Intergenerational Gap Research Articles

Civil activity of generations in modern Russian society

The article presents the results of a sociological study of the manifestations of social activity of representatives of various age groups (young, mature, old age) of citizens of the Russian Federation. The relevance of the study is caused by the need to assess the scale and specifics of intergenerational contradictions and gaps in modern Russian society. These contradictions are due to disproportions in the demographic structure of the population and the financial situation of generations. Intergenerational gaps are manifested primarily in differences in value systems, vision of the image of the future, mastery of digital skills, as well as in the practices of forms of activity and motivations for civil participation.
 The study is based on the theory of generations. The network approach was chosen as the methodological basis. The method of collecting empirical data was an online survey of Russian citizens aged 15 years and older (N = 1600), the formation of a sample population was subject to representation by age, gender and area of residence. The study compared the civil activity of generations by the level of social interaction, readiness for joint actions and the intensity of civil actions. There were revealed differences in the problem field and motives for civil participation of generations. The study shows the preferred forms of civic engagement of generations in offline and online spaces. The revealed ratio of forms of civil activity is compared with the data of the survey of the social and political activity of Russians VCIOM-Sputnik. The vision by different age groups of key ways for the development of civil engagement is also indicated.
 The article partly explains generational gaps by age differences in the choice of informational channels and the level of digital skills. If previouly in offline civil engagement, a higher level of participation corresponded to an increase in the age of citizens, then in the digital environment, the younger generation shows a greater readiness for civil action. Based on the analysis, the author comes to the conclusion about the low potential of civil engagement, that is due to the frustration of Russians' social relations during periods of socialisation of generations. The author believes that there is a weak social interaction and a high level of disunity between citizens in Russian society. The younger generation, despite the high declared civil activity, unlike the older generations, is not disposed to make significant efforts in social activity and shows a penchant for collectivist forms of participation. With a weak potential for activity, the development of Russian civil society can be facilitated by the assistance of state institutions that harmonise relations between generations.

Watching children play: toward the earth in bliss

Watching children at play is favorite pastime for many elderlies. However, the growing safety concerns have prompted parents to become increasingly resistant to the idea of having strangers watch their children in parks and playgrounds. This creates an intergenerational gap in communication with potentially detrimental consequences for all social groups. Oral interviews were conducted and written surveys distributed that validated the hesitance of seniors, especially in the United States, to spend time at children’s playgrounds despite their finding the vicinity of children stimulating. Behavioral observations were conducted at playgrounds to quantify the positive and negative effects of supervisors’ ages on children’s play and thus indirectly assess whether there can be mutual benefits of making the presence of older people at playgrounds, which is customary in many countries, more culturally acceptable. Observations focused on the behavior of a pair of siblings showed that there is an increased probability of both conflicts and joyful expressions when the children were in the presence of a middle-aged person than when they were watched over by the elderlies. This has suggested that freer expressions stimulated in the presence of parent-like figures simultaneously induce the undesired and the desired behavioral patterns in the form of propensities for conflict and propensities for expressions of joy, respectively. This has confirmed that the observational stance has a critical effect on the observational outcome and that the age of the watchers has an effect on the behavior of children at play, with the age correlating directly with the calmness of the play, but also with a lower degree of exhilaration.

Анализ политической ситуации в Иране путем изучения разрыва между революционным и современным поколениями

The emergence and intensification of the intergenerational crisis in post-revolutionary Iran, especially in the last ten years, is one of the most difficult problems for socio-political researchers. Deepening intergenerational divisions have greatly exacerbated crises of legitimacy, politics, and social solidarity. From field and historiographical research, it becomes clear that one of the most important causes of the intergenerational gap in Iran is the weakness of verbal communication models between generations. The author attempts to find a convincing explanation for the totality of intergenerational gaps in post-revolutionary Iran, to identify the causes of the gap between generations and their possible elimination, as well as to substantiate the differences in the worldviews of generations, leading them to break and move away from each other. The author conducted five sessions of intergenerational dialogue between representatives of the revolutionary generation and representatives of the modern generation, using the method of group interviews and content analysis. It made possible to determine the causes of the gap between generations, leading to the absence or presence of mutual understanding between them, and to identify ways to eliminate them. The author concludes about the unity of the directions of the views of different generations, their mental-verbal interaction and the opposite of their views, leading to a lack of mutual understanding.

Designing participatory green area management and biodiversity conservation strategies in the era of population shrinkage: empirical analysis of multi-generational perceptions on Satoyama rare species in central Japan

Underuse, instead of overuse, is a potential threat to biodiversity in semi-natural areas, particularly in East Asia. Due to serious depopulation and aging trends in East Asia, including Japan, few people are being involved in managing green areas and conserving biodiversity. Depending on specific events and age groups that contribute to the experience, knowledge, and preferences of citizens, green area management and biodiversity conservation activities can be effectively conducted through strong collaborations between various stakeholders and generations. We aimed to understand the differences in the perceptions of citizens, belonging to different generations in the metropolitan Nagoya City, towards the Satoyama areas in Japan through an online survey. The status of Satoyama areas is reflected by the rare species of endangered category II in the Act on Conservation of Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora. Analyzing the perceptions revealed gaps in the experience, knowledge, and preference between different age groups for various management and conservation activities. In addition to the intergenerational gaps, gaps between different household income levels and the duration of the activities were identified. The results indicated that reflecting upon the diverse interests among citizens and addressing the causes of the differences is necessary by integrating the differences for consensus building among different stakeholders belonging to different age and socio-economic groups.

Title: Intergenerational gaps in women’s grassroots peacebuilding in Ghana: a critique of “inclusive peacebuilding”

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to examine the idea of inclusion in women’s bottom-up peacebuilding in Ghana. Inspired by the growing importance of “inclusion” and “local empowerment” in the discourse and practice of local ownership in peacebuilding, this paper seeks to investigate the scope and degree of inclusion of key actors such as women and youth, and how that affects peacebuilding and sustainable peace in some conflict-affected zones.Design/methodology/approachThis study adopts a cross-sectional case study design and qualitative strategy. It is based on semi-structured interviews and focus group discussions conducted with actors who have been engaged in grassroots peacebuilding in Ghana and West Africa. The analysis was largely inductive, identifying emerging themes and patterns in the research data.FindingsThe findings indicate that young women are usually absent or not engaged meaningfully in the mobilization of women and youth in the “inclusive” grassroots peacebuilding in Ghana. This is due to the prevalence of deep-seated cultural and political prejudices or stereotypes about women in the areas studied. As these local constructs and thus practices are difficult to change or challenge, peacebuilding non-governmental organizations (NGOs) usually deploy innovative ways by mobilizing socially constructed women’s positionalities – as “whistleblowers,” “cross-ethnic/cross-cultural actors” and “socially networked actors” – in ways that promote women in contemporary peacebuilding discourses and practices. Through mobilizing these stereotypes (to forestall possible provocation, especially from dominant actors or gatekeepers), peacebuilding NGOs have subtly positioned women centrally within a vibrant peace infrastructure in Ghana. Yet, due to the dominance of some patriarchal sociopolitical structures, only older women and young men occupy the spaces for women and youth’s peacebuilding.Originality/valueTo the best of the author’s knowledge, this is one of the first research papers to question not only the scope but also the degree of inclusion and participation of women in peacebuilding in sub-Sahara Africa. This has nuanced scholarly debates on the subject and encouraged the development of innovative programmes targeted at a more comprehensive gendered and youth-ed inclusion to address the inequality gap in peacebuilding discourses and practices.

Intergenerational Balance in the Digital Age: A Global Dimension

The article discusses the main ways to achieve a balance between different generations in the digitalization era. The author states that digitalization affects many areas of life, and automation will deepen intergenerational disunity at the global level. The article aims to identify the main ways to bridge the intergenerational gap in digital times at the global level. The author solves several tasks to achieve the goal. First, the author analyzes categorical apparatus revealing the approaches to generational cycles in the American generational theory. Secondly, the author analyses the reasons for the existing intergenerational gap at the global level. Thirdly, the author systematized the experience of bridging the intergenerational gap in the digital era. Finally, the author concluded that an essential step towards bridging the intergenerational gap in the digital age is to increase the overall level of financial and digital literacy. The empirical base of the article was based on materials of international organizations` reports.

The Infantilism of Modern Society and the Problem of Electoral Age: A Rational View

The article is devoted to studying the problems of infantilization of modern societies, as well as the main reasons for intergenerational gaps that significantly affect the socio-political interaction between different generational strata. At the same time, the author noted that the main initiators and beneficiaries of such destructive processes are the “progressive” neo-libertarian elites who seek to dismantle traditional societies. The author draws the readers’ attention to the following paradox: even though sociologists, political scientists, demographers and psychologists note the rapid infantilization of youth, nevertheless, the primary trend of the leading states of the world at the beginning of the 21st century is the maximum possible involvement of young people in politics, including, the electoral processes. However, according to the author, the “premature” political socialization of youth is fraught with severe risks for the sustainable development of modern states, including the Russian Federation.

Особенности религиозности и веры представителей «Информационного» и «Нового» поколений

Objective. Comparison of the value bases of faith, objects of faith, belief in conspiracies, the level of religiosity among representatives of the “Information” and “New” generations.Background. If traditional values are destroyed, meaning is lost, there is an intergenerational gap, and religious institutions are in crisis, the problem of religious certainty for young generations arises. There is a lack of confidence in the younger generation, a gap between external and internal religiosity. The generational approach to the study of religiosity is poorly represented in research. It is highly relevant to study the features of religiosity and faith of representatives of generations in a transitive society.Study design. The study was conducted using a socio-psychological survey. The data were analyzed by factor analysis, methods for determining the significance of differences in indicators.Participants. Secondary school students (150 people, 53% girls and 47% boys from 14 to 17 years old) are the “New” generation; first-year university students aged 19 to 23 years (140 people, 50% girls and 50% boys) are the “Information” generation of Rostov-on-Don.Measurements. Method of measuring types of mentality; method of measuring values through fears; method of “Belief in a conspiracy”; scale of ranking objects of faith; questionnaire for measuring religiosity. The SPSS-20 application software package was used. to process the results.Results. In both groups, the innovative mentality prevails, archetypes are in the transition zone from tradition to innovation; the value of the “Mystical” is less pronounced in the “Information” generation; representatives of both generations believe more in miracles, God, Paradise and life after death; to a lesser extent — in UFOs, ghosts and witchcraft. Representatives of the “Information” generation believe more in political, food and pharmaceutical conspiracies. Representatives of the “New” generation believe more in information and food conspiracies. The “Information” generation believes that spirituality and faith are very important in life, but they do not adhere to any religious faith, they consider themselves spiritual. The degree of religiosity in both groups is weak, but prevails in the group of the “New” generation.Conclusions. There is a contradiction between the objects of faith, spirituality and religiosity. This indicates that the representatives of the studied generations have immature forms of religiosity.

The intergenerational relationship patterns between aging parents and their adult children.

Older parent-child relations and their impact on the elderly's lives are of importance; thus, the present study aimed to investigate the patterns of the intergenerational relationships between aging parents and their adult children. The current cross-sectional study was conducted on 463 elderly men and women, aged ≥60 years who were residing in Tehran City, Iran. The study participants were selected using the stratified cluster sampling method. The Bai's (2017) 13-item Intergenerational Relationship Quality Scale for Aging Parents (IRQS-AP) was used to evaluate the patterns of intergenerational relationships among the study subjects. The obtained data were analyzed in SPSS. The significance level of the tests was set at P ≥ 0.05. The logistic regression model was employed to investigate the factors related to the patterns of intergenerational relationships. The mean ± SD age of the explored aging parents was 67.93 ± 7.0 years. Besides, the mean ± SD number of children in the study participants was 3.55 ± 1.80. The mean ± SD scores of solidarity (structural, associational, consensual, affectual, functional, and normative) and conflict were measured to be (58.95 ± 17.55) and (64.10 ± 20.92), respectively. Furthermore, the mean ± SD score of the ambivalence pattern was calculated as (51.46 ± 21.61). The mean score of conflict was higher than those of solidarity and ambivalence. Additionally, the mean score of consensual-normative solidarity was higher than those of other dimensions of solidarity. The obtained data suggested a significant difference between age and the patterns of intergenerational relationships (p ≤ 0.05). Moreover, the mean scores of solidarity and conflict in the examined female elderly and their adult children were higher than those of their male counterparts and their adult children; however, the mean score of ambivalence in the male elderly and their adult children was higher than that in their female counterparts. Logistic regression analysis results indicated that aging parents who were literate (OR = 1.5), those who lived alone (OR = 1.2), and those who assessed their general health status as good (OR = 4), reported high levels of solidarity with their adult children. The present research results demonstrated that the level of conflict between aging parents and their adult children exceeded the solidarity level, indicating the intergenerational gap. Therefore, the necessary implications should be adopted to promote intergenerational relationships within the family by providing family counseling. Further research is recommended to consider the essential role of predictive factors, such as age, gender, educational level, occupational status, living arrangements, health status, and socioeconomic status of aging parents concerning the intergenerational relationships between aging parents and their adult children.

Стратегия преодоления межпоколенческих разрывов в современной России

The article presents a strategy for overcoming intergenerational gaps in modern Russia. The strategy is aimed at reducing the value gap of the three age groups, congruent redistribution of resources between the older, middle and younger generations, minimizing the threat of age discrimination (ageism). The strategy of the state is analyzed through the model of the five forces of competition by M. Porter. Specific projects for the development of intergenerational dialogue in the economic, political, social and cultural spheres of society are proposed. The author concludes that in the conditions of digitalization and globalization, youth policy should be adapted to new challenges.

Disentangling acculturation and enculturation intergenerational gaps: Examining mother-youth value discrepancies andmental health among Mexican-descent college students.

To test the acculturation gap hypothesis by examining mother-youth value discrepancies (both acculturative and enculturative) and their association with mother-youth acculturative conflict and youth mental health outcomes. Participants were 273 Mexican descent college students attending a large, public, Hispanic Serving Institution (HSI) in West Texas (72% women). The participants' ages ranged 18-25 years (M = 19.33 years; SD = 1.54 years). Three models assessed the relationship between mother-youth value discrepancies and mental health outcomes (suicidal ideation, non-suicidal self-injury, and depressive symptoms) as mediated by mother-youth acculturative conflict. Consistently, Mexican heritage cultural values were related to mental health outcomes while American cultural values were not. The study found that increased mother-youth discrepancies on Mexican cultural values were associated with increased negative mental health outcomes. Our findings suggest that adopting or learning new mainstream American values does not substitute for the Mexican cultural values that protect against negative outcomes.

Intergenerational gaps in West Bank Jewish communities

ABSTRACT This article examined the differences between the political attitudes of two generations of religious Zionists settlers in the West Bank. Theoretical approaches on intergenerational socialization were reviewed, predicting trends of continuity vis-à-vis change in intergenerational attitudes. Also, previous studies of the religious Zionist sector subgroups, the settlements, and their residents were reviewed. The study was conducted with a quantitative method, while the research tool was an online research questionnaire. The study findings verify the research hypothesis regarding the intergenerational differences in political attitudes, as most issues that were examined found that the younger generation holds more hawkish attitudes in comparison to their parents. Finally, the young Torani were emphasized in the research as the secondary group of settlers who, in most cases, hold the most extreme political attitudes.

The Path to Eldership: Results From a Contemporary Indigenous Australian Community

Traditionally, Elders have held a unique social position within Indigenous Australian communities. This study aimed to identify the characteristics of Indigenous Elders that distinguish them from other people in their community. Using a community-based participatory research approach, the study was conducted in a regional Indigenous community in Southeast Queensland. The design and data collection methods were informed through a community forum, known as a "Yarning Circle." One-on-one semistructured interviews and focus groups with community members were carried out by Indigenous researchers. Data were analyzed in NVivo software, using thematic analysis (TA), with themes derived directly from data. Fifty individuals participated in the study. The participants' median age was 45 years (range 18-76 years) and 31 (62%) were female. TA identified 3 overarching themes related to Elders' attributes: (a) distinguishing characteristics of Elders (subthemes of respect, leadership, reciprocity, life experience, approachability, connection to traditional culture, and transmitting knowledge through generations); (b) how one becomes an Elder (earnt eldership, permanency of eldership, mentors and role models, age); and (c) threats to Elders' influence (intergenerational gap, community disconnect, and cultural trauma). Our results build a greater understanding of the contemporary role of Indigenous Australian Elders, which will inform the development of future interventions directed at strengthening Elders' role in their communities.

Ability emotional intelligence in parents and their offspring

This study aimed to contribute towards understanding the extent to which the emotional intelligence (EI), measured as an ability, of biological mothers and fathers was associated with the global EI of their offspring as young adults using a performance test of ability EI: the Mayer-Salovey-Caruso Emotional Intelligence Test (MSCEIT). These questions were assessed using a cross-sectional sample (total N = 333), which was composed of 111 biological parents (111 mothers and 111 fathers) aged between 37 and 73 years (M = 51.26; SD = 5.91), and 111 offspring (54 men and 57 women) aged between 18 and 45 years (M = 22.56; SD = 3.26). There is an intergenerational gap between parents and offspring, with offspring having higher scores in EI than their fathers and mothers. The EI of parents was associated with that of their offspring, although the link with maternal EI was greater than the link with paternal EI, even controlling for certain demographic covariates such as the gender of the offspring. Moreover, the EI of fathers has an effect on the EI of their offspring especially when the EI of the mothers was low. These findings suggest that parental EI — particularly that of the mother — was significantly associated with the ability EI of their offspring during the lifespan.

Corporate Culture and Employee Generation Gap in the Era of Disruption: A Case Study at PT. PLN Bali Distribution

In facing the era of disruption, change management is not enough, but presenting sustaining innovation has become a major obligation for the company. Disruption has penetrated all sides of world life, especially in corporate culture. On the other hand, the era of disruption also greatly impacts every employee, especially with the presence of intergenerational gaps in company employees. This study aims to determine the extent to which corporate culture and the role of the company face the generation gap in the era of disruption. The research method used is a qualitative research method with data collection techniques done by triangulation using observation, interviews and documentation. Through the technical analysis of Miles and Huberman, it was found that there were a number of challenges faced in the era of disruption and corporate culture in synergy with strategies to face challenges with several key steps, namely: promoting the culture of SIPP (mutual trust, integrity, caring, and learning), code of conduct (COC) the company PT PLN Distribution Bali, and the COC in the field to minimize employee gaps. It can be concluded that organizational culture plays an important role in achieving company targets so that by upholding the concept of corporate culture it can minimize the gaps that exist in the company in the world of the era of disruption.

Intergenerational Transmission, Self-Effort and Income Gap between Urban and Rural Youth in China

Based on the data of China Health and Nutrition Survey (CHNS) from 1991 to 2015, the effects of intergenerational income transmission and self-effort on the income gap between urban and rural youth under different quantiles were studied by using RIF’s unconditional quantile regression and distribution decomposition method. The results show that the parents’ income has a significant impact on the income of urban and rural youth in each quantile, and it is the main driving force to widen the income gap. By decomposing the intergenerational income elasticity, it is found that the intergenerational income of urban youth is mainly transmitted through education, while the rural youth is more reflected in the path of career transmission. Hard work has a strong impact on the income of urban and rural youth only in the middle and low quantiles, and the effect of rural youth is greater than that of urban youth. Hard work can reduce the income gap between urban and rural youth in the middle and low quantiles, but at the cost of “reverse discrimination” against rural youth.

The “Bridge” Project: Α European Innovative Intergenerational Approach Using Serious Games for People with Dementia

Intergenerational activities can be an enjoyable way to act on dementia symptoms, enable people with dementia (PwD) social inclusion and bridge the intergenerational (involving also younger and older people) gap by the direct involvement of young people. The Erasmus+ “Bridge” project has developed eight prototypes Serious Games (SGs) (physical, digital or phygital) and innovative Co-Creation Intergenerational Workshops acting on cognitive and behavioral symptoms of dementia between 2018 to 2021. Partners Greece (Alzheimer Hellas), Italy (Anziani e non solo) and Romania (Asociatia Habilitas) have drafted the methodology of co creation workshops and implemented them following guidelines set. The final eight games have been developed and a second implementation of Game playtesting Workshops was organized in each country in order to assess the impact of the games. In total, 24 PwD co-designed and played some games with the cooperation of 6 game-designers, 16 healthcare professionals, 7 caregivers and 21 young volunteers in the first Co-Creation Workshops. Eleven prototypes games had been created and the team of the project took the final decision to develop fully 8 of them. More specifically, the 8 “Bridge” games developed are the Next destination, Flea market, Find the word, Bird-watching, Emotions, The directors, Blooming flowers, Specialite. These have been tested during a series of workshops in October 2020, organized in partner countries. The testing phase involved 47 people: 23 PwD, 17 health professionals, 4 caregivers and 3 young volunteers. Moreover, during the project’s lifetime, The Bridge web-platform (https://projectbridge.eu/), contains MOOCs on the methodology of the Game-Creation Workshops and the final 8 selected SGs.

Exploring Acculturation Experiences of Korean Immigrant Older Adults Through Expressive Writing

Korean immigrant older adults residing in areas without well-established Korean ethnic enclaves experience acculturative stress and depressive symptoms due to their lingual and cultural barriers. Expressive writing can be used as a culturally sensitive intervention to help those immigrants disclose their deepest thoughts and feelings related to their immigration and acculturation experiences. This study gathered qualitative data from the author’s experimental study using expressive writing for first-generation Korean immigrant adults 60 to 88 years of age residing in Midwestern cities. Participants were instructed to write for 15-20 minutes per day in three consecutive days at their convenience in a comfortable and private setting and asked to return their writings by mail. A total of 22 participants returned their writings: 14 wrote about their past and current stressful experiences related to their immigration and acculturation, while eight wrote about their daily lives. Eight themes emerged from thematic coding processes guided by the grounded theory approach: (1) survival, resilience, hardiness, tenacity, pride; (2) lingual barriers; (3) religious faith; (4) gender difference in roles and values; (5) racial discrimination; (6) traditional strategies of acculturation; (7) family and intergenerational gap; and (8) aging. The themes illustrate the participants’ lifelong efforts to shape their unique voices through heart-wrenching struggles, haunting wounds, and ethnic pride and resilience. The study findings suggest that culturally relevant programs and services are needed to facilitate social relationships and reduce lingual and cultural barriers for Korean immigrant older adults residing in non-ethnic enclaves.

Intergenerational Caregiving Patterns, BMI, and Gender Gaps Among the Sandwich Generation in China

Existing literatures yield established evidence about the heightened stress brought by multiple roles and potential role overload across work-family context, but little is known about the BMI levels of the “sandwich” caregivers within families and the associated gender inequalities. Indeed, the Chinese pivotal generations are exposed to unshared stress and higher health risks considering that intergenerational support still predominates the caregiving patterns for the oldest old and dependent children under current socioeconomic backgrounds. Using 2011 and 2013 waves of China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS, N = 12186), we examine associations of BMI and intergenerational caregiving patterns among the “sandwich generation” aged 45 to 69. We find that the sandwich generation with at least one parent alive and one grandchild under 16 have higher BMI (24.2, within obesity range) than their counterparts (23.7, within normal range). A higher proportion of females act as caregivers and especially high-intensity caregivers than males, and they also score one-unit higher in BMI than males (23.4). Fixed effect regression results indicate that simultaneous caregiving to both parents and young grandchildren significantly advances individuals’ BMI levels, while no evidence shows similar negative effect of providing care to one generation. Moreover, high-intensity caregiving (1000 hours and above during the past year) is associated with elevated BMI for females but not for males. The gendered caregiving patterns and health implications inform the physical and psychological vulnerability of the pivotal generation and the necessities of gender-specific intervention in middle and later life.

Development Strategies in the Field of Lifelong Learning of Older Adults

Abstract Introduction: European gerontological research confirms that accelerated aging of the population will lead to a pronounced occurrence of target groups of functionally capable older people. Lifelong learning is a tool that enables an active post-retirement period in order to enhance cognitive mental capacities, prevent dementia, and overcome the intergenerational gap. The aim of this paper is to develop strategies in the field of lifelong learning for older adults through SWOT analysis. Methods: A qualitative study on lifelong learning for older adults was conducted during the month of November 2019 using 4 SWOT matrices which were subsequently analyzed and integrated into one common matrix. Four strategies were developed based on this template. Results: The analysis of the SWOT matrix showed that lifelong learning contributes most to a sense of belonging, prevention of social isolation, prevention of dementia, and better personal satisfaction. The biggest obstacles for older people when it comes to participating in lifelong learning programs are finances, physical illness, and a lack of understanding from their family members and the wider society for this kind of activity. Discussion: Lifelong learning contributes to a long-term maintenance of cognitive processes of participants involved in education processes. Lifelong learning provides the opportunity to promote older people’s health regardless of the formal education they received in early adulthood. Conclusion: Learning and further education are not only the indicators of active aging, but also a need for older people to master new tools so that they can actively participate and contribute to the society.