Intergovernmental Agreements Research Articles

КОМЕРЦІАЛІЗАЦІЯ РЕЗУЛЬТАТІВ ІННОВАЦІЙНОЇ ДІЯЛЬНОСТІ СПІЛЬНИХ УКРАЇНСЬКО-КИТАЙСЬКИХ ПІДПРИЄМСТВ

Research objective. The objective of this study is to examine the current state of the establishment of joint Ukrainian-Chinese enterprises and to analyse the prospects for the formation of business associations engaged in commercialization of the results of innovative activities in Ukraine and China on a mutually beneficial basis. Research methodology. In the paper, the authors examined the innovation process in Ukraine and China in order to substantiate the feasibility of establishing joint Ukrainian-Chinese companies engaged in the commercialization of innovative solutions. The review of publications demonstrated China’s significant achievements and global leadership in innovation. The paper describes a set of prerequisites that led to China’s innovative leadership. The considered prerequisites and the chronology of the legislative regulation of the Ukrainian-Chinese cooperation in the field of innovation activity allow to state that there are prospects of establishing joint Chinese-Ukrainian enterprises. A review of the development of the Ukrainian-Chinese partnership in historical retrospect shows the advantages and disadvantages involved in the establishment of joint Ukrainian-Chinese enterprises. In line with the findings of the study, the prospects for the organization of innovative joint ventures are outlined. The dominance of the Chinese system of state control and management of economic development over the private sector is emphasized. Conclusions. The authors conclude that China intends to use planned economic expansion to conquer foreign markets and subjugate all continents to its sphere of influence. The creation of Sinoforeign joint ventures also fits into the scheme of the superiority of the Chinese economic model over the Western model of economic relations. Ukrainian-Chinese joint ventures are also influenced by China's global long-term development program. Examples of Chinese investments in the Ukrainian economy and the placement of Ukrainian capital in China confirm the above observations. In each of the cited cases, the advantage of the Chinese influence over the partner party can be traced. It is relevant that China achieves this state of affairs by keeping the levers of influence in the hands of the state at all levels of state management of the country's economy. Practical implications. The results of this study are of interest to representatives of business structures that are interested in implementing projects on commercialization of the results of innovation activities. The authors conclude that in the process of creating joint ventures one should look for the “do no harm” sector, which maintains a level playing field for partners. Originality/value. This study highlights the similarities and differences in approaches to creating innovative joint ventures in Ukraine and China. The authors emphasize that China systematically defends the interests of both state-owned and private Chinese companies in foreign and domestic markets. In the domestic market, foreign investors are regulated, while in the foreign market, this is achieved through a set of measures that include financial instruments, intergovernmental agreements, and many other effective mechanisms to ensure success. China benefits most from international globalization and free trade.

Toward a Super-COP? Timing, Temporality, and Rethinking World Climate Governance

Toward a Super-COP? Timing, Temporality, and Rethinking World Climate Governance

Counteracting offshore tax evasion: Evidence from the foreign account tax compliance act

This paper aims to investigate the effect of the Foreign Account Tax Compliance Act (FATCA) on the deposits held by US global banks through their branches located around the world. Using an unpublished dataset on deposits held by branches of US banks on a geographically unconsolidated basis, we find that the FATCA led to a reduction in deposits held in branches located in tax havens. We find that this effect is more severe in those jurisdictions signing a reciprocal exchange of information agreement. We also advance evidence in support of deposit shifting within the US banking system towards locations without a reciprocal intergovernmental agreement.

Capacity, voice and opportunity: advancing municipal engagement in Canadian federal relations

In Canada, municipalities are involved in an increasing number of policy areas, but they remain largely absent from the nation’s system of intergovernmental relations. Municipal representatives do not attend First Ministers’ meetings that gather the Prime Minister and heads of each province and territory. They are also largely excluded from intergovernmental councils or committees focused on specific policy areas. Nor do they participate in the negotiation of most intergovernmental agreements.
 This paper explores how Canada’s intergovernmental infrastructure could be reformed to include municipalities. It does so through an analysis of how other countries have made space for municipalities in their intergovernmental processes. After drawing five lessons from international experience, the paper concludes with four approaches to reforming intergovernmental relations in Canada: (1) ensure municipalities have the capacity, voice and structures to participate effectively in intergovernmental relations; (2) increase municipal involvement in provincial policy-making, including potentially through co-governed intergovernmental councils; (3) as far as possible, eliminate unfunded mandates(ie responsibilities devolved without adequate funding to discharge them) through, for example, provincial legislation or provincial–municipal intergovernmental agreements that require consultation on the fiscal impacts of draft legislation or regulation on municipalities; (4) strengthen trilateral (national/provincial/municipal) relations, including through location-specific or policy-specific agreements, and trilateral intergovernmental councils.

Para-constitutional engineering and federalism: Informal constitutional change through intergovernmental agreements

Abstract This article explores the phenomenon of informal constitutional change with a particular focus on the role played by intergovernmental agreements (IGAs) concluded between members of a federation. It has two objectives. The first is to add IGAs to the catalogue of methods through which constitutions are altered without recourse to formal amendment procedures. Using Canada as a case study, we highlight a paradox: by rendering unconstitutional certain legislative initiatives meant to circumvent formal rules of constitutional amendment, courts are actually inviting political actors, notably the executive branches, to resort to even more fluid and informal methods of altering the Constitution. Second, we bring the concept of “para-constitutionality” into the broader literature on informal constitutional change. Para-constitutionality captures two distinct dimensions of informal constitutional change which are often conflated. “Para” in the Greek sense signifies “circumvention.” The focus here is on effectivity, on the impact of mechanisms (such as IGAs) on the overall constitutional order. By contrast, “para” in the Latin sense means “against.” It is concerned with constitutional (in)validity. We seek to underscore that even when strategies are not found to be unconstitutional, they may nevertheless have a transformative impact on the overall federal architecture. In conclusion, we suggest that an implicit commitment to intergovernmental transactions and compromise, both inherent to federalism, may explain judicial benevolence in the face of negotiated para-constitutional engineering mechanisms, in contrast to unilateral legislative attempts at informal constitutional change.

Animals in world society: Constitutional and legislative incorporation, 1972–2020

This article analyzes cross-national and longitudinal variations in the incorporation of nonhuman animals into country constitutions and legislation. We argue that incorporation follows from the scientific rationalization and human rights-based ontological elaboration of nonhuman animals in world society, carried by a growing number of intergovernmental agreements and international nongovernmental organizations (INGOs). To test our ideas, we use event-history analyses on original data from 195 countries for the period 1972–2020. The models of constitutional incorporation show mixed results, with positive effects from human rights and INGOs but negative effects from science and intergovernmental agreements. The models of legislative incorporation show consistent positive effects from world factors, even when controlling for a range of domestic factors. Legal incorporation suggests an extension of the boundaries of “society,” driven by the rising prominence of highly rationalized and elaborated models of nonhuman animals, replete with dignity, sentience, and even tentative forms of rights and personhood.

Malleable detention: The restructuring of carceral space within U.S. immigration detention

The expansion of immigration detention in the United States has been attributed to policy, privatization, and anti-immigrant racialization. This research extends understandings of immigration detention's growth by focusing on how Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE) maintains the necessary space to detain migrants during this expansion. In this article, I introduce the concept of “malleable detention:” the flexible strategies and methods used to restructure space within immigration detention. I base this concept on findings from an analysis of the T. Don Hutto Detention Center - a detention site that has remained open despite various abuses, protests, and closures. Using statements from ICE officials, intergovernmental service agreements (IGSAs) between ICE and local governments, government reports, nongovernmental reports, and newspaper accounts, I find that the Hutto site displayed three forms of malleable detention. Detention was made malleable through repurposing non-detention space into detention space, maintaining flexibility in the detained populations, and reconfiguring contracts that helped keep detention open. Beyond the Hutto case, the malleable detention concept extends to detention sites throughout the U.S. This provides evidence into how ICE is able to sustain enough detention space that makes the U.S. the largest detainer of immigrants in the world.

Ex Ante Governance in the European Union: Energy and climate policy as a ‘test run’ for the post-pandemic recovery

This paper asks what policy tools the European Commission used to push member states to align their national post-pandemic recovery preferences with its own preferences for the green (and digital) recovery. It claims that the Commission did not create new policy tool in response to the crisis, but utilised an existing one, previously successfully tested in climate and energy policy. This tool, ex ante governance, developed under the 2018 Governance Regulation, enabled the Commission to influence member states' national goals (defined in their National Energy and Climate Plans) before they were formally adopted. The Commission's main aim was to link the national targets with the 2030 climate and energy goals binding at the EU level. Ex ante governance helped the Commission achieve this linkage as it pushed member countries to commit to more ambitious national targets than they had originally intended. This enabled the EU27 to reach a commitment level that will support the 2030 climate and energy goals set at the EU level. This modus operandi contrasts with the previous ex post assessment process that was ineffective; the original rules on the Intergovernmental Agreements have revealed the limitations of this approach. Due to its success the Commission applied the ex ante governance model to the post-pandemic recovery, where it wanted to align member states' national preferences (presented in the National Recovery and Resilience Plans) with its green (and other) recovery objectives. Such a development indicates the emergence of a complex ex ante governance within the EU.

Achieving international biodiversity targets: Learning from local norms, values and actions regarding migratory waterfowl management in Kazakhstan.

Migratory species are protected under international legislation; their seasonal movements across international borders may therefore present opportunities for understanding how global conservation policies translate to local‐level actions across different socio‐ecological contexts. Moreover, local‐level management of migratory species can reveal how culture and governance affects progress towards achieving global targets. Here, we investigate potential misalignment in the two‐way relationship between global‐level conservation policies (i.e. hunting bans and quotas) and local‐level norms, values and actions (i.e. legal and illegal hunting) in the context of waterfowl hunting in northern Kazakhstan as a case‐study.Northern Kazakhstan is globally important for waterfowl and a key staging area for arctic‐breeding species. Hunting is managed through licences, quotas and seasonal bans under UN‐AEWA intergovernmental agreements. To better understand the local socio‐ecological context of waterfowl hunting, we take a mixed‐methods approach using socio‐ecological surveys, informal discussions and population modelling of a focal migratory goose species to: (a) investigate motivations for hunting in relation to socio‐economic factors; (b) assess knowledge of species' protection status; and (c) predict the population size of Lesser White‐fronted Geese (LWfG; Anser erythropus; IUCN Vulnerable) under different scenarios of survival rates and hunting offtake, to understand how goose population demographics interact with the local socio‐ecological context.Model results showed no evidence that waterfowl hunting is motivated by financial gain; social and cultural importance were stronger factors. The majority of hunters are knowledgeable about species' protection status; however, 11% did not know LWfG are protected, highlighting a key area for increased stakeholder engagement.Simulations of LWfG population growth over a 20‐year period showed LWfG are highly vulnerable to hunting pressure even when survival rates are high. This potential impact of hunting highlights the need for effective regulation along the entire flyway; our survey results show that hunters were generally compliant with newly introduced hunting regulations, showing that effective regulation is possible on a local level. Synthesis and applications. Here, we investigate how global conservation policy and local norms interact to affect the management of a threatened migratory species, which is particularly important for the protection and sustainable management of wildlife that crosses international borders where local contexts may differ. Our study highlights that to be effective and sustainable in the long‐term, global conservation policies must fully integrate local socio‐economic, cultural, governance and environmental contexts, to ensure interventions are equitable across entire species' ranges. This approach is relevant and adaptable for different contexts involving the conservation of wide‐ranging and migratory species, including the 255 migratory waterfowl covered by UN‐AEWA (United Nations Agreement on the Conservation of African‐Eurasian Migratory Waterbirds).

Development of an Integrated Lightweight Multi-Rotor UAV Payload for Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide Mole Fraction Measurements

Records and projections of increasing global average temperature call for improvements of global stocktake inputs, which are vital to achieving targets of intergovernmental agreements on climate change. Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV)-based atmospheric observation of greenhouse gas (GHG) concentrations is an upcoming addition to the top-down measurement methods due to its advantageous spatial-temporal resolutions, greater coverage area and lower costs. Hence, we developed and tested a lightweight UAV payload enclosure integrating a non-dispersive diffusion infrared (NDIR) spectrometer and two electrochemical sensors for measurements of carbon dioxide (CO2), carbon monoxide (CO) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2). To achieve higher response times and maintain measurement qualities, we designed a custom air inlet on the rotor-facing side of the enclosure to reduce measurement fluctuations caused by rotor downwash airflow. To validate the payload design, we conducted a controlled test for comparing chambered and chamber-less NDIR spectrometer measurements. From the test we observed a reduction of 0.48 hPa in terms of standard deviation of pressure measurements and minimised downwash-flow-induced anomalous biases (+0.49 ppm and +0.08 hpa for chambered compared to −1.33 ppm and −1.05 hpa for chamber-less). We also conducted an outdoor in-situ measurement test with multiple flights reaching 500 m above ground level (ABGL). The test yielded high resolution results representing vertical distributions of mole fraction concentrations of three types of gases via two types of flight trajectory planning methods. Therefore, we provide an alternative UAV payload integration method for NDIR spectrometer CO2 measurements that complement existing airborne GHG observation methodologies. Additionally, we also introduced an aerodynamic approach in reducing measurement noises and biases for a low response time sensor configuration.

Legal Models of International Scientific and Technical Cooperation in the Field of Space Research

Given the growing interest in the exploration of outer space, the expansion of the parties to space activities and the scale of related tasks, the study of various legal models of international scientific and technical cooperation (ISTC) is gaining momentum. It is important to identify the advantages and disadvantages of such models and to develop proposals on the possibilities of their successful application in Russia. The study of the reasons for the strengthening of international collaborations in the space sphere showed that the ISTC and joint research have been carried out regardless of the political context. They were determined by the specifics of the phenomena and processes being studied and the advantages of sharing funding, forming multinational research groups and exchanging data. Currently, a special incentive is the potential for the commercialization of space and the strengthening of the state’s economy. In the field of space scientific research, the usual conventional and institutional models of ISTC are used. The peculiarity of cooperation in this area is manifested in the dominant use of conventional models. The most striking and complex example of such a model is the International Space Station Intergovernmental Agreement on cooperation for peaceful purposes in line with international law, including various bilateral memoranda of understanding and other documents that have been developed in relation to the Agreement. Almost all institutional models of ISTC in the field of space research are ecosystem-type models. The only example of a collaborative type model is the European Space Agency. The risk of dependence on other states participating in collaborative projects and loss of leadership positions, a decrease in state funding for space projects, large-scale participation of private companies and priorities for their involvement in space activities indicate the upcoming transfer of most of the space research ISTC to the field of public-private partnership. As a result, interstate cooperation will continue as a short-term interaction on certain issues of space research: whether it is the installation of a certain module on a partner mission, the implementation of joint tests and observations on modules and other similar projects.

Labor Migration from Mongolia and Uzbekistan: New Trends and Approaches to Regulation

The article discusses trends and approaches to the regulation of labor migration in two countries of Eurasia – the Republic of Uzbekistan and Mongolia – in a comparative aspect. The research highlights factors contributing to the development of labor emigration from the states, including demographic, socio-political and economic factors. Mongolia and Uzbekistan have similar socio-economic and demographic development conditions. They are at approximately the same stage of the demographic transition, have a fairly young population age structure, are labor-surplus countries, and are ready to export labor resources abroad. These factors make them active migratory donors. A significant number of labor migrants including young people are looking for employment opportunities abroad. Migrants are mostly heading for more developed neighboring countries: Uzbeks go to the Russian Federation, and Mongols – to the Republic of Korea. Given the importance of labor migration in the socio-economic development of both countries, on the part of the governments there are quite active steps towards giving the processes of labor emigration an organized and documented character. The authorities of the Republic of Uzbekistan facilitate the opening of pre-departure training centers by receiving countries, conclude intergovernmental agreements on organized labor recruitment in key destination states. The Mongolian authorities are more focused on the organizational and legal issues of bringing labor migration into a documented channel. Both countries have developed an approach to understanding labor migration as a factor in the sustainable development of society and the state. In this regard, the migration policy of Mongolia and Uzbekistan is built around finding solutions for the optimal regulation of labor migration in the interests of national development.

КЫРГЫЗСКО-ТАДЖИКСКИЕ КОНФЛИКТЫ: СОЦИОЛОГИЧЕСКИЙ АНАЛИЗ

The article examines the issues of Kyrgyz-Tajik conflicts that have not yet been studied in sociological and political science. The article provides a more detailed sociological analysis of the problem of Kyrgyz-Tajik conflicts and ways to solve them. The article notes that currently about 70 disputed territories have been recorded, especially in the regions of Batken (Kyrgyzstan) and Isfara (Tajikistan). Over the past 10-15 years, more than 150 conflicts have occurred on the borders of Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan with victims and victims from both sides, and every year now there are clashes on the border territories. In March 2022, a meeting of the delegations of Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan on the regulation of Kyrgyz-Tajik conflicts took place. The parties discussed a number of issues on border security. Border representatives of the two states assessed the current situation on the Kyrgyz-Tajik border, noting the problems associated with uncoordinated sections of the border. Following the meeting, an agreement was reached: to take strict measures to implement intergovernmental agreements and protocols on interaction and coordination of efforts aimed at preventing incidents in the border territories of the two countries. At the same time, the article also pays attention to controversial issues.

Монгол улс, Солонгосын хойг хооронд авто тээвэр хөгжүүлэх боломж

The Intergovernmental Agreement on the Asian Road Network is an important tool to facilitate international transport and trade, and to promote regional integration and economic cooperation. The Network covers 145,000 km of roads in about 40 destinations in 32 countries. As a landlocked country, we need to actively use the Asian Road Network to increase freight traffic and transit transport, and to find new export routes. Mongolia firstly joined the Asian Road Network in three directions: AN-3, AN-4 and AN-32. These routes pass to Russia, China, the Democratic People's Republic of Korea, and Pakistan, as well as access two ports in the Pacific and one in the Indian Ocean. In 2018, added new route of AN-35 with China, it has a new gateway to the northeastern China and another port in the Pacific. Now Mongolia has 4,800 km road of Asian Road Network in its territory, the time has come to participate a role in regional freight traffic. In December 2016, an intergovernmental agreement with Russia and China, has been signed on the international transport on the AN-3 and AN-4 of Asian Road Network. If this agreement is well implemented, it will bring a new era of development to our country's freight and transportation sector. Despite due to the Covid-19 pandemic over the past two years declined international freight traffic, efforts should be improve the implementation of the agreement in the future. This article identifies the features, advantages and prospects of Mongolia's four integrated roads in the Asian Road Network, and proposes to increase international freight traffic and create new export routes. It is possible to access to the Korean Peninsula and the Indian Ocean port using the Asian Road Network. These purposes shall be consern the negotiations with the member countries of the Asian Road Network.

О формировании общих рынков нефти и нефтепродуктов Евразийского экономического союза

This article is devoted to the activities on the formation of common markets for oil and petroleum products of the Eurasian Economic Union. At the same time, these common markets are considered by the author as a factor in ensuring the interests of the national economies of the member states of the Eurasian Economic Union, contributing to increasing the level of economic integration of the member states. It is noted that relations currently in the oil sector within the Union are carried out on a bilateral basis within the framework of intergovernmental agreements. Certain issues of ensuring energy security are considered, it is noted that the key goal of ensuring the energy security of the Union should be, first of all, maintaining the energy resource base of each Member State and the Union as a whole.

МЕЖДУНАРОДНО-ПРАВОВОЕ РЕГУЛИРОВАНИЕ СОТРУДНИЧЕСТВА РОССИИ И ИНДИИ В ОБЛАСТИ МИРНОГО ИСПОЛЬЗОВАНИЯ АТОМНОЙ ЭНЕРГИИ

This article explores a framework for cooperation between Russia and India in the peaceful uses of nuclear energy with a view to providing a comprehensive analysis of the international legal acts in this field. The scientific novelty of the research is a reflection of the fact that it is the study in which international legal framework concerning cooperation between Russia and India in the field of nuclear energy are summarized, systematized and analyzed. It is mentioned that the Moscow-New Delhi relationship is based upon mutual needs: Indian energy needs and Russian strategic economic needs. The main agreements for cooperation in the field of peaceful uses of nuclear energy are the Kudankulam nuclear agreement (1988) and the intergovernmental agreement on cooperation in the uses of atomic energy for peaceful purposes (2010). The legal acts on cooperation in the construction of additional nuclear power plant units at Kudankulam site are of special importance. The article finds, moreover, that the increasing of the number of reactors in the Kudankulam Nuclear Power Plant has been expanding the India-Russian long-term partnership. India continues to view the expansion of its civilian nuclear sector as a critical element in the field of industry and decarbonization. In this regard, developing alternate nuclear fuel resources and civil nuclear cooperation agreements between Russia and India should be concluded.

АНАЛИЗ ПРОИЗВОДСТВЕННО-ФИНАНСОВОЙ И ФИНАНСОВОЙ МОДЕЛИ КИТАЙСКО-РОССИЙСКОГО СОТРУДНИЧЕСТВА В НЕФТЕГАЗОВОЙ ОТРАСЛИ

Sino-Russian energy cooperation has always been an important area of economic relations between China and Russia. The two countries have been achieving fruitful results in this area for many years, especially in the field of oil and natural gas. In recent years, this cooperation has become closer. Supported by intergovernmental agreements, it is based on crude oil trading with capital as a link, national oil companies as carriers and national credit as a guarantee. Industrial financialization is the future of the oil and gas industry. In this regard, building a model of production and financial integration of the Chinese-Russian oil and gas industry has become an important problem that Chinese and Russian energy companies will have to face in the framework of current cooperation. At the same time, with the strengthening of oil financing, the horizons of domestic and foreign scientists have expanded to the field of industrial finance, and the use of industrial finance theory to analyze the problems of the international oil market has become one of the main research prospects.

FEATURES OF THE LEGAL REGULATION OF LABOR MIGRATION IN THE CIS STATES AT THE PRESENT STAGE OF SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT

The article discusses the legal framework for regulating labor migration in the Commonwealth of independent states (hereinafter referred to as the CIS). Particular attention is paid to the definition of ‘labor migration’ in the legal literature, international legislative documents and agreements about labor migration within the CIS. The author analyzes the UN Convention ‘On the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families’, the ILO Migration for Employment Convention No. 97 (Revised), 1949, and the Agreement between the CIS states ‘On the protection of labor migrants and members of their families’, as well as individual intergovernmental agreements between the CIS states, some legislative acts of the CIS states. He defines the essence and features of the legal regulation of labor migration in the CIS states at the present stage of social development. At the conclusion the author presents his opinion regarding the definition of the term ‘labor migration’ and the ways of legal regulation of labor migration within the CIS.

IT-ТЕХНОЛОГИИ: АКТУАЛЬНОСТЬ ПРИМЕНЕНИЯ В ТУРИСТИЧЕСКОЙ СФЕРЕ

In the tourism sector, the main international directions related to intergovernmental agreements and affecting both the economic and cultural-historical development of states have been determined today. According to the World Tourism Organization (WTO), international tourism accounts for a third of the international services market. Russia, as the host country, has the main advantage in historical terms, having a multinational population with cultural value characteristics. Since the beginning of the 21st century, the People's Republic of China has been one of the main representatives of the tourist flow in terms of the development of the outbound tourism market.

Ukristei as an integral component of Ukraine’s innovation system

In general, during the last years international cooperation in the scientific and technical sphere is characterized by active contacts and exchange, wide range of interesting perspective projects, proper level of regulatory and legal support and powerful basis for further development of relations between scientific and educational institutions. The separate significant area of the scientific and technical segment of Ukraine’s cooperation is activity in the sphere of innovations and technological transfer. Ukraine, like other UN member states, has joined the global process of ensuring sustainable development in order to create favorable conditions for development and wider application of innovations. Within the framework of the development of Ukraine’s diplomatic relations with EU member states, Eastern Partnership countries, participation in bilateral scientific and technical cooperation within the framework of intergovernmental agreements, cooperation with international organizations and foundations has reached a much higher level of strategic partnership. Ukraine is an active participant of international cooperation in the sphere of technology transfer. Ukrainian international cooperation in modern conditions needs new mindset and approaches. As a result of the redistribution of the international balance of forces with the participation of Ukraine existing integration blocks are being modified, additional opportunities for the creation of new configurations of the international scientific and technical partnership were arised. The transfer of innovative technologies is of particular importance. International cooperation is one of the effective tools of Ukraine’s integration and forms a special common space area, which is a continuous flow source of technological innovations and a convenient tool of innovation development in the field of technological transfer. Cooperation with foreign scientists will allow to create specialized databases of technologies/developments; conduct of research on the definition of exchange regulation of scientific and technical products; attracting the best experts for scientific and technical expertise; consulting support of business-incubators and startup-companies; coordination of joint researches; participation in business and technological cooperation of partner countries as a component of the general innovation space.