Citizen Involvement Research Articles

Administrative Procedure Code: a Controversial, but Feasible Idea

The subject of the study is the issues of codification of administrative procedural and administrative tort legislation. The complex issue of its codification requires a thorough analysis of a number of fundamental theses for further argumentation of the author's position regarding the improvement of the institutional foundations of codification both from the standpoint of scientific and methodological development and practical implementation. The need to codify administrative proceedings is due to the fact that the reform of the administrative procedure will be incomplete without improving the CAS of the Russian Federation in terms of including the provisions of the APC of the Russian Federation and the procedure for considering cases of administrative offenses and strengthening judicial control over the actions of administrative jurisdiction bodies by reforming the procedural mechanism for considering cases of administrative offenses by courts of general jurisdiction (option arbitration courts according to the rules of the RF PACS). The goals are achieved using the methods of historical, systematization, synthesis, and special legal methods. The scientific idea of the formation of the procedural form of administration is argued, the scientific idea of the formation of the procedural form of administrative legislation is documented, which means only the judicial procedure for the consideration of cases, including administrative proceedings and proceedings in cases of administrative offenses. Practical recommendations are formulated on reforming the legislative and organizational foundations in the field under study and the adoption of a basic law on the procedure for the implementation of administrative proceedings when considering and resolving administrative cases by courts on the protection of violated or disputed rights, freedoms and legitimate interests of citizens and organizations, as well as other administrative cases related to the exercise of judicial control over the legality and validity of public powers, namely, the Administrative Procedural Code of the Russian Federation (as a variant of the Procedural Administrative Code of the Russian Federation - PAK RF). An invitation to the discussion is published.

SCIENTIFIC APPROACHES TO THE DEFINITION AND ESSENCE OF JUDICIAL POWER

This article is devoted to the analysis of modern scientific approaches to the definition and understanding of the essence of judicial power. It considers key issues related to the definition of the judiciary, ensuring its independence, interaction with other branches of government, as well as issues of transparencyand accountability. Special attention is paid to the role of the judiciary in the protection of human rights and its evolution under the influence of historical, social and political factors. The scientific sources were analyzed, which indicated the reasoning of the first thinkers regarding the distribution of power, which created the theory of the distribution of power, where he distinguished legislative, executive and federal power (that is, the power of the state in the international arena), and did not mention anything in his writings specifically about the judicial power. It was determined that the judiciary has become a full-fledged branch in the system of distribution of power. In the legal literature, it is widely known that the main direction of the activity of the judiciary is to ensure the implementation of justice by the courts, that is, the decision on the basis of the current law with the application of a special procedural form of specific cases and disputes that arise as a result of various conflicts in society between people, between a person and the state, etc.It was determined that judicial power as a specific branch of state power is exercised by authorized bodies (courts), the purpose of which is to resolve all legal conflicts arising in society, and its characteristic features include independence, autonomy, separation, exclusivity and rule of law. Areas of exercise of judicialpower are highlighted: protection of rights and legitimate interests of citizens; protection of law and order from criminal and other offenses; control over the fact that the activities of state bodies do not go beyond the legal limits.

The Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court in the system of administrative and legal protection of the rights , freedoms and legitimate interests of citizens in the conditions of the Russian -Ukrainian war

The Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court in the system of administrative and legal protection of the rights , freedoms and legitimate interests of citizens in the conditions of the Russian -Ukrainian war

The Right to Benefit: Using Videos to Encourage Citizen Involvement in Resource Revenue Management

The Right to Benefit: Using Videos to Encourage Citizen Involvement in Resource Revenue Management

Информационно-коммуникационные технологии в механизме преступной деятельности

The possibilities of information and communication technologies and their impact on society, including the transformation of criminal activity, due to the active use of ICT capabilities by individuals and legal entities, as well as criminals for illegal purposes, are presented. It has been established that the spread of ICTs into everyday life has a number of undeniable advantages, howev-er, along with this, such technologies are increasingly becoming an instrument of criminal activity. The emergence of innovations in the digital environment naturally entails the emergence of new ways of committing crimes. It is concluded that increasing the level of citizen involvement in the use of modern technologies and platforms often produces many vulnerabilities in the digital space that are used by criminals. It has been established that in this regard, countering crimes committed using ICT will be effec-tive only in the case of an integrated approach: studying the mechanism and methods of criminal activity, increasing the level of “computer literacy” of individuals - users of the Internet space, increasing the level of knowledge of law enforcement officers, improving legislation, etc. It has been revealed that modern ICT capabilities directly affect the mechanism of criminal activity. It is concluded that the disclosure, investigation and prevention of crimes committed using ICT requires a full and comprehensive analysis, while the activities of law enforcement agencies will differ significantly for different areas.

Environmental citizen commitment in the process of territorial transition: Perspectives from the global South

Territorial transition in southern countries seems to have a distinctive aspect in comparison to northern countries, as it is governed by a dual challenge. On one hand, to regulate unrestrained urbanisation and, on the other hand, to maintain the principles of sustainability promoted on an international scale. In this article, we focus on the interaction between the two main pillars of sustainability, namely the social and the environment, and in particular on the degree of citizen involvement in processes regarding conservation of natural areas within their cities. Therefore, we question the modalities of territorial transition within theoretical and empirical frameworks for the case of the cities of Duitama in Colombia and Setif in Algeria. Two cities situated in southern countries, amid territorial transition, with rather similar geographical and natural characteristics, yet with very different social conditions. Through a comparative study it is possible to comprehend the diversity of social practices towards protecting the environment in these urban areas. The aim of this study is to understand how the inhabitants of these towns are currently involved in environmental protection, and their potential involvement in the ecological transformation that these two territories will undergo in the future.

The politics of local climate risk management – A comparison of risk logic in the Netherlands, Norway, and Sweden

Drawing on the securitisation and riskification of climate change literature, this paper investigates local governments’ climate risk management following a comparative analysis of three cases in the Netherlands, Norway, and Sweden. The comparative analysis reveals how unwanted consequences of climate change are translated into climate risks, identifying the actors involved in these translations. The analysis then determines the means through which the translations occur, following a risk logic that underpins a particular governmental response to climate change. The findings of this analysis have been contrasted in terms of effects and side effects of the risk logic, showing that the three local cases follow a similar pattern. This paper contributes to understanding the challenges of climate risk management in terms of fortifying existing risk practices, expert-led responses with limited citizen involvement, and long-term societal engineering.

Multi-disciplinary Perspectives on Citizen Science—Synthesizing Five Paradigms of Citizen Involvement

Multi-disciplinary Perspectives on Citizen Science—Synthesizing Five Paradigms of Citizen Involvement

"Community strengthening through citizen monitoring of water quality: A systematic review".

Citizen participation in decision-making is a fundamental democratic pillar of democracy. However, the degree of citizen involvement and recognition by governmental institutions may be conditioned by the level of competence and knowledge demonstrated. Therefore, carrying out collective projects can contribute to strengthening citizen engagement in water management issues. Nonetheless, there is limited knowledge about the various types of citizen engagement and the practices that have facilitated greater inclusion in decision-making regarding water resources. This study aims to identify and analyze practices that strengthen water community organizations through citizen monitoring-based involvement. A systematic literature review was conducted using the PRISMA method. The research was guided by the following questions: What are the differences in the level of citizen involvement and the degree of transformation facilitated by citizen monitoring of water quality (CMWQ) between the global North and South? What practices strengthen community organizations in decision-making based on CMWQ? Moreover, what challenges do community water organization structures community water organization structures face when based on CMWQ? A total of 161 publications were identified for the analysis of critical themes. After applying the eligibility criteria, 33 documents were selected for content analysis. The reviewed monitoring exercises indicate that the highest level of citizen organization achieved by participants is commonly recognized as "Water Committees". One practice that strengthens these committees is the generation of collaboration agreements among different types of allies, based on a shared objective. However, in the Global South and at the institutional level, there is still resistance to water quality data generated by citizen monitors, especially in regions with large-scale open-pit mining projects. To sustain the efforts of community figures, monitoring programs with public funding need to be established, and public policies supporting these initiatives at the institutional level must be implemented.

Administrative Dispute Within the Full Jurisdiction in Bosnia and Herzegovina - The Need and Significance

Administrative and judicial oversight of the administration is one of the most important mechanisms for the protection of rights and interests of citizens and legal entities who believe that their rights have been violated by decisions and other actions of state administration bodies and other bodies and legal entities with public authority.The most important task of administrative courts is to resolve administrative disputes and decide on the rights and obligations of citizens and legal entities. The complexity of the state organization of Bosnia and Herzegovina, and thus the organization of the judiciary, makes the resolution of administrative disputes particularly complex. In this regard, the subject of this research will be the analysis of the theoretical framework related to the dispute of full jurisdiction, as well as the analysis of the applicable legal frameworks in Bosnia and Herzegovina for resolving administrative disputes in the dispute of full jurisdiction. The results of this research answer the question of whether resolving a case in a full jurisdiction administrative dispute is more effective than a legality dispute, and whether in existing laws a full jurisdiction dispute should be given priority in resolving administrative disputes.

사회과교육에서 디지털아카이브 활용 부마민주항쟁 교육 프로그램 개발 및 적용

This study aims to cultivate students' awareness of democracy and civic engagement by incorporating the Bu-ma Democratic Protests as educational material in social studies. Despite the protests' significant role in our nation's democratic history, it has been somewhat overlooked in the curriculum. This study highlights the protests' historical significance and addresses gaps in the current curriculum through a program utilizing digital archives. This program educates elementary students about democracy's fundamental principles, civic responsibility, and social participation. It enables a deeper, more interactive understanding of historical events through the creation of historical maps. The integration of digital archives is anticipated to revolutionize social studies, with historical cartography enabling students to comprehend events in both spatial and chronological contexts. This method fosters a novel exploration of history, enhancing students' engagement in historical learning. The program's implementation has shown a positive effect on students' civic participation. Students began to view the protests not merely as a historical occurrence but as a manifestation of democratic progress through citizen involvement. This innovative approach to social studies deepens students' understanding of the interplay between history and democracy and encourages them to be proactive members of a democratic society. Integrating the Bu-ma Democratic Protests with contemporary teaching methods, this educational approach effectively communicates the value and significance of democracy, preparing students to comprehend and enact democracy as future citizens.

XIth International EMCA Conference

The abstracts in this JEMCA Supplement is a collation of novel applied research and experimental development presented at the XIth International EMCA Conference (EMCA 2023) entitled ‘Shaping the future of vector control in Europe’, held in Palma de Mallorca, Spain. With regards to the concern for sustainable pest and vector management, the abstracts cover a wide range of topics addressing mosquitoes and other vectors, with particular emphasis on surveillance and management, the context of disease outbreaks, citizen involvement, challenges in One Health, mosquito control in the Mediterranean region, and innovative technologies and practices in vector control. A topic that is of great concern to the EMCA is the Best Practices for mosquito control in built-up areas, which is tackled in a round table at the conference, but also as a side event of the relative EMCA Working Group. This WG aims at publishing a Best Practices guidance document by early 2024, as a development of our EMCA Workshop held in 2022 in Mendrisio, Switzerland, and with the support of WHO-TDR-Special Programme for Research and Training in Tropical Diseases..

Interaction of local self-government bodies and local executive bodies

It was determined that the interaction of local self-government bodies and local executive bodies is a legally regulated, coordinated and coordinated activity of participants in public-legal relations who perform tasks and functions in the public interest within a defined administrative-territorial unit.
 Peculiarities of the interaction of local self-government bodies and local executive bodies are: 1) their activities are united by common goals and involve the performance of normatively defined tasks; 2) the spheres of their administration are clearly defined in the laws of Ukraine “On local state administrations” and “On local self-government in Ukraine”, and the procedure is established by regulations; 3) public-legal relations arising in the process of interaction can be of different types (types): relations of coordination, subordination, reorientation; 4) can be both organizationally subordinated to each other and have independent rights and obligations; 5) control over the activities of subjects is carried out on a parity basis, i.e., the subject that delegated them controls the execution of delegated powers, and the one to whom such powers were delegated performs. Moreover, as noted above, local state administrations and local self-government bodies can delegate powers to each other; 6) regardless of the existence of different statuses of public authorities, the state and activity of one element are reflected in the state and activity of other elements related to it; 7) can be both between the subjects of interaction themselves, and between them and institutions of public society, that is, it is an agreed and coordinated activity of subjects of public administration both among themselves and with public organizations regarding the performance of joint tasks.
 The interaction of local self-government bodies and local executive bodies is carried out in the following forms: 1. Appeal – a form of interaction in which local executive bodies and local self- government bodies can request and receive the necessary information both among themselves and, after preparing a joint appeal, apply to another body state power. 2. Assignment - a form of external interaction, in which the subject, endowed with the appropriate powers, gives instructions on the preparation of documents and the implementation of a system of measures to perform tasks in a certain area. 3. Recommendations - a form of interaction in which wishes, advice, instructions are expressed to organize and carry out certain administrative, organizational, legal and other types of measures, as well as to perform certain actions necessary for the fulfillment of the assigned tasks. 4. Organization of joint conferences, round tables and other scientific and educational events with the aim of developing public society institutions and protecting the rights, freedoms and interests of citizens. 5. Consultations and provision of conclusions.

The purpose of administrative ensuring the balance of interests in the field of environmental regulation

The article examines the purpose of administrative maintenance of the balance of interests in the field of environmental regulation. Systemic, structural-functional methods and the method of comparison were used for the research. The topicality of the topic is due to the need to increase the effectiveness of the legal regulation of environmental protection, environmental safety, and nature management. In the context of current environmental legislation, the purpose and tasks of legal regulation are considered. It is noted that the subject-objective basis of administrative-legal regulation, which is expressed with the help of the concept of the idea of law. The latter acts as a legal idea of administrative and legal regulation in the field of ecology and forms the subject- objective basis of content and research. It is noted that the specification of the concept is manifested in the understanding of the balance of interests as a planned result of the coordination of the public interest of protecting the natural environment with basic public interests (economic well-being of citizens, security, and others), even with private interests. Protection of the public interest should have the ultimate goal of protecting the rights and freedoms of a specific person and citizen of the state. The purpose and planned result of the reconciliation of interests is to ensure basic public interests, ensure the subjective environmental rights and legitimate interests of citizens, and protect them from the misconduct of powerful subjects of administrative law in the field of legal regulation of environmental protection. The administrative-legal maintenance of the balance of interests in the field of environmental regulation is defined as a system of organizational, material and procedural administrative-legal means, with the help of which, in the process of realizing the public interest of environmental protection, basic public interests are ensured, the rights and legitimate interests of individuals and legal entities are ensured and protected.

WAYS TO IMPROVE THE MECHANISM OF PROPERTY INSURANCE IN THE REPUBLIC OF UZBEKISTAN

The article is devoted to the essence of insurance and the mechanism of realization of property insurance at the present stage of economic development in the Republic of Uzbekistan. Insurance is an important element of the functioning of the financial system of the state, capable of ensuring the continuity of social reproduction, depending on the negative consequences of natural disasters, accidents, natural and man-made disasters and other unforeseen events that cause high risks of property loss, as well as to guarantee social protection of the population. to stabilize the process of investing in the economy. Today, property insurance in Uzbekistan is an insurance industry in which the object of insurance relations are property interests and property in various forms (for example, buildings, structures, equipment, and so on). The property insurance market in our country is developing quite rapidly, and if there are no serious turning points in society in the future, then after a while insurance may become one of the main factors protecting the interests of citizens and legal entities owning any property.

Including citizens in collaborative projects in integrated health care through the living lab approach: how to attract participants, build a panel database, engage with end users, and keep them motivated

Introduction: The living lab approach allows citizens to be directly involved in projects in integrated healthcare to ensure that the development of topics is tailored to their needs and priorities and that their values are respected all throughout ideation and development. Be it through providing insights to researchers, participating in the collection and analysis of information on their health and well-being, or initiating and co-constructing the protocols of a project, citizens can be involved in many ways. They are the experts of their own lives!
 Aims & methods: While setting up a community living lab, the development of a large-scale panel of citizens is an intensive, but necessary action. This community forms a large-scale co-creation and test environment of individuals willing to contribute to the development of new concepts, services, or products.
 A user panel fulfills two core functions: Firstly, the panel is needed as a recruitment (data)base for the various experiments/research projects that will run within the living lab (as well as facilitating scalability). The panel must be well profiled and easily accessible, so it can be quickly activated. 
 Secondly, this test panel aims to act as a benchmark for the living lab. It is the breeding ground from which specific needs and requirements, but also certain trends, can be identified bottom-up. This information can serve as a basis for defining new projects.
 In this presentation, we will highlight: 
 What the requirements are for a representative reference group to run projects
 How different profiles and organisations can be approached and attracted
 The importance of network building
 How a panel database can be built and managed
 Which techniques can be used to profile panel members
 How to keep panel members interested and motivated to contribute to projects on a regular basis
 Key findings: LiCalab has over 10 years of experience in working with citizens in innovation projects. It takes time to build a test panel and it will always remain a work in progress. The main learnings from this journey are that you need to be a trusted partner for both citizens and intermediaries as well as care organisations. An ethical approach, committed and inclusive communication, and an attractive story are key.
 Conclusions: Citizens are motivated partners in designing future-proof and inclusive healthcare. A well profiled database and a close one-on-one connection with members is an intensive but rewarding approach for all parties that want to build new solutions together with end users.
 Implications: Local authorities, care organisations and companies increasingly acknowledge the importance of citizen involvement to design better solutions corresponding to the needs of end users.

ISSUES OF PROTECTING CITIZENS' RIGHTS IN THE FIELD OF FINANCIAL SERVICES

Today, in the Russian Federation, situations of violating the rights and interests of consumers of financial services are quite often allowed, which negatively affects the economic situation of citizens and undermines confidence in the banking system of the state. The purpose of the study is to analyze the judicial practice and to develop recommendations for consumers of savings services and services on providing borrowed (credit) funds, compliance with which will significantly reduce the risks arising from concluding and executing bank deposit and loan agreements. Materials and methods. The materials of the reports made for the International Confederation of Consumer Societies on the state of protecting the rights and interests of consumers of the savings services market in Russia were used. General and specific methods were used as research methods, including system-legal, logical, structural-functional ones and others. Study results. Based on the analysis of modern legislation, law enforcement and judicial practice of the Russian Federation, the authors have identified the most typical violations of consumer rights in the market of savings services and services for providing borrowed (credit) funds. Of particular interest are cases related to toughening the requirements for personal identification and security of banking operations in the context of digitalization of the economy, which cannot but affect traditional procedures for processing and withdrawing funds under a bank deposit agreement. The article analyses the most common situations of violating the rights and legitimate interests of consumers of savings services and services for providing borrowed (credit) funds in Russia during execution of bank deposit agreements and loan agreements. The issues that require regulation in order to avoid violation of the rights and interests of the parties to the above-mentioned agreements have been studied. Recommendations are also proposed to reduce risks when implementing protection of savings services consumers, which was the ultimate goal of the study. Conclusions. Realization of the citizens' constitutional right to judicial protection of banking services, on the one hand, reveals acute and obvious problems in this area, on the other hand, contributes to optimization of banking and civil legislation. In the context of financial services digitalization, the interests of citizens are not sufficiently protected. However, solution to the problem should be comprehensive, since cases of cybercrime are often associated with mobile communications; therefore, they depend on the effectiveness of control and supervision in this area. It is important to provide the consumer with preliminary structured information that enables him to realistically assess the risks and, on this basis, make a well-founded decision about opening or managing an account.

ПРАВОВЫЕ И СОЦИАЛЬНЫЕ АСПЕКТЫ ИСПОЛЬЗОВАНИЯ ГОРОДСКИХ ЛЕСОВ МОСКВЫ

The subject of the article is both legal and social aspects of the use of urban forests in Moscow among which are the destruction of urban forests, the uncertainty of the definition and status of urban forests. The article considers the question of how the urban forests of the capital of the country are used and how this correlates with legal norms and social needs of citizens.
 The concentration of population in cities is becoming a global trend. The level of urbanization is reaching higher and higher indicators every day. Living in urban agglomerations isolated from nature leads to many health problems of citizens. The task of increasing the comfort of the urban environment could be solved by arrays of urban forests. It is known that forest vegetation has a huge positive impact on human health and emotional state. However, their use does not always correspond to legal norms and the interests of citizens.
 The article aims to investigate the relationship between the state of urban forests and the level of comfort of the urban environment, to identify specific factors that negatively affect the state of green spaces as well as to analyze social opinion about the problem. The article reveals the ecological significance of urban forests: they are a place for recreation, recreation, sports, and walks, in addition, they perform an important ecological function, maintaining balance in the natural environment and improving air quality, and describes the features of the dangerous state in which they are located.
 To study the legal and social aspects of the use of urban forests, the following methods were used: analysis of legislative acts regulating the use of urban forests and the study of the practice of their application, the study of expert opinions in the field of ecology law and sociology monitoring the use of urban forests in Moscow (identification of social aspects of forest use) a survey of residents of Moscow to find out their opinion about the use of urban forests and to assess the social significance of forests for city residents, analysis of statistical data on the importance of urban forests for city residents. 
 As a result of the research legal and managerial problems were identified and practical solutions were proposed. Futhermore, it is important not to forget about the cooperation of city authorities, environmental organizations and the public in order to create an effective urban forest management system that would take into account the interests of all stakeholders and allow preserving this important resource for urban ecology and the health of residents. The results of the study can be used to develop recommendations for improving the use of urban forests, additionally for making decisions in the field of management and protection of the urban environment.
 The forest as an ecosystem located within a megalopolis is under threat of destruction. It is important that the use of urban forests is regulated by legislation and carried out within the framework of established rules and regulations. The use of Moscow's urban forests should be carried out taking into account their legal status and social significance, which will help ensure the preservation of these valuable environmental resources. The problem requires an integrated approach, including management measures, public involvement, scientific research and information campaigns. The sum of these decisions and the changes associated with them will help ensure the preservation of valuable environmental resources for future generations.

Administrative and legal support and administrative and legal regulation: correlation of concepts

The article found out that in the conditions of the legal regime of martial law, administrative-legal regulation as a more rigid way of influencing legal relations begins to prevail over administrative- legal support based on the principle of people- centeredness.
 The concept of administrative-legal regulation during martial law is defined as bringing the system of administrative-legal relations to a state in which effective repulsion of Russian armed aggression is ensured, which is achieved thanks to the predominance of means of coercion among administrative-legal instruments, an increase in the discretionary powers of public authorities and restrictions on on the legal grounds of certain rights, freedoms and interests of individuals and legal entities.
 The concept of administrative and legal support in the conditions of the legal regime of martial law is formulated as the streamlining of the system of administrative and legal relations with the help of a wide arsenal of administrative and legal means and procedures with the aim of increasing the level of physical, psychological and economic security of a person and citizen during hostilities, ensuring national stability and creation of prerequisites for conscious and voluntary performance of military duty by citizens of Ukraine.
 The reasoning is given that the common features of administrative and legal support and administrative and legal regulation are the regulating influence on social relations, the presence of special administrative and legal means, and the focus on achieving sustainable functioning of the state and society. For administrative-legal regulation, the main goal is the implementation of the will of the state, for administrative-legal support - the generalized needs and interests of civil society, business entities, territorial communities, and individual citizens.
 Attention is focused on the fact that during the legal regime of martial law, provided there is a balance of its implementation, administrative-legal regulation and administrative-legal support strengthen each other, ensuring the maximum accumulation of human, economic, scientific and educational, technical and technological resources for effective repel the enemy's armed aggression.

Legal regulation of responsibility for violation of traffic rules in Ukraine

The article is devoted to the study of legal regulation of responsibility for violation of traffic rules in Ukraine. Analyzing official statistics, it can be stated that the number of traffic accidents has decreased significantly in recent years compared to previous years. But despite this, almost every day the news is full of information about road accidents that have fatal consequences. In such a situation, it is simply dangerous to count on the professionalism of drivers, the serviceability of vehicles, the responsibility of pedestrians, and the safety of the transport infrastructure. Currently, it does not matter who you are - a pedestrian, a driver, or a passenger - every road user must understand the importance and necessity of following the rules of the road. Very often, the main incentive for compliance with such rules of conduct by all road users is the normatively established responsibility for their violation. The normative-legal regulation of responsibility for violation of traffic rules aims to protect social relations in the field of ensuring road traffic safety and fixes the following types: civil, administrative, criminal.
 The issue of legal regulation of responsibility for violations of traffic rules in Ukraine plays a significant role because it has significant potential for improving the quality of life of citizens, developing the country's economy by implementing the fundamental goal of legal regulation of road safety - reducing the number of road accidents and saving the lives of Ukrainian citizens.
 The peculiarity of civil liability for violation of traffic rules is compensation for damage caused by the use of vehicles, which is a source of increased danger.
 Administrative responsibility for violation of traffic rules consists in applying fines to road users for violation of the mentioned rules, operation of transport and roads.
 Criminal liability in the field of road traffic safety arises if, during the use of a vehicle, a danger to life, human health, property, environmental safety, public safety, rights and legitimate interests of citizens, enterprises, institutions, organizations is created.