Interior Landscape Research Articles

What the Eye Cannot See: Interior Landscapes in Mansfield Park

Austen’s Mansfield Park (1814) indicates the wide-ranging significance that popular devices for perceptual illusion such as the camera obscura carry when it constructs one of its morally pregnant moments around the “ha-ha” at Mr. Rushworth’s estate. A sunken ditch that creates the illusion of a boundary-less perspective, the ha-ha functions as a model for the dark room—camera obscura--of the heroine’s mind. Like the ha-ha, Fanny’s mind neutralizes the boundaries that exclude her and allows her to inhabit the space that belongs to others. It is through this novel’s renderings of Fanny’s interior life through the narrative technique of free indirect discourse that we may witness the way fiction and landscape design came to function as related mediums for the invisible pains and pleasures of the imagination by the time the long eighteenth century came to a close.

몇 가지 재배조건이 물가양털이끼와 쥐꼬리이끼의 생육에 미치는 영향

This study was carried out to develop the proper cultivation methods of Brachythecium rivulare and Myuroclada maximowiczii which showed high-value for the interior landscaping and potting. Growth of two moss species cultivated in the compost covered with cloth was vigorous compared to that grown in containers only using cloth or compost, and their harvesting processes were easier. The growth and harvest easiness of mosses cultivated in compost were great rather than in bark or peatmoss. Compared to division, the spray of crushed mosses using mixer was effective for both gametophyte generation and their harvesting processes. In addition, the optimum inoculum for each container (27×17×3 cm) was 2.0 g in B. rivulare and 4.0 g in M. maximowiczii. Overall growth of B. rivulare treated with nutrient solution (N:P:K=20:20:20) was inhibited compared to control, fresh-weight gain was reduced toward the higher concentration. But fresh-weight gain of M. maximowiczii was the highest with 0.25 g·L -1 treatment. Therefore, adequate moisture supply, after spraying crushed mosses (2.0 and 4.0 g each) in the compost covered with cloth, were the appropriate cultivation methods for B. rivulare and M. maximowiczii. Nutrient solution treatment with low concentration, during the cultivation period, would be the proper way only for M. maximowiczii.

NASA-NPS Landscape Climate Change Vulnerability Project (LCCVP) Team Meeting at AMK Ranch

A NASA-funded research team met May 19-22 at the AMK Ranch for a semi-annual team workshop. Participants included: Montana State University – Andy Hansen, Tony Chang, Regan Nelson, Nate Piekielek Woods Hole Research Center – Patrick Jantz, Scott Zolkos NPS Inventory & Monitoring Program – John Gross, Bill Monahan Great Northern LCC – Tom Olliff NASA Ames – Forrest Melton, Jun Xiong Guest – Steve Running (University of Montana) Chef – Jodi Stevens The goal of the project is to demonstrate the four steps of climate adaptation planning in two US Department of Interior Landscape Conservation Cooperatives (LCCs) using NASA and other data and models. Objectives are: 1. Hindcast and forecast future climate and land use scenarios. 2. Assess the vulnerability of ecological processes and key habitat types. 3. Evaluate management options. 4. Design and implement management adaptation strategies. 5. Facilitate decision support.

Cuentos morales by Leopoldo Alas (review)

Reviewed by: Cuentos morales by Leopoldo Alas Denise DuPont Leopoldo Alas. Cuentos morales. Ed. Jean-François Botrel. Madrid: Cátedra, 2012. 459pp. This recent edition of Clarín’s most important collection of short stories, by the same eminent scholar who, together with Yvan Lissorgues, edited the six volumes of Leopoldo Alas’ articles which appeared in the Obras completas (Ediciones Nobel, 2002–2009), is an essential contribution to nineteenth-century studies in Hispanism. Jean-François Botrel’s earlier work on Clarín includes, but is not limited to, the Clarinian classics Los años de aprendizaje de Leopoldo Alas, Clarín, 1875–1880 (1963), and Preludios de “Clarín” (1972) (see pp. 94–95 of Cuentos morales for a more complete list of Professor Botrel’s relevant publications). As José Manuel González Herrán has observed in his review published in the 2012 volume of Anales Galdosianos, the Nobel Obras completas’ most significant addition to Clarín studies is precisely Botrel and Lissorgues’ six volumes of articles (28). The new edition of the Cuentos morales complements, and dialogues with, the compilations of articles. Appropriately, the editor calls attention to the lack of a definitive distinction, promulgated by Clarín himself, between his short stories and articles (15). As Professor Botrel explains in his introduction to the Cuentos morales, the 1896 collection of 28 short stories marks a high point in Clarín’s production of short prose pieces, and forms a part of the generalized late nineteenth-century boom of short stories featured in periodical publications. The stated purpose of Botrel’s introduction to the Cuentos morales is to situate the collection in both of these contexts, the personal as well as the historical, and to foreground the vital connection of the short pieces to their origins in periodicals. All but three of the stories –the exceptions are “El señor Isla,” “ ‘Flirtation’ legítima,” and “González Bribón”– appeared previously in periodicals, from 1893 to 1895. According to Botrel, despite the stories’ initial publication in diverse venues, Clarín’s fourth collection of short narrations displays a unity characterized by a particular engagement of the reader by the author-narrator, a suggestive rather than an explicit style, and a sustained preoccupation with an intuited, non-verbalized reality, which is explored with tenderness and irony (16). Although Alas composed his stories quickly, made few revisions, kept no galley proofs or final printed copies, and often wrote continuations of stories printed in earlier periodical issues without looking back at previous installments, Botrel finds that the author took more care and was less spontaneous with his short stories than with his articles (18). Clarín objected to the extremely short format of the microstory, but in general, he adapted to the constraints of word limits and to the fragmentary, interrupted nature of the periodical. Professor Botrel consistently refers to earlier scholarly work in his comments, making the introduction to Cuentos morales an invaluable guide to all of Clarín’s production, and to the questions and preoccupations that distinguish Alas’s work in several formats and genres. As the editor explains, Clarín developed no explicit theory or specific aesthetics of the short story (21–23). Taking a descriptive, inductive approach, scholars have classified Alas’s short stories in various ways (see pp. 23–27 for details), and have arrived at a general characterization of Clarinian [End Page 122] short pieces. According to Botrel and others, Alas’s stories focus on current events along with recurrent personal preoccupations. The titles of the stories are carefully crafted to encapsulate and convey the essence of the pieces in a memorable way. Action is minimal, with much more attention paid to the interiority of certain characters, who may be allegorical or dehumanized – perhaps literally non-human, as in the case of the protagonist of the short story “El Quin.” The stories often take place outside Madrid, but wherever they are situated, the most important space is in fact the interior landscape. Author and narrator often meld, and this organizing figure (the “I”) establishes a characteristic relationship with the reader as “you.” The “I” projects for the “you,” by way of assorted...

Steamboats and the Rise of the Cotton Kingdom (review)

Reviewed by: Steamboats and the Rise of the Cotton Kingdom Paul Yandle Steamboats and the Rise of the Cotton Kingdom. By Robert Gudmestad. (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 2011. pp. xii, 280.) Robert Gudmestad’s study of the trans-Appalachian South provides strong evidence that the period when steamboats dominated the Ohio and Mississippi Rivers, though brief, was surprisingly crucial to the regional division of the United States in the decades leading up to the Civil War. Gudmestad smoothly combines cultural, environmental and economic history as he ties the growth of the southern interior to the steamboat traffic that came to dominate the region’s waterways in the early nineteenth century. Gudmestad accomplishes a great deal in a relatively small number of pages, providing not only a look at how the accommodation of steamboat traffic affected the interior landscape and economy but also a glimpse at an American subculture as fluid as the waterways upon which it depended. Contrary to common misconceptions of an easy, languid lifestyle on ante-bellum plantations, Gudmestad reveals a cotton South bustling with economic activity that tied it to other portions of the nation, particularly the Midwest. As Gudmestad reveals early in his work, after the War of 1812 the proliferation of steamboats “put the interior South on the cutting edge of technological advance in America” (23). The growth of steamboat traffic and of river-based trade also revealed “a southern willingness to adopt new technology as a way to modernize slavery” (28). Partly because of its relationship to slavery, the proliferation of steamboats had a strong effect on the development of regional identity in the interior South. Gudmestad argues that there was a direct correlation between the successes and failures of the river-based economy and the self-perception of southern whites who relied upon it. As steamboats became increasingly important in the interior South, boosters there were willing to welcome federal aid for internal improvements at the same time that many southerners farther east were becoming increasingly distrustful of the federal government and moving toward states rights. The federal government removed snags from rivers and clear-cut [End Page 103] riverbanks to prevent trees from falling into riverbeds, helping the interior South develop a booming cotton market as well as markets for foodstuffs and lumber. Hundreds of thousands of slaves were pushed west to support the economy. Southern whites west of the Appalachians saw themselves as part of the developing West as well as the South because they traded with river towns upstream on the Mississippi and Ohio Rivers. By the 1840s, however, the nation was turning increasingly to railroads, which carried goods and passengers faster and were not as subject to weather changes as steamboats. Rail networks were slower to catch on in the interior South, as trains were initially used in tandem with existing steamboat routes. Nonetheless, river-based markets began to dwindle, and southerners who previously relied on steamboat traffic became increasingly tied to developing rail networks in slave states farther east. As a consequence, Gudmestad argues, whites in the trans-Appalachian South increasingly identified with white southerners closer to the Atlantic coast as the nation moved toward Civil War. Topical chapters lend themselves to Gudmestad’s thesis as well as providing valuable insights into the risks and cultural peculiarities of steamboat travel. Gudmestad’s descriptions in one chapter of the hierarchies of workers on the vessels reveal a hodgepodge of Irish and German immigrants, free and enslaved African Americans, as well as American-born whites. For slaves, work on steamboats could be desirable despite backbreaking work in dangerous, sweltering conditions because it allowed them a degree of mobility and access to information—and even escape—that plantation slavery did not. Another chapter on Indian removals reveals the surprisingly integral part that steamboats played in the process, adding to our knowledge of the brutality endured by the Five Civilized Tribes. Pertinent maps and well-labeled illustrations enhance the work. A series of appendices provide helpful information regarding the calculations of tonnage, fatality rates, and other estimates used throughout the book, along with appropriate caveats about potential problems surrounding the figures. Gudmestad’s book is well researched and fits well...

INVENCIÓN ARQUITECTÓNICA, EGA Y LOS “PAISAJES INTERIORES”. ARTE, PEDAGOGÍA POÉTICA Y ARQUITECTURA

From a standpoint focused on the teaching of Architectural Graphic Expression, an attempt is made to reflect on the meaning of Poetic Pedagogy in architecture as art, and relate it to the painter Esteban Vicente’s “interior landscapes”, an expression referring to the creation of art by assimilating reality and recreating it internally. The artist’s invention and freedom during the creative process is the basis for the Poetic Pedagogy which teaches, as do the “interior landscapes”, how to interpret reality from a creative, innovative, paradoxical and specifically free perspective, which is the essence of art.

From Room to Tomb: Moonlight

In 1993, a decade of directly political plays was followed by Moonlight, which in the Guardian’s words would “come as a shock to those who have lately pigeonholed Harold Pinter as a writer of bruising polemic” (Billington 1993, 1). Although Moonlight made history as Pinter’s first full length work for the theatre since Betrayal, it should rather be seen as an interval from politics where the playwright re-explores the interior landscapes of his early work, where he returns to the pastoral as a landscape of retreat and fantasy. Indeed, the play’s title suggests a pastoral realm. The heroine retreats into Nature through linguistic idealisation. Moonlight can best be comprehended as Pinter briefly leaving politics to explore new horizons – “his own private griefs and anguish in the most nakedly and unashamedly emotional of all his plays” (Billington 1996, 338). This paper evaluates Moonlight as a reworking of Pinter’s own roots thematically, stylistically and spatially.

Making a Space for Hope: Representing the Creative Reinvention of Japanese Mountain Asceticism in the Documentary Shugendō Now

Making a Space for Hope: Representing the Creative Reinvention of Japanese Mountain Asceticism in the Documentary Shugendō Now Mark Patrick McGuire Introduction: gathering at nature’s home On April 3, 2011 at 6 A.M., 200 pilgrims from diverse backgrounds gathered at “Nature’s Home” in Oguchi, Wakayama prefecture (south of Kyoto), to embark upon an introductory bout of mountain austerities undertaken for the benefit of the souls of individuals who perished in the devastating earthquake and tsunami in northeastern Japan on March 11, 2011.1 Donning white pilgrims’ robes stamped with “Hail Kumano Avatar” and protective Sanskrit script provided for the occasion by the local non‐profit organization Kumano Produce Sports, the mixed‐gender and all‐ages group had arrived from the length and breadth of the archipelago (Fig. 1). These white‐robed early risers had come seeking an authentic experience of traditional mountain ascetic practices along the well‐trod Kumano pilgrimage route. Click for larger view View full resolution 1. Prayers at Nachi Shrine to calm the souls of earthquake and tsunami victims. Photo credit: Imaizumi Eiko © 2011. Used with permission. Their guide and spiritual leader on this occasion, local mountain ascetic and environmental activist Tateishi Kōshō, taught the neophyte ascetics to chant the Heart Sutra punctuated by blasts of his and his devotees’ conch shells. The eight‐hour event culminated in the lighting of a massive outdoor fire ritual (saitō goma) and a nourishing boar stew served with glutinous rice cakes. Throughout the 16‐km course, participants found time for reflection and contemplation not only of Kumano’s lush flora, fauna, rivers, streams, and waterfalls but also of their own interior landscapes. Concerns for family, friends, neighbors, and fellow citizens whose lives had been turned upside down and shaken violently by the force of the 9.0 scale earthquake and subsequent aftershocks were palpable. Japan’s main island of Honshu had shifted eight feet eastward since the first trembling of its tectonic plates mere weeks prior.2 Estimates of lives lost crept upward toward 20,000 (and exceed 30,000 as I write this essay two months hence), orphaned children and elderly in northeastern communities passed uncertain evenings outdoors or in makeshift shelters as snow fell, and new cracks appeared daily in the rosy assurances of safety and security of the nation’s nuclear reactors as radioactive iodine was found in Tokyo’s drinking water, and radioactive cesium in produce, dairy and fish from Ibaraki, Miyagi, Tochigi and Fukushima prefectures.3 Facing up to the most severe challenges since the Second World War, pilgrims entered the Kumano mountains with uncertainty about their collective future. Imaizumi Eiko, a female participant from Tokyo who had been learning to play the conch shell with Tateishi during monthly lessons in the metropolis over the course of the last year, expressed her surprise and delight with how many people joined the event. Most uninformed people, she assumed, would associate the mountain practices with a religious cult and consider participation too dangerous.4 Imaizumi was also pleased when exhausted fellow pilgrims requested she play her conch shell to energize the group.5 It was the first time she had played her conch for anyone else. Imaizumi also expressed the meaning and benefits she gained from practice at Tateishi’s training site in Kumano called “The Forest of Mountain Learning.” I feel myself at “home,” where I can relax, feel safe, and at the same time, [be in] a place where I meet “myself,” a self I had never known or met, but didn’t want to face. (…) Being with the mountains, rivers, waterfalls, air, and sky, praying and playing the conch fulfills me emotionally, mentally and makes me realize that after all, I am part of this universe. Other motivations along a spectrum of the mundane and otherworldly also inspired the pilgrims’ journey: escape from boredom, sense of homecoming and rejuvenation in nature, combining austerities with a soak in Kumano’s hot springs, and curiosity about the UNESCO World Heritage status of the region are found at the lighter end. At the heavier end of things, joblessness, depression, inability to settle down and move forward in life, lack of fulfillment in career...

THE DIVISION AND EVALUATION OF ECOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT IN JIANGXI PROVINCE

On the basis of analysis of remote sensing image and DEM, and by combining with the cluster analysis of the main factors to the ecological environment, the division and evaluation of ecological environment in Jiangxi province have been done in this paper according to the heterogeneity among landscapes and the similarity of interior landscapes with the principle and method of landscape ecology. All of this provides the objective basis for Jiangxi province government to make a long term planning on the construction of ecological economy, to effectively solve the problems of ecological environment and to make the decisions on the development of social economy and protection of the ecological environment.

The “Morning Glory” Project: A Papua New Guinea–Queensland Australia Undersea Freshwater Pipeline

Australia's so-called “Dead Heart,” its hot arid interior landscape, can be brought into irrigated agricultural production with the importation of extracontinental freshwater supplies originating in Papua New Guinea. Despite Queensland's La Niña-caused historic and costly 2010 to 2011 river flooding induced, in great part by tropical cyclone Yasi, its westernmost torrid region is classed as arid, currently almost without any irrigation agriculture present. Freshwater importation from Papua New Guinea's Fly River via an undersea pipeline mostly skirting the Torres Strait could increase the value of Queensland's little-used dryland Outback and, perhaps, establish new overseas markets in Asia for exported agricultural products. An induced perennial Diamantina River could replenish groundwater recharge regions (Great Artesian Basin) and convert Lake Eyre to a permanent lake of slightly brackish water. Irrigated eucalyptus tree plantations might serve, in part, to counter some Earthly global warming. The Torres Strait Islanders will benefit economically as well as other social groups on the mainland of Papua New Guinea. Here we examine closely some of the technical aspects of a Papua New Guinea-Queensland (PNG-QLD) Undersea Freshwater Pipeline Macroproject (UFPM) installation. We offer a choice of two routings for the PNG-QLD UFPM (Case A) while at the same time making clear our informed preference.

실내조경에 사운드스케이프 음원 제공시 재실자의 음환경 만족도 향상에 관한 연구

This study was focused on the influence of soundscape provided to the interior landscape on the improvement of occupants' sound environment. When soundscape was provided to occupants together with the interior landscape rather than simply providing interior landscape, the occupants' satisfaction seemed to be improved. The most preferred sound source among the three sound sources was considered as the sound of the grasshopper. When both of the interior landscape and the landscape substances was provided, the adjectives with the average difference of more than 1 are "Vicissitudinous", "Elegant" and "Cheerful". When the interior landscape and the sound source were provided, such adjectives as "Vicissitudinous", "Complex" and "Cheerful" are extracted. When all the variables were provided, such adjectives as "Vicissitudinous", "Abundant" and "Cheerful" seem to show the difference of more than 1. Regarding "Vicissitudinous", it was possible to know that the average difference of more than 1.5 was the biggest. Regarding the relative values of the <TEX>${\alpha}$</TEX> wave and the <TEX>${\beta}$</TEX> wave for each part, it seemed that the highest <TEX>${\alpha}$</TEX> wave was generated on the left parietal lobe of P3, while the lowest <TEX>${\beta}$</TEX> wave was generated on the left and right frontal lobes of Fp1 and Fp2. According to this study, it was shown that the soundscape and the interior landscape seemed to influence the improvement of the occupants' sound environment.

The Body Voyage as Visual Representation and Art Performance

This paper looks at the notion of the body as an interior landscape that is made intelligible through visual representation. It discerns the key figure of the inner corporeal voyage, identifies its main elements and examines how contemporary artists working with performances and installations deal with it. A further aim with the paper is to discuss what kind of image of the body that is conveyed through medical visual technologies, such as endoscopy, and relate it to contemporary discussions on embodiment, embodied vision and bodily presence. The paper concludes with a recent exhibition by the French artist Christian Boltanski, which gives a somewhat different meaning to the idea of the body voyage.

Interior landscapes: metaphor and meaning in Cézanne's late still lifes

In a letter to Clara Rilke-Westhoff on November 4, 1907, Rainer Maria Rilke describes a still life by Paul Cezanne (figure 1). Transfixed by the animate color insinuated into mundane objects, he gr...

Ground Cover Plants for Interior Landscape

Ground Cover Plants for Interior Landscape

Editorial

Editorial Sylvia Vardell (bio) and Catherine Kurkjian (bio) CIAO Annyong haseyo Griezi Salaam SHALOM Barev Goeie dag Nín hâo Dear Bookbird Readers, We are honored to take on the stewardship of Bookbird as its new editors. We offer our heartfelt thanks and admiration to Valerie and Siobhán for their extraordinary talent and skill in making Bookbird the outstanding journal that it is today. We will work to maintain and build on the multiple perspectives and voices from around the world already in evidence in Bookbird, as well as strive to maintain its literary and artistic qualities. We use the term “stewardship” because we understand that the editorship of Bookbird has been entrusted to us for only a moment in time. Call it kismet, destiny or just coincidence; we believe that what we have done individually and collectively prepares us for this new and exciting challenge; that we are in the right place at the right time. We are deeply committed to and passionate about our work as editors of Bookbird. We also recognize that we are one part of IBBY’s international mission and Jella Lepman’s legacy of providing children with access to books around the world, especially in developing countries. Feature articles This first issue of our editorship presents literature from five continents and while each piece is unique to its specific cultural context, we find a convergence and intersection of themes that surface in this collection. One theme that ribbons through this set of articles relates to the key role that stories from multiple perspectives play in developing culturally sensitive global citizens. Sometimes we are looking from the inside-out from our personal frame of reference and cultural identity as discussed in Kathy Short’s Critically Reading the Word and the World: Building Intercultural Understanding through Literature. At other times we are looking from the outside-in through a window into another cultural perspective as presented in Mare Müürsepp’s Edgar Valter: Estonia’s [End Page ii] Master of Art and Imagination in Picture Books. In any case, the articles in this issue speak to the value of story in promoting the appreciation and understanding of the self and others. The role of stories as a shaper of identity and as a means to map our inner and outer landscapes is another theme that surfaces frequently in this issue as well. Clearly this theme is powerfully addressed in Josefine Ottesen’s The Story of History: Being One of “Them.” Ottesen uses fantasy as a metaphor to help her readers become aware of and master both their inner and outer demons. The reader is left in awe by the power of stories that can serve to enslave as well as to liberate. Bent Rasmussen outlines Ottesen’s contributions to literature in The Life and Work of Josefine Ottesen. While the emphasis of Ottesen’s work is on our interior landscapes, Robin Morrow focuses on the exterior. In Mapping Australia’s Past in Picture Books, she examines four picture books that provide narratives from diverse settings and perspectives and when taken together contribute to an inclusive and richly layered landscape of Australian history. Like Morrow, Ondjaki maps outer landscapes. In Let’s Share the Dream: Stories for Children in Angola, he outlines complex historical, social and political factors in shaping cultural identity in the development and rebirth of Angolan children’s literature. In the process, the reader can get a taste of Angolan children’s literature and of Ondjaki’s work as a professional writer of children’s books. Finally, in From Victory to Victimization: The Sino-Japanese War (1937–1945) as Depicted in Chinese Youth Literature, Minjie Chen speaks to the political nature of literature as a shaper of identity. This article calls for multiple voices and perspectives to create a balanced historical view. The departments We are pleased to report that Bookbird maintains continuity in retaining departments and department editors of Postcards from Around the World, Books on Books and Focus IBBY. Glenna Sloan continues to bring us children’s literature from around the globe through brief postcard reviews submitted by a variety of contributors. The featured books include themes that range from...

“There Were Many Indians in the Story”: Hidden History in Hemingway’s “Big Two-Hearted River”

The essay considers the importance of hidden history in “Big Two-Hearted River” and what Hemingway may have had in mind in creating a landscape that is white on the surface yet penetrated by Indian presences underneath. Hidden inscriptions of Indianness have to be searched for in the text and are part of an interior landscape in which war and insurrection have an important role to play in explaining how the story is crafted. Hemingway’s knowledge of tribal landscapes and tribal histories, together with his readings in modernist anthropology, underpin a scholarly interest in primitive religion that stayed with him throughout his life.

The Female Philosophe in the Closet: The Cabinet and the Senses in French Erotic Novels, 1740–1800

L'architecture, jadis majestueuse et qui ne derogeait pas, s'est ployee a la licence de nos moeurs et de nos idees. Elle a prevu et satisfait toutes les intentions de la debauche et du libertinage; les issues secretes et les escaliers derobes sont au ton des romans du jour. L'architecture enfin, complice de nos desordres, est non moins licencieuse que notre poesie erotique.- Louis-Sebastien Mercier, Tableau de Paris (1781)1Architecture, once majestic and unyielding, has succumbed to the licentiousness of our lifestyle and ideas. It anticipates and fulfills all the aims of debauchery and libertinage; secret passages and hidden stairways are in the same vein as novels of the day. Architecture, complicit in our disorders, is no less licentious than our erotic poetry.Louis-Sebastien Mercier, assessing Paris in the late eighteenth century, indicted Parisian architecture for its complicity in societal disorders. architecture of the day, quipped Mercier, was as dissolute as the obscene books sold in a thriving underground print network. In this characterization of eighteenth-century Paris, Mercier does not criticize architects or authors, per se, but their creations: it was buildings and books that signaled the debauchery looming in the social imaginary. What architecture and erotic books shared was the isolated, private experience each could provide. Eighteenth-century interiors, characterized by divided, subdivided, and specialized space, complicated the demarcations between the private and the public, creating what one might think of as three spheres: the public, the private, and the secret. fragmentation of the interior landscape into boudoirs, cabinets, alcoves, niches, and other small spaces that were then partitioned by screens (cloisons) and curtains is frequently represented in French novels of the time, from the sentimental to the erotic, as literary lovers began to abandon the outdoor encounters of the seventeenth-century pastoral in favor of the intimacy of the or the boudoir.2 These interior spaces offered the illusion of total seclusion and the potential for unbounded pleasure. In a literary context, the assumption of absolute privacy allowed for the eavesdroppers and voyeurs whose observations are a recurrent thread in erotic and libertine literature.Vivant Denon's Point de lendemain (1777; No Tomorrow) exemplifies the lure of interior space, the erotic sensibilities it engenders, and the literary stakes in its exploration. narrator's account of his one-night tryst with an older woman allows us to trace the migration from the public to the domestic sphere and, finally, to a secret, exotically appointed cabinet. Seduction and its spatial context become inseparable as Madame T... lures the young narrator from the archetypical site of sociability-an opera loge, where one sees and is seen-through a series of progressively more secluded spaces: the interior of a carriage (where the jostling motion forces their first touch), a country home, a private garden, a pavilion within the garden, and finally, the cabinet. Anticipating the ultimate destination, the young narrator confesses that his lust has migrated from woman to architecture: [C]e n'etait plus madame de T... que je desirais, c'etait le cabinet ([I]t was no longer Madame de T... whom I desired, it was the cabinet; 34).3This displaced desire in which a room inflames arousal illustrates only one of the many roles of interior spaces in eighteenth-century seduction novels. When the supplants the body as the object of desire, the penetration of an inner sanctum is a figure for sexual penetration. most famous contemporary example of this analogy is no doubt Laclos's double entendre in Les Liaisons dangereuses wherein Valmont insists that Cecile oil the lock and hinges of her bedroom door so that he can enter with ease. Architectural seduction is also the central conceit of Bastide's La Petite (1758; The Little House), in which the Marquis de Tremicour, Bastide's libertine hero, rightly presumes that if the sumptuous architectural intricacies of his petite maison can seduce the young Melite, she will, in turn, yield to the Marquis's sexual desires. …

Introduction: Is There a Doctor in the House? Medicine and the Making of Modern Drama

While the role of medicine in early modern theatre has been studied extensively in recent years, little attention has been paid to the intersections of theatre and medicine in modern drama. The second half of the nineteenth century and the first quarter of the twentieth witnessed innovations in both fields, as a self-styled “modern” theatre asserted itself against the conventions of an earlier period, and medical science claimed new authority as part of the emerging network of modern disciplines. One impediment to recognizing the role of the medical in modern drama has been the prominence of realism within this tradition. Because of realism's investment in the ideology of the visible, the interior landscape of disease is consigned to one of its many offstage realms, while the theatrical use of technological devices by which this realm might be disclosed to the audience – image and sound projection, X-ray imaging, and so on – are precluded from strictly illusionistic theatre. But realist (and naturalist) theatre is more deeply implicated in medical ways of seeing than its representational limitations suggest. Because of the tensions within realism between illusionism and actuality, realism is uniquely poised to reveal the somatic body in its normal and pathological states and in its physiological interaction with its environment. The many doctors who people modern drama are threshold figures who negotiate the social visibility of illness, demarcate the line between normal and pathological, and often represent theories and disciplinary ideologies that construct the human in medical terms. By modelling various forms of scientific and medical observation, theatrical doctors also direct attention to the complex symptomology of modern drama, in which the boundary between the body's surface and interior becomes the site of spectatorial interpretive operations.

A Power among Them: Bessie Abramowitz Hillman and the Making of the Amalgamated Clothing Workers of America (review)

Reviewed by: A Power among Them: Bessie Abramowitz Hillman and the Making of the Amalgamated Clothing Workers of America Melissa R. Klapper (bio) A Power among Them: Bessie Abramowitz Hillman and the Making of the Amalgamated Clothing Workers of America. By Karen Pastorello. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 2008. xvii + 273 pp. Karen Pastorello’s new book is both a throwback and a welcome innovation. It is a throwback in the sense that it offers a biography of a labor leader through a lens trained rather narrowly on the public dimensions of a life. But it is a welcome innovation in the sense that it restores Bessie Abramowitz Hillman to a photographic panorama that has far too long focused on male leaders to the exclusion of women, the International Ladies Garment Workers’ Union (ILGWU) to the exclusion of the Amalgamated Clothing Workers of America (ACW), and New York to the exclusion of Chicago. That Pastorello, working with admittedly limited resources, manages to use Hillman’s experiences as an ACW founder and lifelong union organizer to illuminate the evolution of labor feminism is an accomplishment indeed. The outline of Hillman’s life in some ways parallels the stories of other Jewish women who became labor leaders. Born in eastern Europe, she emigrated rather than face an arranged marriage, began working in the needle trades shortly after arriving in Chicago, and was politicized by the conditions of her work environment. In 1910 she participated in a major strike at Hart, Schaffner, and Marx, a strike initiated by women, and in the aftermath of the successful settlement became first an organizer for the United Garment Workers and then a founder of the ACW. A roughly similar story could be told of Rose Schneiderman, Fannia Cohn, Rose Pesotta, and Pauline Newman, all of whom worked within the ILGWU in New York. All these leaders struggled with similar problems. Union executives were almost exclusively male and usually hostile to any perceived encroachment of women into the ranks of leadership, despite the predominance of women workers in some sectors of the needle trades. Like her ILGWU colleagues, whom she knew and with whom she cooperated, Hillman depended, at least to some degree, on the kind of middle-class female allies she had first met at Chicago’s Hull House. All the women labor leaders were constantly confronted with a choice [End Page 124] between prioritizing their gender and class identities. Their refusal to make that choice (most of the time) yielded a particular strain of labor feminism that sustained them all over many decades. There were important ways in which Hillman’s path diverged from those of other women labor leaders, however. At the time of the Hart, Schaffner, and Marx strike, she was already involved with the ACW’s first president, fellow Chicago striker Sidney Hillman, whom she married in 1916, moving to New York to join him at the union’s headquarters. The Hillmans had two children, owned a home, and experienced at least some upward economic mobility. For the thirty years of their marriage, Bessie Hillman worked tirelessly as a union organizer and education director, starting many of the programs that made the ACW such an important union, but she never accepted a salary during her husband’s lifetime. The other Jewish women labor leaders supported themselves and their families and fought bitterly to be paid what their work was worth. Though her family life was far from perfect and she spent a substantial amount of time on the road, Hillman does not seem to have experienced the devastating loneliness and weariness of Cohn, Pesotta, and others. Nor does she seem to have relied quite as heavily on a network of female friends. It is difficult to know how to evaluate the role these differences played in Hillman’s life because, unlike the most prominent ILGWU women, she did not leave behind substantial personal papers. Pastorello reconstructs her public life in some detail and provides plenty of contextual information, sometimes to the point of repetition, but the kind of sophisticated, interior landscape of women labor leaders that other historians have managed to map is missing here. The biographer cannot be faulted for a...

Seoul's Interior Landscapes

AbstractThe shop floor of the department store has increasingly become a cluttered no‐man's‐land, no more than a space between competing branded concessions. Howard Watson describes how at Lotte, a department store in Seoul, South Korea, Universal Design Studio has applied its subtle decorative design style – first launched internationally in the Stella McCartney stores – to unifying effect. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley &amp; Sons, Ltd.