to reach saturation adsorption than bare MIL-101(Cr). Through the research on the gas sensing performance of functionalized MIL-101(Cr) material, we found that it has a strong application potential in the field of formaldehyde monitoring, and the material performance can be quantitatively and accurately evaluated through combining calculation and experimentation for understanding the gas sensing mechanism.

THE ARTIST AT THE TURN OF THE CENTURY: THE FEATURES OF PETRO LEVCHENKO’S ARTISTIC STYLE

The article is dedicated to the little-studied creative work of the Ukrainian artist Petro Levchenko, and namely, to the identification of historical and cultural grounds for the quality changes in the stylistic features of his artistic manner, beginning from earlier stages of his formation, to the period of his mature mastery. The present study explored and analyzed the main artistic courses and styles of the period (end of 19th – beginning of 20th centuries), when the artist’s views on the aims and tasks of painting art underwent certain transformation, and it directly influenced the evolution of the master’s artistic search, his artistic “handwriting”. In this work certain parallels were made between the personality traits and human fate of the artist (based on the many memoires of Petro Levchenko’s life path) and his acceptance of the latest trends in the artistic life of the age contemporary to him, valid conclusions are made regarding the connection of his personal qualities and creative preferences with susceptibility to new trends in art and the new philosophy of impressionism. The article explores all the genre richness of Petro Levchenko’s heritage – the landscapes, the plein air etudes, the interior paintings. The analysis of technical, compositional, coloristic characteristics of Petro Levchenko’s creations, which were the most distinctive for understanding the evolution of the artist’s style, allowed to demonstrably confirm the conclusions made in the article. As a result of the research, which was conducted in this article, the unique style characteristics of Petro Levchenko’s art were discovered, as well as his innovative accomplishments in painting, which, in the aggregate, have the traits of an artistic phenomenon in the culture of Ukraine. The author of the article emphasizes the importance of the perspective of studying Petro Levchenko’s works, as it is a phenomenon which belongs to the Ukrainian artistic heritage as well as to the world one, and demonstrates the connection and interpenetration of Ukrainian and worldwide tendencies in the artistic culture.

Evolution of coalescent agent-free ultra-low VOC paint with formaldehyde capturing properties

The majority of people spend a significant portion of their waking lives indoors, they are continually exposed to a higher concentration of indoor air pollutants. As new technologies emerge and more people become aware of the issue, it has become crucial to discover new methods for cleaning up polluted indoor air and minimizing people's exposure to it.This research aims to develop a waterborne, low-VOC, formaldehyde-capturing formulation for interior paint. In paint formulation, biocides, coalescing agents, ammonia, binders, and liquid phase additives are all possible sources of volatile organic compounds. In this study, formulations of coalescing agent-free and formaldehyde-free waterborne coatings with high performance characteristics and ultra-low VOC content were created by chemically adsorbing formaldehyde using an active ingredient. The colorimetric method, which is developed based on the color concentration change, and the cabin method test methods, which monitor the change of formaldehyde concentration in the interior environment, were developed within the scope of the study in order to test the effect of the product. The final formulation complies with the A + French VOC labeling and the Indoor Air Comfort Gold criteria for VOC emissions, and tests demonstrated an 87% decrease in ambient formaldehyde concentrations within 24 h of application (ISO 16000–9:2006, EN 16516:2017).

Systematic study of wall painting of the twelfth century from the Christ’s Transfiguration Cathedral of the Mirozhsky Monastery in Pskov (Russia) by complementary physico-chemical methods

The unique pre-Mongolian twelfth century wall painting from the Christ's Transfiguration Cathedral of the Mirozhsky Monastery in Pskov (Russia) have been investigated. A little less than 200 XRF spectra were collected in situ by portable spectrometer. Moreover 19 samples were subjected to additional in-depth laboratory analysis by six complimentary physico-chemical methods: neutron activation analysis, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, micro-Raman spectroscopy, polished cross-sections, polarized microscopy, and chemical microanalysis. Pigments and plasters from the interior painting, fragments found during archaeological excavations, samples from exterior murals, and sample of salt efflorescence were analyzed. The samples included the author's twelfth century painting as well as late repaintings. The composition of pigments and the number of painting layers were determined. Conclusions about organic binder presence or absence, and the painting technique were drawn. The results obtained will be used for restoration and conservation works.

Diversifying Anatomical Models

To increase diversity in health and science, technology, engineering, and math (STEM) fields, it is imperative to create inclusive laboratory tools and environments for students. Unfortunately, most human anatomical models depict white males who are young and lean. This limited representation may discourage students who are considering careers in STEM fields and medicine. Therefore, we painted anatomical models to represent more diverse skin tones. First, the models (3B Deluxe Human Torso) were taped with painters' tape to cover areas that did not need to be painted. Then, the models were cleaned using alcohol prep pads to remove any excess dirt or dust. Commercial grade interior paint (Valspar Satin Interior Paint in colors Cordovan and Cowboy Hat) was applied to the anatomical models with paint brushes (Master’s Touch soft nylon). To create more realistic skin tones, we mixed red and blue acrylic paints (Master’s Touch in Permanent Red and Phthalocyanine Blue) into each paint shade to achieve unique colors. Three layers of paint were applied to each model and each layer dried within one hour. Details such as lip and eye color and hair texture were also added to the models. To maintain the longevity of the paint, clear varnish (Liquitex Finishing Varnish in Satin) was applied. The total process (preparation, paint, and dry time) for one model took a total of five hours. One of the primary goals of our work is that our painting process can be used as a blueprint for other educators and medical professionals to increase inclusivity in their learning spaces and labs and further diversify their anatomical education tools. Creating an inclusive education experience may encourage more students of color and underrepresented minorities to pursue health and STEM graduate degrees. This will increase healthcare quality for patient populations and move the field towards greater health equity. This is the full abstract presented at the American Physiology Summit 2023 meeting and is only available in HTML format. There are no additional versions or additional content available for this abstract. Physiology was not involved in the peer review process.

Using Artificial Intelligence to Identify Sources and Pathways of Lead Exposure in Children.

Sources and pathways of lead exposure in young children have not been analyzed using new artificial intelligence methods. To collect environmental, behavioral, and other data on sources and pathways in 17 rural homes to predict at-risk households and to compare urban and rural indicators of exposure. Cross-sectional pilot study. Knox County, Illinois, which has a high rate of childhood lead poisoning. Rural families. Neural network and K-means statistical analysis. Children's blood lead level. Lead paint on doors, lead dust, residential property assessed tax, and median interior paint lead level were the most important predictors of children's blood lead level. K-means analysis confirmed that settled house dust lead loadings, age of housing, concentration of lead in door paint, and geometric mean of interior lead paint samples were the most important predictors of lead in children's blood. However, assessed property tax also emerged as a new predictor. A sampling strategy that examines these variables can provide lead poisoning prevention professionals with an efficient and cost-effective means of identifying priority homes for lead remediation. The ability to preemptively target remediation efforts can help health, housing, and other agencies to remove lead hazards before children develop irreversible health effects and incur costs associated with lead in their blood.

A Case Study of Radha Krishna Temple Muzaffarabad: Art and Architecture

The capital of Azad Jammu and Kashmir is Muzaffarabad, a city that has had a significant historical impact that continues now. Its rich cultural past reflects its unique heritage and historical influences because it is the capital of Azad Jammu Kashmir and is located on historic traveller routes.The district is home to many historical sites that provide proof of its prior civilizational history. Any civilization's living monuments and architectural remains represent the legacy and historic importance of the area. The buildings and construction techniques are passed down through the architectural monuments and ruins, but they also transmit the practices, traditions, and religious beliefs of the different cultures. With the current study, two important aspects of the Hindu legacy that exists in the city's core are covered in depth. The architectural components come first, followed by the interior paintings and frescoes painted inside the temple.

DESIGNING A DOMESTIC MOBILE APPS: SAVIOR

The paper attempts to describe about designing and developing an android-based mobile application for home services. The application focuses on clients and service providers. The clients who are the target audiences while the service providers are the workers that can give the services locally. The main objective of this development is to create a mobile application called Savior. The first part of the tasks concerned on the analysis and design phases which include interface design, navigation plan, information architecture, storyboard and contents. The second part discussed the challenge in producing the application as intended and outlined several future development approaches. This application attracts users who are looking for service providers and for those looking for a platform to offer their skills, knowledge or any related services. Through this application, users are connected to credible and professional local service providers. Users are also accessed to the best and vocational services like cleaning, plumbing, event catering, interior painting and many more easily. After that, service providers are getting paid to do the work they like or good at using their exceptional skills. In the long term, this application may yield a win-win situation among the users. For example, users can get help when they need any assistance while service providers can earn flexibly on this application. In this project, the developers have learnt how to optimise the application to be more interesting to attract people.

Sources, pathways and concentrations of potentially toxic trace metals in home environments

Despite ongoing concerns about trace metal and metalloid (trace metals) exposure risks from indoor dust, there has been limited research examining their sources and relationship to outdoor soils. Here we determine the concentrations and sources for potentially toxic trace metals arsenic (As), chromium (Cr), copper (Cu), manganese (Mn), lead (Pb) and zinc (Zn) and their pathways into homes in Sydney, Australia, using home-matched indoor dust (n = 166), garden soil (n = 166), and road dust samples (n = 51). All trace metals were more elevated indoors versus their matched garden soil counterparts. Indoor Cu and Zn dust concentrations were significantly more enriched than outdoor dusts and soils, indicating indoor sources were more relevant for these elements. By contrast, even though Pb was elevated in indoor dust, garden soil concentrations were correspondingly high, indicating that it remains an important source and pathway for indoor contamination. Elevated concentrations of As, Pb and Zn in garden soil and indoor dust were associated with home age (>50 years), construction materials, recent renovations and deteriorating interior paint. Significant correlations (p < 0.05) between road dust and garden soil Cu concentrations, and those of As and Zn in soil and indoor dust, and Pb across all three media suggest common sources. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis of indoor dust samples (n = 6) showed that 57% of particles were derived from outdoor sources. Lead isotopic compositions of soil (n = 21) and indoor dust (n = 21) were moderately correlated, confirming the relevance of outdoor contaminants to indoor environments. This study illustrates the source, relationship and fate of trace metals between outdoor and indoor environments. The findings provide insight into understanding and responding to potentially toxic trace metal exposures in the home environment.

Paints: A Source of Volatile PFAS in Air─Potential Implications for Inhalation Exposure.

Paints are widely used in indoor settings yet there are no data for volatile per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) for paints or knowledge if paints are potentially important sources of human exposure to PFAS. Different commercial paints (n = 27) were collected from local hardware stores and analyzed for volatile PFAS by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), nonvolatile PFAS by liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (LC-qTOF), and total fluorine by 19F nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR). Diluted paint required clean up to remove 6:2 fluorotelomer phosphate diester (diPAP), which thermally transforms into 6:2 FTOH at 280 °C (GC inlet temperature). Only 6:2 FTOH (0.9-83 μg/g) and 6:2 diPAP (0.073-58 μg/g) were found in five exterior and nine interior paints and only accounted for a maximum of 17% of total fluorine. Upon drying, 40% of the FTOH mass was lost, and the loss was verified by measurements of the cumulative FTOH mass measured in the air of a small, confined space over a 3 h period. Based on the liquid paint results, the ConsExpo model was used for potential exposure assessment and one commercial paint exceeded the chosen reference dose (5 μg/kg-day) for children and adults, indicating the potential for human exposure during painting.

Style of life and dwelling

The 14th Dalai Lama Lhamo Dondrub said that one can achieve happiness in two ways. The first way is external. By acquiring a better dwelling, better clothes, nicer friends, we can achieve happiness and satisfaction to a greater or lesser extent. The second way is the way of spiritual development...&#x0D; But for the architect, spiritual development is inextricably linked to the dwelling, its arrangement and appearance. Probably, only the place where one is happy can be called home. At home even the walls help, my home is my fortress, there is no place like home... The dwelling that a person calls home reflects and preserves his or her image and style of life.&#x0D; Interior painting is an ancient and everlasting way to make a dwelling cosier, friendlier and closer, that is to make it a home. Especially in the case of mass housing, when the houses are initially standard and impersonal. Builders can provide people with square meters of housing, but the houses are often seriously transformed by landlords after their occupancy. How should we deal with these processes? Alejandro Aravena’s projects welcome the self-activity of tenants. Are the standard designs which are now replicated in mass construction ready for this?Our view on a happy house is supplemented by comparing standard housing with unique projects of talented architects (the article about the manor designed by Totan Kuzembaev). Comparing traditions and customs of different and distant cultures helps to see the complex nature of a happy house. It includes not only walls and furniture but also methods of protection against climate extremes, the music playing in the house and the role that the ancient element of fire plays in the house.Not humant hills that oppress the individual, but Houses – stable, worthy of a long life span of generations, and renewable. Like in our favourite books by the Strugatsky brothers, where the most diverse people, regardless of age, education or worldview, find their own, intimate thoughts, we want everyone in our cities to find a place to live and fulfil themselves, a place to be happy.

A picturesque interior space

The dwelling interior is an essential component of everyday happiness. One of the most ancient and effective means to achieve psychological comfort in the house is easel interior painting. The process of creating interior paintings for two very different customers is considered through specific examples. It is shown that the final result should take into account both the personal characteristics of the person for whom the picture is intended and the ergonomic characteristics of the living space, its size, lighting, and so on.

Watching Paint Dry: Organic Vapor Emissions from Architectural Coatings and their Impact on Secondary Organic Aerosol Formation.

Emissions from volatile chemical products (VCPs) are emerging as a major source of anthropogenic secondary organic aerosol (SOA) precursors. Paints and coatings are an important class of VCPs that emit both volatile and intermediate volatility organic compounds (VOCs and IVOCs). In this study, we directly measured I/VOC emissions from representative water- (latex) and oil-based paints used in the U.S. Paint I/VOC emissions vary by several orders of magnitude by both the solvent and gloss level. Oil-based paints had the highest emissions (>105 μg/g-paint), whereas low-gloss interior paints (Flat, Satin, and Semigloss) all emitted ∼102 μg/g-paint. Emissions from interior paints are dominated by VOCs, whereas exterior-use paints emitted a larger fraction of IVOCs. Extended emission tests showed that most I/VOC emissions occur within 12-24 h after paint application, though some paints continue to emit IVOCs for 48 h or more. We used our data to estimate paint I/VOC emissions and the subsequent SOA production in the U.S. Total annual paint I/VOC emissions are 48-155 Gg (0.15-0.48 kg/person). These emissions contribute to the formation of 2.2-7.5 Gg of SOA annually. Oil-based paints contribute 70-98% of I/VOC emissions and 61-99% of SOA formation, even though they only account for a minority of paint usage.

Thử nghiệm tự nhiên đánh giá độ bền khí hậu của một số sản phẩm sơn tường trong môi trường khí hậu nhiệt đới Việt Nam

This article presents result of outdoor weathering for determination of decorative and protective properties of eight exterior paints: EPR, SPH, JTJ, TOS, NPW, DLW, TSS, DSF and three interior paints: IDLA, INPO, IKVA. The experiment was implemented at three outdoor exposure sites for four years continuously. The results showed that all samples did not appear blistering, flaking, checking, cracking, peeling, dirt collection or fungal growth. Samples of three interior paints were not exhibited any significant coating degradation. Samples of eight exterior paints have low initial gloss values, therefore they had no significant change in gloss. However, the phenomenon of chalking, color change takes place strongly throughout the experiment. Affirming that the decorative characteristics of the exterior emulsion paints have been significantly reduced after 4 years of outdoor weathering in the tropical climate of Vietnam.