Interconnected Array Research Articles

Highly Tunable 2D Silicon Quantum Dot Array with Coupling beyond Nearest Neighbors.

Scaling up quantum dots to two-dimensional (2D) arrays is a crucial step for advancing semiconductor quantum computation. However, maintaining excellent tunability of quantum dot parameters, including both nearest-neighbor and next-nearest-neighbor couplings, during 2D scaling is challenging, particularly for silicon quantum dots due to their relatively small size. Here, we present a highly controllable and interconnected 2D quantum dot array in planar silicon, demonstrating independent control over electron fillings and the tunnel couplings of nearest-neighbor dots. More importantly, we also demonstrate the wide tuning of tunnel couplings between next-nearest-neighbor dots, which play a crucial role in 2D quantum dot arrays. This excellent tunability enables us to alter the coupling configuration of the array as needed. These results open up the possibility of utilizing silicon quantum dot arrays as versatile platforms for quantum computing and quantum simulation.

Multi-interface and rich-defects 1T phase MoS2 combine with FeS anchored on reduced graphene oxide for efficient alkaline hydrogen evolution

Exploring and fabricating noble-metal-free and cost-effective electrocatalysts to minimise the excessive potential required is of great significance for alkaline hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). Herein, we report FeS/1T-MP MoS2@rGO heterostructure with 1T and 2H mixed phase MoS2 (1T-MP MoS2) combining with FeS anchored on reduced graphene oxide (rGO) matrix, which is synthetized by utilizing Anderson polyoxometalate as Fe–Mo precursor by a facile hydrothermal method. The FeS/1T-MP MoS2@rGO heterostructure in the form of interconnected nanosheet arrays with multiple interfaces and rich-defects, which is in favor of the immersion of the electrolyte and exposing more active sites. Benefiting from the synergistic advantages of 1T-MoS2, FeS and rGO, FeS/1T-MP MoS2@rGO heterostructure delivers enhanced conductivity, enlarged electrochemical active surface area, and eventually promote the HER kinetics. As expected, FeS/1T-MP MoS2@rGO heterostructure emerges prominent HER activity with low overpotentials of 102 and 256 mV to achieve current density of 10 and 100 mA cm−2, outperforming vast majority of the advanced 1T MoS2-based alkaline HER electrocatalysts.

Fingerprinting Magnetic States In Interconnected Nanoring Arrays via Spin Wave Spectra

Fingerprinting Magnetic States In Interconnected Nanoring Arrays via Spin Wave Spectra

Efficient characterization of a double quantum dot using the Hubbard model

Semiconductor quantum dots are favorable candidates for quantum information processing due to their long coherence time and potential scalability. However, the calibration and characterization of interconnected quantum dot arrays have proven to be challenging tasks. One method to characterize the configuration of such an array involves using the Hubbard model. In this paper, we present an efficient characterization algorithm that efficiently extracts the Hubbard model parameters, including tunnel coupling and capacitive coupling energy, from experimental stability diagrams. Leveraging the dual-annealing optimizer, we determine the set of Hubbard parameters that best characterize the experimental data. We compare our method with an alternate, well-established measure of tunnel coupling and find good agreement within the investigated regime. Our extracted tunnel couplings range from 69 to 517 μeV, and we discuss the limiting factors of our method.

A Fully 3D-Printed Flexible Polymeric Heat Pipe

Abstract A fully 3D-printed polymeric heat pipe with high flexibility and low cost was demonstrated in this study. This wickless gravity-assisted heat pipe was fabricated using a commercial stereolithography 3D printer. The interconnected pocket array was designed to reduce the wall thickness to ∼0.1mm. The post-cured heat pipe can be flexed and twisted without tearing or permanent deformation. Experimental studies were conducted to characterize the performance of the heat pipe in vertical and 90° flexed configurations. In addition, visualization based on a high-speed camera was applied to study the boiling process inside the heat pipe. By charging with a compatible dielectric fluid HFE-7100, the present heat pipe achieved 18.6 W heat dissipation over a hot spot with an area of 25×25 mm2. The result showed an effective thermal conductivity of up to 102.7 W/(m·K) when placed vertically. The bubble dynamics and heat transfer data suggested little difference in performance between the vertical and flexed configuration after the startup of the heat pipe at 5.4 W, owing to a high charging mass. Last, a comparison of the present study and other reported fully polymeric flexible heat pipes was made, and future optimization of the heat pipe performance was discussed.

A Novel Reduced Cross Link Based PV Array Interconnection Schemes for Enhancing Maximum Power Under Dynamically Varying Irradiance Conditions

A Novel Reduced Cross Link Based PV Array Interconnection Schemes for Enhancing Maximum Power Under Dynamically Varying Irradiance Conditions

Improved dynamic reconfiguration strategy for power maximization of TCT interconnected PV arrays under partial shading conditions

Improved dynamic reconfiguration strategy for power maximization of TCT interconnected PV arrays under partial shading conditions

Research on multi-layer network topology optimization strategy for railway internet of things based on game theory benefits

In the railway system environment, the interconnection of a vast array of intelligent sensing devices has brought about revolutionary changes in the management and monitoring of railway transportation. However, this also poses challenges to the communication service quality within the railway Internet of Things (IoT). Through collective intelligence and collaboration, the nodes within the railway IoT can not only share data and information but also work synergistically to enhance the overall intelligence level and improve decision-making quality of the network. Therefore, this paper proposes a reconnection mechanism based on the computation of node game-theoretic benefits and optimizes this process with the concept of swarm intelligence collaboration. Initially, the game-theoretic benefit values of the nodes in the railway IoT network are calculated. Subsequently, based on the weight priority of the edges, the two edges with the larger weights are selected, and connections are established between nodes with similar game-theoretic benefit values to enhance the network’s robustness. This approach enables rapid networking and efficient communication transmission within the railway IoT, providing robust assurance for the safe and stable operation of the railway.

Fine Pitch Micro Indium Bump Interconnect Flip Chip Bonding

Quantum computing processors, micro LED displays and Focal Plane Array (FPA) imaging and detector devices such as infrared (IR) thermal imaging sensors are seeing higher demand as more practical applications requiring these components are coming into research and development, industrial, military and consumer markets. This paired with higher pixel and Qubit count and interconnect density, on larger and larger chips is driving hybridization and monolithic integration in these technologies. This is showing a marked increase in demand for fine pitch micro bump interconnection flip chip die bonding. However, some critical challenges facing these technologies are; larger component sizes mean higher density interconnections over increasing surface area. Submicron accuracy required to align fine pitch micro interconnect arrays. This together with the challenges facing the materials that are becoming the industry standard for these applications, such as the requirement for the assembled components to remain stable in extreme conditions such as cryogenic application environments. Combined with low loss high strength mechanical/ electrical interconnect requirements on components containing sensitive materials, structures and unmatched coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) means that processing gases such as formic acid or high temperature reflow bonding can no longer be used to bond these devices. These challenges mean that the industry is fast approaching the limitations of even state-of-the-art die bonders and die bonding methods on the market today. This paper is going to highlight these challenges and the methods used to address them to produce large format, high density IR thermal imaging FPA devices, Quantum processors and micro LED displays using fine pitch micro Indium bump array interconnections that meet today’s industry requirements.

Enhancing oxygen evolution reaction of CoP nanosheets via interfacial engineering with CoFe-LDH nanosheets

Recently, transition-metal phosphides have emerged as favorable electrocatalysts for facilitating oxygen evolution reactions (OERs). This study successfully synthesized a heterostructure comprising interconnected ultrathin nanosheet arrays of CoxP grown on nickel foam (NF) through electrodeposition and phosphorization processes. Subsequently, a layer of CoFe layered double hydroxides (LDH) was electrodeposited onto the CoxP/NF substrate, resulting in the formation of the heterostructure CoxP@CoFe-LDH. The OER efficiency of the CoxP nanosheets exhibited substantial improvement because of the more accessible active sites and faster electron transfer capability of the heterostructure system. This improvement can be attributed to the higher surface area and well-established interfacial coupling between the ultrathin nanosheets of CoxP and CoFe-LDH. Consequently, the CoxP6@CoFe2/NF anode displays remarkable performance in enabling OERs, requiring merely a minimal overpotential of 230 mV at a current density of 10 mA·cm−2 in 1 M KOH. This result signifies a substantial improvement when compared to the performance of the bare CoxP and CoFe-LDH samples. Moreover, the heterostructure system enhanced the structural durability during the OERs, leading to remarkable stability over a continuous operation period of 50 h.

Large scale and oxygen vacancy VO2 porous thin sheets to enable high-performance zinc ion storage.

Herein, we report the first result of large scale and oxygen vacancy VO2 porous thin sheets assembled by a 3D interconnected nanoflake array framework, which is recorded as VOd. The as-prepared VOd was characterized by various methods and Zn2+ intercalation/deintercalation and structural decomposition mechanisms were proposed based on ex situ X-ray diffraction (XRD) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS).

Stronger Forms of Fuzzy Pre-Separation and Regularity Axioms via Fuzzy Topology

It is common knowledge that fuzzy topology contributes to developing techniques to address real-life applications in various areas like information systems and optimal choices. The building blocks of fuzzy topology are fuzzy open sets, but other extended families of fuzzy open sets, like fuzzy pre-open sets, can contribute to the growth of fuzzy topology. In the present work, we create some classifications of fuzzy topologies which enable us to obtain several desirable features and relationships. At first, we introduce and analyze stronger forms of fuzzy pre-separation and regularity properties in fuzzy topology called fuzzy pre-Ti,i=0,12,1,2,3,4, fuzzy pre-symmetric, and fuzzy pre-Ri,i=0,1,2,3 by utilizing the concepts of fuzzy pre-open sets and quasi-coincident relation. We investigate more novel properties of these classes and uncover their unique characteristics. By presenting a wide array of related theorems and interconnections, we structure a comprehensive framework for understanding these classes and interrelationships with other separation axioms in this setting. Moreover, the relations between these classes and those in some induced topological structures are examined. Additionally, we explore the hereditary and harmonic properties of these classes.

A crossbar architecture based system (CAS) as hydrogen gas sensing platform

The development of sensing technologies and miniaturization allows for the development of smart systems with elevated sensing performance. Silicon-based hydrogen sensors have received a lot of attention due to its electrical conductivity and the mechanical endurance. With this motivation, we have proposed a two-terminal silicon-based device in a crossbar architecture as a hydrogen gas sensing platform. In this work, we have adopted a multi-layer modeling approach to analyze the performance of the proposed system. Technology computer-aided design models have been used to capture device performance. A gas sensor model based on hydrogen adsorption on the Palladium surface and a crossbar model has been adopted to understand the Palladium work function variation with gas pressure and the performance of the proposed crossbar system respectively. We have shown the impact of parameters like interconnect resistance and array size on the whole system’s performance. Finally, a comprehensive analysis has been provided for the design rule of this architecture. A fabrication process to spur future experimental works has also been added. This work will provide computational insight into the performance of a crossbar hydrogen sensor system, optimized against some critical parameters.

Biaxially Stretchable Active‐Matrix Micro‐LED Display with Liquid Metal Interconnects

AbstractA stretchable active‐matrix (AM) display is a next‐generation display that breaks away from displaying limited information on flat and curved screens. However, the implementation of stretchable displays requires much more complex fabrication processes and meticulous efforts compared to traditional flat/curved displays. Here, the biaxially stretchable AM micro‐light emitting diode (LED) display on polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) with liquid metal (LM) interconnects is reported. The pixel islands consisting of oxide TFTs and micro‐LEDs, which are fabricated on the polyimide (PI) substrate, are formed through green laser cutting and transfer to the PDMS substrate. LM interconnects integrate on the pixel island and PDMS by a lift‐off process. The oxide TFTs and micro‐LEDs comprising the 2T1C (2 TFT + 1 capacitor) pixel circuit on the PI island, along with LM interconnects, demonstrate stable electrical characteristics even under a relaxed state as well as when biaxially stretched up to 24%. For 24% stretching of display pixels with the same ratio of PI island and LM interconnects, the LM interconnects operate at 48% stretching. The combination of pixel island array and LM interconnects successfully demonstrates the implementation of a two‐axis stretchable display capable of displaying characters of “A”, “D”, “R”, and “C” through AM driving.

Effect of interconnected mesoporous structure on HCHO catalytic oxidation over transition metal doped Ag/MCM-41

HCHO, as a major indoor air pollution, has been a threat to human health for many years. In this work, we successfully synthesized Ag/MCM-41 with parallel hexagonal mesopore array and Ag/TM-MCM-41 (TM = Fe, Mn or Ce) with highly interconnected mesopore array to discover the effect of interconnect mesoporous structure on HCHO catalytic oxidation activity. All three different Ag/TM-MCM-41 exhibited better HCHO catalytic oxidation activity than Ag/MCM-41 during activity test. We believe that the interconnected short-range mesopores are caused by the transition metal ions attached to the outer surface of silicate-CTA+ micellar rods during synthesis process of TM-MCM-41, which speeds up the polymerization and restricts the mobility of micellar rods. As a result, those micellar rods which are later mesopores stay crossed with each other rather than rearrange to long-range parallel hexagonal array. These specific mesopores not only can improve the loading and dispersion of Ag, but also lead to a more effective mass transfer than typical mesopores of Ag/MCM-41. Besides, by interacting with Ag species, transition metal oxides significantly enhance the electron transfer on Ag/TM-MCM-41, which is responsible for the generation of abundant active O species for HCHO oxidation reaction.

Coating the surface of interconnected Cu2O nanowire arrays with HKUST-1 nanocrystals via electrochemical oxidation

Controlling the crystallization of Metal–Organic Frameworks (MOFs) at the nanoscale is currently challenging, and this hinders their utilization for multiple applications including photo(electro)chemistry and sensors. In this work, we show a synthetic protocol that enables the preparation of highly homogeneous Cu2O@MOF nanowires standing on a conductive support with extensive control over the crystallization of the MOF nanoparticles at the surface of the Cu2O nanowires. Cu2O nanowires were first prepared via templated electrodeposition, and then partially converted into the well-known Cu-MOF HKUST-1 by pulsed electrochemical oxidation. We show that the use of PVP as a capping agent during the electrochemical oxidation of Cu2O into HKUST-1 provides control over the growth of the MOF nanocrystals on the surface of the Cu2O nanowires, and that the size of the MOF crystals obtained can be tuned by changing the concentration of PVP dissolved in the electrolyte. In addition, we propose the use of benzoic acid as an alternative to achieve control over the size of the obtained MOF nanocrystals when the use of a capping agent should be avoided.

A numerical investigation on the influence of full vs perimeter arrays on the mechanical reliability of electronic assemblies under vibration

PurposeThis paper aims to compare and evaluate the influence of package designs and characteristics on the mechanical reliability of electronic assemblies when subjected to harmonic vibrations.Design/methodology/approachUsing finite element analysis (FEA), the effect of package design-related parameters, including the interconnect array configuration, i.e. full vs perimeter, and package size, on solder mechanical stresses are fully addressed.FindingsThe results of FEA simulations revealed that the number of solder rows or columns available in the array, could significantly affect solder stresses. In addition, smaller packages result in lower solder stresses and differing distributions.Originality/valueIn literature, there are no papers that discuss the effect of solder array layout on electronic packages vibration reliability. In addition, general rules for designing electronic assemblies subjected to harmonic vibration loadings are proposed in this paper.

Ecoflex Flexible Array of Triboelectric Nanogenerators for Gait Monitoring Alarm Warning Applications

The advent of self-powered arrays of tribological nanogenerators (TENGs) that harvest mechanical energy for data collection has ushered in a promising avenue for human motion monitoring. This emerging trend is poised to shape the future landscape of biomechanical study. However, when we try to monitor various regions of the foot across disparate environments simultaneously, it poses a number of problems, such as the lack of satisfactory waterproofing, suboptimal heat resistance, inaccurate monitoring capacity, and the inability to transmit data wirelessly. To overcome these issues, we have developed an array of sensors affixed to the insole’s surface to adeptly monitor movement gait patterns and alert users to falls using self-powered triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs). Each sensor cell on this sensor works as an individual air gap TENG (FWF-TENG), namely flexible, waterproof, and fast response, composed of an Ecoflex single-electrode array. Each FWF-TENG boasts a fast response time of 28 ms, which is sufficient to quickly monitor pressure changes during various badminton activities. Importantly, these sensors can persistently generate electrical signals at 70%RH humidity. Data obtained from these sensors can be transmitted to an upper computer intelligent terminal wirelessly through multi-grouped FHW-ENG sensing terminals in real time to achieve human–computer interaction applications, including motion technical determinations, feedback, and fall alerts. As a result, the interconnected TENG arrays have broad potential applications, including gait rehabilitation monitoring, motion technique identification, and fall alarm applications.

Early zygotic gene product Dunk interacts with anillin to regulate Myosin II during Drosophila cleavage.

Drosophila melanogaster cellularization is a special form of cleavage that converts syncytial embryos into cellular blastoderms by partitioning the peripherally localized nuclei into individual cells. An early event in cellularization is the recruitment of nonmuscle myosin II ("myosin") to the leading edge of cleavage furrows, where myosin forms an interconnected basal array before reorganizing into individual cytokinetic rings. The initial recruitment and organization of basal myosin are regulated by a cellularization-specific gene, dunk, but the underlying mechanism is unclear. Through a genome-wide yeast two-hybrid screen, we identified anillin (Scraps in Drosophila), a conserved scaffolding protein in cytokinesis, as the primary binding partner of Dunk. Dunk colocalizes with anillin and regulates its cortical localization during the formation of cleavage furrows, while the localization of Dunk is independent of anillin. Furthermore, Dunk genetically interacts with anillin to regulate the basal myosin array during cellularization. Similar to Dunk, anillin colocalizes with myosin since the very early stage of cellularization and is required for myosin retention at the basal array, before the well-documented function of anillin in regulating cytokinetic ring assembly. Based on these results, we propose that Dunk regulates myosin recruitment and spatial organization during early cellularization by interacting with and regulating anillin.

Forcing the silence of the Lamb waves: Uni-directional propagation in structured gyro-elastic strips and networks

In this paper, we propose an innovative design of an elastic network, which is capable of channelling the energy supplied by an external source towards any of its endpoints, that can be chosen arbitrarily and in advance. This system, named Mechanical Switching Network (MSN), consists of an interconnected array of branches, each of which is represented by a lattice strip endowed with gyroscopic spinners. The latter make the system non-reciprocal and, hence, are responsible for the preferential directionality exhibited by the network. We formulate and solve the forced problem for the gyro-elastic strip in the analytical form and compare the derived solutions with the results of independent finite element simulations, showing an excellent agreement. Additionally, we carry out a parametric analysis to evaluate the influence of the main parameters of the system on the uni-directional wave propagation of Lamb waves. We envisage that the proposed model can have important implications in many engineering applications, where control and tunability of guided waves play a key role.