Information Interception Research Articles

REVIEW OF THE BOOK WRITTEN AT THE EDITOR OF SYLWIA GWOŹDZIEWICZ AND KRZYSZTOF TOMASZYCKI PT .: "LEGAL AND SOCIAL ASPECTS OF CYBERSIFICATION" ISSUED BY THE INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTE OF INNOVATION "SCIENCE - EDUCATION - DEVELOPMENT" IN WARSAW

In mid-2017, the International Institute of Innovation "Science - Education - Development" in Warsaw published a book entitled "Legal and social aspects of cyber security", written by Sylwia Gwoździewicz and Krzysztof Tomaszycki. This book describes the key issues of cyber security in the context of the aspects of the adjusted legal norms and social determinants of this issue. In this book, the authors indicate that innovations in information technologies permanently determine the tendencies to provide and create various cyber security frameworks. The content of the book shows that with the development of technology, national legal norms should be gradually adapted to international regulations, and in particular to EU law in the area of combating cybercrime and ensuring an adequate level of cyber security. The process of providing information via the Internet and the development of electronic banking generates many threats related to the crime of theft of secret data, interception of confidential information by cybercriminals and impersonation of funds in online banking systems. Therefore, individual entities, including institutions of the financial, public and business sectors, should constantly improve the security systems for remote access to information and transactions carried out via the Internet.

The Insula and Taste Learning.

The sense of taste is a key component of the sensory machinery, enabling the evaluation of both the safety as well as forming associations regarding the nutritional value of ingestible substances. Indicative of the salience of the modality, taste conditioning can be achieved in rodents upon a single pairing of a tastant with a chemical stimulus inducing malaise. This robust associative learning paradigm has been heavily linked with activity within the insular cortex (IC), among other regions, such as the amygdala and medial prefrontal cortex. A number of studies have demonstrated taste memory formation to be dependent on protein synthesis at the IC and to correlate with the induction of signaling cascades involved in synaptic plasticity. Taste learning has been shown to require the differential involvement of dopaminergic GABAergic, glutamatergic, muscarinic neurotransmission across an extended taste learning circuit. The subsequent activation of downstream protein kinases (ERK, CaMKII), transcription factors (CREB, Elk-1) and immediate early genes (c-fos, Arc), has been implicated in the regulation of the different phases of taste learning. This review discusses the relevant neurotransmission, molecular signaling pathways and genetic markers involved in novel and aversive taste learning, with a particular focus on the IC. Imaging and other studies in humans have implicated the IC in the pathophysiology of a number of cognitive disorders. We conclude that the IC participates in circuit-wide computations that modulate the interception and encoding of sensory information, as well as the formation of subjective internal representations that control the expression of motivated behaviors.

Development the method of organizing a secure data channel in the water supply monitoring system

This article describes a method of securing data in water supply monitoring system. The main aim of the study is to information security that is transmitted in the system of monitoring of water supply process through wireless networks. It is necessary to find a system architecture that will provide stability to the interception of information. In this paper we propose to use the encryption algorithm based on an asymmetric public key to create a secure TCP-session between the client (data acquisition points) and the server. This method allows creating a secure data transmission channel on the Internet using only one static IP-address from the data acquisition server. Studies indicate that this method has advantages over the use of the existing operating system in the data acquisition device. The author proposes to use this method of constructing the water supply monitoring system for data exchange between the data acquisition points and the server. The research results can be used by designers of water supply systems, automation and remote control, engaged in the field of water supply.

Designing of Efficient Technique Blocking Abnormal Packets through Correlation Analysis in the Healthcare Environment

Background/Objectives: The development of IT medical technology has formed the environment where the effective management and analysis of medical information. Methods/Statistical Analysis: We must explore the ways to secure the security measures because the leak of personal medical information will cause a great risk of leading to the exposure of personal information. In this paper, as a way to defend against malicious attacks in the smart medical environment where the electronic medical devices and wired and wireless networks are combine. Findings: It is aimed to design an abnormal packet screening techniques through correlation analysis of abnormal conducts in the medical security gateway so that it can be safe from server attacks, medical information interception, any counterfeit and falsification thereof. Application/Improvements: It is expected to be utilized in a wide variety of platforms and infrastructure as an essential function enable to respond to threats in future medical security gateway.

A General Scheme for Information Interception in the Ping-Pong Protocol

The existence of undetectable eavesdropping of dense coded information has been already demonstrated by Pavičić for the quantum direct communication based on the ping-pong paradigm. However, (a) the explicit scheme of the circuit is only given and no design rules are provided; (b) the existence of losses is implicitly assumed; (c) the attack has been formulated against qubit based protocol only and it is not clear whether it can be adapted to higher dimensional systems. These deficiencies are removed in the presented contribution. A new generic eavesdropping scheme built on a firm theoretical background is proposed. In contrast to the previous approach, it does not refer to the properties of the vacuum state, so it is fully consistent with the absence of losses assumption. Moreover, the scheme applies to the communication paradigm based on signal particles of any dimensionality. It is also shown that some well known attacks are special cases of the proposed scheme.

ASSESMENT OF INFORMARTION SECURITY METHOD FROM OUTFLOW THROUGH TRANSIENT ELECTROMAGNETIC PULSE EMANATION

Recently, methods of information interception with transient electromagnetic pulse emanation of local network elements are getting developed. Separate computers security methods are worked out well and backed up with necessary regulatory documents. However, information security through TEMPEST is far more hard to do in local network then in separate devices. That’s why special institutional, algorithmic and methodological approaches should be used to detect electromagnetic pulse emanations. Methods of spotting TEMPEST were analyzed. There are panoramas difference method, audiovisual method, expert method and parametric correlation method. Development of methodology for assessing information security from the information outflow by the transient electromagnetic pulse emanation of computer technology by using the text signal as a continuous sequence of pulses was the main goal of this project The mathematical apparatus allows calculating the energy of a single signal by transfer logic 1 or a logical 0.These approaches can be considered into accounting by improving special researches of transient electromagnetic pulse emanation methods on EVT.

Secrecy wireless information and power transfer: challenges and opportunities

Wireless information and power transfer (WIPT) enables more sustainable and resilient communications owing to the fact that it avoids frequent battery charging and replacement. However, it also suffers from possible information interception due to the open nature of wireless channels. Compared to traditional secure communications, secrecy wireless information and power transfer (SWIPT) carries several distinct characteristics. On one hand, wireless power transfer may increase the vulnerability of eavesdropping, since a power receiver, as a potential eavesdropper, usually has a shorter access distance than an information receiver. On the other hand, wireless power transfer can be exploited to enhance wireless security. This article reviews the security issues in various SWIPT scenarios, with an emphasis on revealing the corresponding challenges and opportunities for implementing SWIPT. Furthermore, we provide a survey on a variety of physical layer security techniques to improve secrecy performance. In particular, we propose to use massive multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) techniques to enhance power transfer efficiency and secure information transmission simultaneously. Finally, we discuss several potential research directions to further enhance the security in SWIPT systems.

Endpoint-agnostic address hopping communication — a network-based design by fully exploiting IPv6 huge space superiority

Network address hopping (NAH) proposed a mechanism to enhance data protection in communications across untrusted networks. It spread the data stream of a communication session across multiple channels, which tried to obstruct information interception in the first place by obscuring the fact that communication takes place between certain end-points. However, the time-stamped packets between two peers would provide a hint for correlating the intercepted packets in case the encryption of the counter got compromised. Furthermore, due to synchronization, the Internet Protocol version 6 (IPv6) addresses pair of the channel ends would appear and disappear strictly, which would perform time-relevance character. A Network-based hopping communication mechanism (NetHop) is proposed in this paper. The address hopping function is deployed on the network side instead of endpoint, which can support secure hopping communication function for universal endpoints without any restriction of Operating System or hardware. By using IPv6 to IPv6 network address translation (NAT), NetHop fully exploits the superiority of IPv6 huge address space. The hopping addresses are generated by hash function and the hopping addresses pair can be chosen randomly. Consequently, NetHop performs better on randomness and concealment than channel-rule NAH.

Preventions of information leaking in the wireless networks

In this paper the methodology of prognostication of covering zones for wireless networks was offered, that will be realized in two stages: calculation of middle radius of covering zone and his further clarification by geometrical methods on the separate directions on that are the substantial areas of locality. Underestimation of this factor can be an occasion of absence of receiving signal which to lead to interruption of integrity of information, or can be an occasion of propagation of radiowaves beyond of destination area what create a precondition of leaking or physical interception of information. Obtained results will allow to promote the level of informative integrity, availability and safety of wireless networks due to a removal of propagation of radiowaves out of setting. It will promote reduction of probability of leaking and physical interception of information as well as provision of necessary level of availability and integrity of information.

Design and Implementation of LAN-Sensitive Information Interception and Analysis System

The LAN usually hides internal network structure by NAT to share a public IP address in the internal network, and thus it is hard to locate the source host precisely distributing sensitive information for a large-scale information monitoring system by analyzing the intercepted packets. So it is hard to fulfill monitoring work efficiently. This paper puts forward a scheme to intercept and analyze the sensitive information in the LAN environment. It studies the ARP spoofing principle and the sniffer technology based on WINPCAP. The scheme includes 7 modules named NIC capture module, packet filtering module and so on. And it achieves sensitive information filtering and matching by the configured rules, such as "keywords", "URL", "QQ number" and so on. The scheme provides a solution for tracking the source host leaking sensitive information within the LAN.

Rival presence leads to reversible changes in male mate choice of a desert dwelling ungulate

Gregarious animals often face the problem of unintended interception of information by group members, as almost all communicatory interactions occur in a public domain. For example, individuals may observe and copy the choices of others. Male mate choice copying in species with internal fertilization remains a conundrum, as both the copying and the copied male incur increased sperm competition risk (SCR), and males are predicted to evolve strategies to reduce SCR. Specifically, males that are at imminent risk of being copied should cease expressing mating preferences. In this study, we gave male sand gazelles (Gazella marica) an opportunity to choose between 2 stimulus females in a 24-h association preference test, then repeated testing for another 24 h either while an audience male was presented close to the focal male’s compartment or without an audience (control treatment). Overall, focal males were highly consistent in their choices between day 1 and day 2. However, after the audience was presented, they showed a distinct short-term response that lasted for approximately 1 h: focal males altered their preferences, that is, interacted more equally with the 2 females and even tended to spend more time near the initially nonpreferred female. We discuss this effect as a counterstrategy of resident males to reduce SCR arising when new males join the group. In our experiment, habituation to the continued presence of a rival that was experimentally prevented from approaching females may be responsible for why focal males returned to express mating preferences some time after the audience was presented.

Misleading mollies: surface- but not cave-dwelling Poecilia mexicana males deceive competitors about mating preferences

Individuals providing misleading information to conspecifics may benefit from deception at the receiver's expense. A recent study (Plath et al., Curr Biol 18:1138–1141, 2008c) suggested that male Atlantic mollies (Poecilia mexicana) deceive rival males about their preferred mate. Here, we contrasted potentially deceptive behavior in surface-dwelling P. mexicana males to males of the cave form of that species (the cave molly). Unlike many other cavefishes, cave mollies have retained functional eyes and readily respond to visual stimuli. Males could interact freely with two females (large and small), and an audience male was visually presented during the second part of the tests. When observed during mate choice, males reduced their mating activity, but this reduction was significantly weaker in cave mollies. Overall, the expression of mating preferences (determined through frequencies of nipping and thrusting) declined in front of an audience; again, this effect was significantly weaker in the cave form. Reduced sexual activity and reduced expression of mating preferences can be interpreted as an attempt of the focal male to avoid unintended interception of information by the rival male. Surface but not cave molly males directed their first sexual interaction (when being observed by the rival male) towards the initially non-preferred female, suggesting that surface-dwelling males deceive rival males about their mating preferences. Deception by the focal males may be an adaptation to avoid sperm competition, since other males in their social environment may use public information and copy the focal male's mate choice. It seems that sending deceptive signals is evolutionarily regressed in the cave molly, since mate choice copying is unlikely to occur under naturally dark conditions, and also the potential to deceive rivals about mating preferences is probably very limited.

Secure RFID systems for supply chain applications

Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) is useful not only for tracking and identifying individual products but also for supply chain applications involving large shipment containers. Data associated with these containers clearly should be protected from unauthorised tracking, information interception through radio frequency eavesdropping, and physical compromise. Our solutions protect the data through encryption and a mutual authentication process between a secured tag and an authorised reader. Our unique design, which combines passive and active RFID circuitry, results in a secure active RFID tag that maintains battery life even in the presence of malicious probes designed to interrupt the supply chain.

Male Fish Deceive Competitors about Mating Preferences

A fundamental question in animal communication is whether the information provided is honest or deceptive [1, 2]. This problem has received much attention, both in theoretical [1, 3] and experimental [4] work. Here we show that male Atlantic mollies (Poecilia mexicana), when observed during mate choice by another male, reduce their mating activity and no longer prefer mating with one of two females presented, which can be interpreted as an attempt to avoid unintended interception of information by the rival male. Most importantly, focal males directed their first sexual interaction (after they were presented with the rival male) toward the initially nonpreferred female, suggesting that males deceive other males about their mating preferences. Deception by the choosing male may be an adaptation to avoid sperm competition, because surrounding males may use public information and copy the focal male's mate choice.

Managing stored voice in the etherphone system

The Etherphone™ system was developed at Xerox PARC to explore methods of integrating voice into existing distributed personal computing environments. An important component of the Etherphone system, the voice manager , provides operations for recording, playing, editing, and otherwise manipulating digitized voice based on an abstraction that we call voice ropes . It was designed to allow: unrestricted use of voice in client applications, sharing among various clients, editing of voice by programs, integration of diverse workstations into the system, security at least as good as that of conventional file servers, and automatic reclamation of the storage occupied by unneeded voice. As with text, we want the ability to incorporate voice easily into electronic mail messages, voice-annotated documents, user interfaces, and other interactive applications. Because the characteristics of voice differ greatly from those of text, special mechanisms are required for managing and sharing stored voice. The voice manager reduces the work generally associated with building voice applications by providing a convenient set of application-independent abstractions for stored voice. Clients view voice ropes as immutable sequences of voice samples referenced by unique identifiers. In actuality, a voice rope consists of a list of intervals within voice files that are stored on a special voice file server. A database stores the many-to-many relationships that exist between voice ropes and files. Maintaining voice on a publicly accessible server facilitates sharing among various clients. These facilities for managing stored voice in the Etherphone system were designed with the intent of moving voice data as little as possible. Once recorded in the voice file server, voice is never copied until a workstation sends a play request; at this point the voice is transmitted directly to an Etherphone, a microprocessor-based telephone instrument. In particular, although workstations initiate most of the operations in the Etherphone system, there is little reason for them to receive the actual voice data since they have no way of playing it. Adding such voice facilities to a diverse and complex software base presents challenging problems to the systems builder since much of the existing workstation and server software cannot be changed or extended. Manipulating stored voice solely by textual references, besides allowing efficient sharing and resource management, has made it easy to integrate voice into documents. The only requirements placed on a workstation in order to make use of the voice services are that it have an associated Etherphone and an RPC implementation. The Etherphone system uses secure RPC for all control functions and DES encryption for transmitted voice. These ensure the privacy of voice communication, which is important even in a research environment, although the network is inherently vulnerable to interception of information. Storing the voice in its encrypted form protects the voice on the server and also means that the voice need not be reencrypted when played. All in all, the voice manager provides better security than most conventional file servers. The performance of operations for editing and managing recorded voice must be compatible with human response times: sub-second response at a peak rate of several operations per second is more than adequate. Performance measurements confirm that the voice manager easily meets these requirements. In conclusion, the major technical contributions presented in this paper involve the use of simple databases to: describe the results of editing operations such that existing voice passages need not be moved, copied, or decrypted, and provide a modified style of reference counting that allows the automatic reclamation of obsolete voice. Approximately 50 Etherphones are in daily use in the Computer Science Laboratory at Xerox PARC. We have had a voice mail system running since 1984 and a prototype voice editor available for demonstrations and experimental use since the spring of 1986.

照準作業能に対する間欠的視覚情報遮断の影響

The influence of intermittent interception of visual information during the task of target aiming was observed on eight healthy adults. The target aiming task was performed on the apparatus used to measure the function of concentration maintenance. The target aiming task was practiced for one minute before the beginning of the experiment in order to remove the low performance level of the function at the beginning of the task. The experimental period was then divided into three segments, that is, the pre-experimental phase, the experimental phase or the intermittently intercepted phase and the post-experimental phase. The pre and post phases were of sixty seconds duration and visual information was received with no interruption. During the experimental phase the visual information was interrupted periodically by an automatic shutter which was fitted to the front of the telescope. The duration of interception of visual information was called OFF-time. The duration of visual information was called ON-time. OFF-time was varied with ON-time held constant and then ON-time was varied with the other variable held constant. The duration of experimental phase, therefore, was varied from 51.0 to 64.5 seconds. The mean of the task performance (L) and the reliability of control of task (D/L) for each experimental condition was measured from the work curve. The results are as follows. 1) The difference in performance level between pre and post and the experimental phase was plotted. It was observed that with ON-time held constant, the performance level of the intermittently intercepted phase decreased as the OFF-time became increased. When the OFF-time became shorter the difference between the pre and experimental phase compared to the post and experimental phase was insignificant. In spite of the insignificant difference of performance level between the experimental and the pre phase, it was always observed that the difference of the performance level between the experimental and the post phase was significant. 2) When the ON- and OFF-time were varied at the same time it was noted that under certain conditions, the performance levels of the pre and experimental phases were the same, but the performance level of the post experimental phase was significantly different. The ON-OFF times were seen to be as follows. A) ON 7 seconds OFF 3 seconds B) ON 3 seconds OFF 2 seconds C) ON 1 second OFF 1 second These conditions are termed the Critical Conditions. 3) The critical condition was dependent not only on the total duration or ratio of OFF-time but also on the combination of ON-OFF time. 4) The factor analysis was conducted for performance level in the critical condition, time of duration of task under the continuous interception of visual information, and time required for reversion to the performance level in the pre phase at the re-insertion of visual information. It was suggested that even in the critical condition, there was difference in meaning between the condition of OFF 3 seconds and that of OFF 2 or 1 second. 5) The systematic influence of the experimental phase on the difference of task performance level between the pre and post experimental phase was not observed. 6) The influence of the experimental phase on the relative reliability of feedback control was also not systematic.

Studies on the interception of visual information during the target aiming task

Studies on the interception of visual information during the target aiming task

照準作業中の視覚情報しゃ断に関する研究

Some behavioral characters in the event of interception of the visual information during the visual-motor aiming task was studied. Subjects were 9 healthy adults. Target aiming task was assigned as task exerting the visual-motor system. The task was performed by using an apparatus for measuring the aiming performance by a telescope. The visual information was intercepted by covering the telescope. After the target aiming task was made for 60 seconds under the condition with the visual information (former period), the task with interception of the visual information was kept for 30 seconds. Successively, for 60 seconds, the task with the visual information was done (later period). The total duration of measurement was 150 seconds. 10 measurements were made for each subject. Two postures of the subjects were taken during the measurement; the posture with the elbow free and the one with the elbow rested upon the desk (E-posture). The measured scales were as follows; Lshowed the averaged error level and D/L showed the relative reliability of the aiming task, D being the deviation from the average, the duration of aiming maintained with the interception of the visual information and the time required for the reversion to the former task-level at the re-insertion of visual information. The task level for assessing those periods was drawn at the former L puls D or 2D. The results were as follows: 1) L in the former period was larger than L in the later period (significant at 6% level). But D/L did not show significant changes. 2) The duration of aiming maintained with interception of the visual information was 3.8 sec at [L+D] level and 4.9 sec at [L+2D] level. 3) The time required for the reversion to the former task level at the re-insertion of visual information was 4.4 sec at [L+2D] level and 5.4 sec at [L+D] level. 4) Correlation coefficients between each of the measured scales were culculated, and 3 factors were extracted by means of factor analysis. 5) In the occasion when the aiming level just befor the interception of visual information was higher than L, the duration of maintained aiming after the interception of visual information was longer than that at the opposite occasions. And, in the occasion when the direction of feedback control was approaching to the target, the same results were observed. 6) With E-posture, L in the former period became similar to the level in the later period, and the difference of L between both of the periods was not observed. The duration required for the recovery of aiming after the interception of visual information became longer. In view of these experimental results, it is concluded that the visual information system and the deep sensory information sysytem may also participate in the target aiming performance.