Interests Of Others Research Articles

Mobilizing in the Interest of Others

Abstract A new moral political economy will revise capitalist democracy to ensure flourishing for all. Its principles derive from the recognition that humans are social animals who benefit from reciprocity and cooperation. We argue for attention to mobilizing strategies and governance arrangements that facilitate prosocial behavior and overcome the divisions-racial, political, and otherwise-that block awareness of common interests. We advocate for an expanded and inclusive community of fate whose members see their interests and destines as intertwined.

Care Is a Relationship

Abstract Care, defined as caregiving, should be understood as a relationship rather than an activity: a relationship of nurture and development that imbues a set of actions, or “services,” with a positive impact on the person or being that is cared for. Valuing care as part of a new moral political economy will thus require figuring out how to value relationships apart from goods and services. Moreover, care is a relationship that is grounded more in identity than reciprocity: an expansion of the self to embrace the interests of others as one's own. From this perspective, mutuality and solidarity are just as natural an expression of the human condition as reciprocity, proceeding from identity rather than individuation.

The Impact of Social Preferences on Supply Chain Performance: An Application of the Game Theory Model

Traditional supply chain literature on contracting only considers agents’ economic motivation. Nowadays, with the development of behavioral economics, social preference theory has been widely used in supply chain research. These social preferences are distinct from economic motivation and will influence agents’ behaviors in the supply chain. Agents will make decisions based on not only self-interests but also the interests of others, reciprocity, and fairness. This paper introduces the relationship and status preferences in the utility function. We aim to analyze the impact of social preference on individual competition intensity in the supply chain. A Stackelberg game model (tacit collusion) is used as the theoretical framework of the choice behavior between competition and cooperation. The theoretical results and numerical simulation analysis show that under some conditions, suppliers and retailers who take the social preference factors into account can realize multiple-stage channel coordination through revenue sharing. Moreover, social preference factors will influence the choice behavior of agents in competition and cooperation. Specifically, the relationship preference promotes close cooperation among enterprises and significantly improves the supply chain and individual performance. Status preference causes fierce competition among enterprises and adversely affects supply chain performance and individual performance, making it more unstable. These findings can provide useful insights for supply chain coordination.

The Etiquette of Equality

The Etiquette of Equality

Is labor law internal or external to private law? The view from Cedar point

Abstract This Article contrasts two views of the relationship between the fields of work law and private law. The “internal” view, propounded by Hanoch Dagan, would bring work law into the domain of private law by recentering the latter, including property law, around liberal values of reciprocal respect for autonomy. The “external” view locates the law of work in an overlapping but distinct domain that we might call “social law,” where it operates as a set of externally imposed conditions on the activity of employing others. When workers’ rights and interests come into conflict with those of owner-employers, the two views face off on the constitutional terrain of takings. In principle, the internal view might afford a better defense against takings challenges to laws that constrain property owners’ entitlements in the interest of those who work there, for it would redefine the former to reflect the latter. The external view relies more on takings law than property law to accommodate others’ interests when they conflict with traditional property rights. Unfortunately, the U.S. Supreme Court’s recent decision in Cedar Point Nurseries v. Hassid deals a heavy blow to both views. Its neo-Blackstonian conception of property rights rejects the notion that property law itself recognizes workers’ interests and entrenches that conception of property rights within the constitutional law of takings, sharpening the takings sword against social law’s regulation of property rights in the interest of others, including workers. Cedar Point thus underscores and magnifies the challenges that modern U.S. takings law, with its constitutional definition of property rights, poses to the advancement of workers’ rights, whether those are understood as internal or external to property law.

Action on the social determinants for advancing health equity in the time of COVID-19: perspectives of actors engaged in a WHO Special Initiative

Since the 2008 publication of the reports of the Commission on Social Determinants of Health and its nine knowledge networks, substantial research has been undertaken to document and describe health inequities. The COVID-19 pandemic has underscored the need for a deeper understanding of, and broader action on, the social determinants of health. Building on this unique and critical opportunity, the World Health Organization is steering a multi-country Initiative to reduce health inequities through an action-learning process in ‘Pathfinder’ countries. The Initiative aims to develop replicable and reliable models and practices that can be adopted by WHO offices and UN staff to address the social determinants of health to advance health equity. This paper provides an overview of the Initiative by describing its broad theory of change and work undertaken in three regions and six Pathfinder countries in its first year-and-a-half. Participants engaged in the Initiative describe results of early country dialogues and promising entry points for implementation that involve model, network and capacity building. The insights communicated through this note from the field will be of interest for others aiming to advance health equity through taking action on the social determinants of health, in particular as regards structural determinants.

On the Influence and Mechanism of Five - state Personality of Traditional Chinese Medicine on Self - others Risk Decision

This study applied personality psychology of traditional Chinese medicine to the risk decision-making, and explored the influe nce and mechanism of five-pattern personality on self-other risk decision-making. The Chinese Medicine Five State Personality Scale and a multi-round mixed gambling game simulating a risky decision- ma- king situation were used to administer the test to 97 university stude- nts. Data analysis indicated that the higher scorers of Taiyang person- ality dimension, compared with self-interest, was less concerned about the interests of others; the higher scorers of Taiyin personality dimension, compared with the interests of others, was more disgusted with the loss of self-interest. Conclusion: Taiyang and Taiyin personality affect self-other risk decision-making, and have a higher risk propensity when making risk decisions on behalf of others.

Tiere – Würdeträger ohne ein Recht auf Rechte?

The main reason for human dignity is our capacity for autonomy. By virtue of our gift of reason we can relativize our purposes in the interests of others and set limits for ourselves. This also gives rise to our duty to recognize and respect animals. From the recognition of every living being as an end in itself follows the duty to respect its intrinsic value. But since animals are not recognized de lege lata as legal subjects with their own rights and cannot adequately assert their interests, the right to rights based on their dignity remains only a moral one. Law that does not posit this right is immoral and therefore unjust.

СОЦІАЛЬНО-ПСИХОЛОГІЧНІ ЧИННИКИ РОЗВИТКУ АЛЬТРУЇСТИЧНОЇ СПРЯМОВАНОСТІ ОСОБИСТОСТІ В КРИЗОВИХ УМОВАХ ЖИТТЄДІЯЛЬНОСТІ

The article analyses the socio-psychological factors of an individual's altruistic orientation as a category that depends on the development of personality moral-spiritual sphere and is linked to socially oriented moral values, qualities and abilities. These factors are also considered as personal resources that contribute to an individual's self-determination and self-realization. TAltruistic orientation is a significant component within the structure of personality, is a set of psychological factors developed under influence of various external and internal conditions. The central idea of altruism revolves around selflessness, serving as a non-pragmatic foundation for actions done in the interests of others and devoid of any real personal gain. Altruistic behavior, directed towards selfless assistance to others, the expression of love, kindness and compassion in the social sphere, fosters manifestations of altruism and serves as a cornerstone for personality harmonious development. TWe determined a structural-dynamic model and factors of personality altruistic orientation; the model was based on a set of positive individual qualities, abilities and characteristics that serve as internal resources facilitating positive interactions with the environment. The psychological foundation for altruistic orientation development is a formed and expressed set of socially conditioned and internally determined psychological factors, which level of formation and development determine an individual's behavior, activities, communication, thinking patterns and consciousness. The development of moral values and positive individual-psychological qualities within the paradigm of life balance between «taking» and «giving» exerts a positive influence on life and activities, interpersonal interactions with others, life satisfaction, self-realization and psychological well-being

The influence of spirituality on mental health

Historically, science and spirituality were considered distinct areas, however, following the expansion of the concept of health by the World Health Organization (WHO), as being “the state of complete physical, mental and social well-being” and not simply the “absence of illness”, the phenomenon of spirituality began to be considered as an influencer on people's quality of life. Objectives: contextualize mental illness throughout the history of humanity and differentiate the concept of spirituality from religion. Methodology: The methodology adopted for this work is based on bibliographic research of scientific articles and periodicals. Results and discussions: Why study spirituality and religiosity? According to LUKOFF and collaborators “The religious and spiritual dimensions of culture are among the most important factors that structure human beliefs, values, behaviors and patterns of illness, that is, the experience. More and more research suggests that religiosity and spirituality are important factors for people who suffer or are ill. Final considerations: There is evidence that people with developed spirituality become healthier, and when they get sick, they develop less depression and recover more quickly. For many people, spirituality is a source of comfort, well-being, security, meaning, ideal and strength. Spirituality can be understood as a set of mental processes that bring vitality and meaning to life events. It is the human propensity for interest for others and for yourself. It meets the need to find reason and fulfillment in life, as well as the need for hope and will to live well and happily.

Predict-AI-bility of How Humans Balance Self-interest With the Interest of Others

Predict-AI-bility of How Humans Balance Self-interest With the Interest of Others

합성생물학 위험에 대한 민사책임법적 대응

This paper deals with issues related to the concept and characteristics of synthetic biology(engineering biology), its usefulness and risks, the regulation and management of risks, and the relief of damages caused by the manifestation of risks. In particular, civil liability issues that may arise in the course of synthetic biology research and its industrialization were reviewed.
 Due to the nature of synthetic biology, it is realistically impossible to prevent all damages incurred in the process even if the operator of the technology fulfills the duty of care in operation. Damage relief through the application of the general illegal liability provisions and the Product Liability Act based on the principle of negligence liability cannot be an effective means due to the difficulty of proof, the limited scope of application, and the possibility of exemption through defense of development risks. It may also be considered to reduce the victim's burden of proof through interpretative theories such as presumption of negligence and shifting the burden of proof.
 However, in the field of high-level science and technology, it can harm legal stability because there are considerable difficulties in proving fault and making judgments.
 Damages caused by risks inherent in synthetic biology technology should be compensated through laws of risk liability. In the course of research and technical operation of synthetic biology, a person who controls and manages a risk source (Gefahrquelle) is liable for damages even if he or she is not at fault in the event that the risk materializes and infringes on the legal interests of others, which is consistent with the idea of fairness. Due to the nature of synthetic biology and genetic engineering, unlike product liability, the defense of development risk is excluded, but the assumption of causal relationship must be acknowledged. Regarding the establishment of the maximum amount of liability, considering the structure of the Damages Compensation Act, which takes the principle of limited compensation, it is judged that it is right not to limit it.
 No legislation has been enacted on risk management and regulation related to synthetic biology. In the LMO Act, there is no provision for liability for damages. Right now, it can be said that it is realistic to establish new regulations in the LMO. In addition to enhancing global industrial competitiveness through the use of synthetic biology technology, it is also a challenge to respond to legislation related to risk management, regulation, and damage relief.

집회의 자유의 제한에 대한 유럽인권재판소의 일반원칙

Restrictions on freedom of assembly should be proportional and the least intrusive means to achieve a legitimate purpose should be given priority. Freedom of assembly should be enjoyed as freely as possible. Freedom of political assembly in particular should be strongly protected. Freedom of assembly also has the meaning of communicating information with each other and forming mutual intentions by allowing others to enter the public sphere. It also has the function of protecting minorities and opposition parties that cannot be represented by the general public's will. However, freedom of assembly presupposes a duty of acceptance, such as having a problem with the right to move and colliding with the interests of others.
 The state has an active obligation to actively protect peaceful assembly and this active obligation requires the state to protect against individuals or groups who attempt to interfere or block participants in peaceful assembly. The state is also obligated to guarantee the basic rights of those who did not participate in the assembly.
 The right to the freedom of peaceful assembly under the European Convention on Human Rights is also a fundamental right of democratic society. Among the justification requirements for the European Court of Human Rights' restrictions on freedom of assembly, ‘necessary in a democratic society’ is a matter of profit sentence as a review based on the principle of proportion. Therefore, it can be seen that the European Court of Human Rights examined whether the basis for the judgment was appropriate and sufficient for the claimant's claim for arrest and conviction for administrative crimes. The The requirement of ‘necessary in a democratic society’ is a ‘contextual approach’, which requires careful argument in that it is possible to make an appropriate judgment only after considering the overall contents such as content, context, and proportionality of sentence along with the submitted evidence.
 Freedom of assembly is a basic right that is important for realizing democracy and should be guaranteed as much as possible because various intentions of the people are expressed. In the proportionality examination of whether restrictions on freedom of assembly are necessary for a democratic society, as shown in the case of Navalnyy and Gunko v. Russia, European Court of Human Rights should examine whether these restrictions are in response to strong social needs, and whether they are appropriate and sufficient.

Dissecting social decision-making: A spotlight on oxytocinergic transmission.

Social decision-making requires the ability to balance both the interests of the self and the interests of others to survive in social environments. Empathy is essential to the regulation of this type of interaction, and it often sustains relevant prosocial behaviors such as altruism and helping behavior. In the last decade, our capacity to assess affective and empathy-like behaviors in rodents has expanded our understanding of the neurobiological substrates that underly social decision-making processes such as prosocial behaviors. Within this context, oxytocinergic transmission is profoundly implicated in modulating some of the major components of social decision-making. Thus, this review will present evidence of the association between oxytocin and empathy-like and prosocial behaviors in nonhuman animals. Then, we will dissect the involvement of oxytocinergic transmission-across different brain regions and pathways-in some of the key elements of social decision-making such as emotional discrimination, social recognition, emotional contagion, social dominance, and social memory. Evidence of the modulatory role of oxytocin on social decision-making has raised considerable interest in its clinical relevance, therefore we will also discuss the controversial findings on intranasal oxytocin administration.

An Improved Face-Emotion Recognition to Automatically Generate Human Expression With Emoticons

Any human face image expression naturally identifies expressions of happy, sad etc.; sometimes human facial image expression recognition is complex, and it is a combination of two emotions. The existing literature provides face emotion classification and image recognition, and the study on deep learning using convolutional neural networks (CNN), provides face emotion recognition most useful for healthcare and with the most complex of the existing algorithms. This paper improves the human face emotion recognition and provides feelings of interest for others to generate emoticons on their smartphone. Face emotion recognition plays a major role by using convolutional neural networks in the area of deep learning and artificial intelligence for healthcare services. Automatic facial emotion recognition consists of two methods, such as face detection with Ada boost classifier algorithm and emotional classification, which consists of feature extraction by using deep learning methods such as CNN to identify the seven emotions to generate emoticons.

Sider Jost, Jacob. Interest and Connection in the Eighteenth Century: Hervey, Johnson, Smith, Equiano

Sider Jost, Jacob. <i>Interest and Connection in the Eighteenth Century: Hervey, Johnson, Smith, Equiano</i>

Manajemen Konflik Dalam Peningkatan Kinerja Guru Perspektif Al-Qur’an

This study aims to explain conflict management in improving the performance of teachers from the Al-Qur'an perspective. This research is in the form of qualitative with a library research approach, research sources of the Qur'an and books of interpretation of books, journals, theses, modules and articles related to the object of research. The results showed: Strategy to manage conflict: First, Lose-Lose Strategy, by avoiding conflicts and problems that arise. Win-Lose Strategy, managing conflict through competition in the Second, competing in improving performance Third, Los-Win Strategy, by succumbing to accommodate the interests of others so as not to enlarge. Fourth, Win-Win Strategy, resolve conflicts by creating settlements through conventions or mutual agreements. Strategies in improving teacher performance, namely: increasing further education, implementing regulations on discipline, training, reward and punishment, improving welfare, developing motivation.

Configuration of prosocial motivations to enhance employees' innovation behaviors: From the perspective of coupling of basic and applied research.

Prosocial motivation refers to the employees’ willingness to invest for the sake of helping others. It improves basic and applied research behaviors of employees and the interaction between them. Employees’ innovation behavior depends on prosocial motivation because the motivation to protect the interests of others may promote knowledge sharing and knowledge coupling. However, there is a research gap in solving the optimal solution of prosocial motivations that facilitates different types of innovation behaviors based on the combination of prosocial motivations. We perform a qualitative comparative study on the effect of the motivation configurations on innovation behaviors. We find that highly basic and highly applied research behaviors share in common collectivism-based, principlism-based, contextual, and situational motivations which work in all configurations. But the core conditions between the two are different, which are principlism-based and situational motivations, respectively. In addition, both highly basic-to-applied and highly applied-to-basic transformation behaviors share the same core condition and the same secondary conditions with highly basic and highly applied research behaviors, respectively. Moreover, the behaviors of non-highly basic research and non-highly basic-to-applied transformation share the severe absence of egoism-based motivation as the core condition in common. Non-highly behaviors of applied research and applied-to-basic transformation have a common point of the severe absence of the pressure-based type as the key. Finally, we also analyze active and passive prosocial degrees of all types of high/non-high innovation behaviors. Our study deepens the academics’ thinking on multi-dimensional prosocial motivation and the classification management of coupling innovation behavior and provides implications for practice.

The psychological examination and evaluation of unrelated kidney donors in Israel: a suggested model

ABSTRACT Altruistic organ donors represent a special population when compared to related living donors, requiring appropriate protection and attention regarding informed consent and psychological aspects related to the donation. Following the introduction of the Israeli Transplant Law of 2008, a retrospective study of altruistic donor files revealed that important psycho-diagnostic aspects were not emphasized in the existing guidelines. Thus, a new tool was formulated which incorporated those elements, including assessment of emotional maturity, ego strength, degree of interest in others, reality testing, degree of pressure to donate, anxiety, dysphoric and depressive factors and the ability to function under stress. The study examined 598 cases reviewed by the Central Evaluation Board over the period May 2008 – June 2016. Overall, 23.4% candidates were disqualified of whom 41% were declined on grounds related to mental health. Most of the donors were rejected based on 3–5 elements. Of these, a deficient assessment of reality in ambiguous situations, lack of emotional maturity, and lacking or partial ability to function effectively under stress, were most commonly cited as reasons for rejection. This model allowed the detection of important conditions previously not incorporated into existing guidelines and may serve as a model for other transplantation programs worldwide.

Decision Choice under Pareto Optimal Criteria

According to the axiomatic foundations of social choice theory, not all decisions benefit everyone. Often, decisions that do not have any implied benefit for the decision maker are made in the (best) interests of others. When a decision is made concerning welfare of others, some individuals - including the decision maker, may be on the receiving end. For, it is impossible to make social decisions by taking into account individual preferences that satisfy all and everyone. This is because of a great variety in individual choices and preferences ubiquitous among different individuals. Tastes vary among different people—so does individual preferences, and that is natural. Conflict of interests arises due to subtle variances in individual preferences. In this paper, we discuss about the decision choice that seldom works for every conceivable set of individual preferences. Following Arrovian precepts, it is impossible to satisfy all, for there remains a great diversity in individual preferences that result in the problem of choice. Hence, in this research, we develop a taste-based theory of social choice that attempts to address the problem of choice by helping individuals choose the best and the most effective and optimal option among a given set of alternatives that’s assumed to be rational.