Intercept Survey Research Articles

Use Frequency of Metro–Bikeshare Integration: Evidence from Nanjing, China

Promoting a transition in individuals’ travel mode from car to an integrated metro and bikeshare systems is expected to effectively reduce the traffic congestion that results mainly from commute trips performed by individual automobiles. This paper focuses on the use frequency of an integrated metro–bikeshare by individuals, and presents empirical evidence from Nanjing, China. Using one-week GPS data collected from the Mobike company, the spatiotemporal characteristics of origin/destination for cyclists who would likely to use shared bike as a feeder mode to metro are examined. Three areas of travel-related spatiotemporal information were extracted including (1) the distribution of walking distances between metro stations and shared bike parking lots; (2) the distribution of cycling times between origins/destinations and metro stations; and (3) the times when metro–bikeshare users pick up/drop off shared bikes to transfer to/from a metro. Incorporating these three features into a questionnaire design, an intercept survey of possible factors on the use of the combined mode was conducted at seven functional metro stations. An ordered logistic regression model was used to examine the significant factors that influence groupings of metro passengers. Results showed that the high-, medium- and low-frequency groups of metro–bikeshare users accounted for 9.92%, 21.98% and 68.1%, respectively. Education, individual income, travel purpose, travel time on the metro, workplace location and bike lane infrastructure were found to have significant impacts on metro passengers’ use frequency of integrated metro–bikeshares. Relevant policies and interventions for metro passengers of Nanjing are proposed to encourage the integration of metro and bikeshare systems.

Caribbean Diaspora Healthy Nutrition Outreach Project (CDHNOP): A Qualitative and Quantitative Approach to Caribbean Health.

Background:Obesity prevention and its associated co-morbidities such as diabetes require a multi-tiered, culturally sensitive, population-based approach. South Florida’s tri-county area is home to approximately 75% of Florida’s total Caribbean immigrant population. This project is the first Caribbean-focused intervention using the Go-Slow-Whoa or GSW format which designates whether a food or beverage should be chosen frequently (Go – green), less often (Slow – yellow), or rarely (Whoa – red) based on the content of nutrients, sodium, fat, and sugar.Specific Aims:1. To create and evaluate culturally appropriate nutrition materials for the Caribbean diaspora population in Broward County (i.e. tailor existing GSW evidence-based materials for this population). 2. To quantify which social determinants of health are most relevant to this population.Methods:Mixed methods were utilized in this study. The qualitative, exploratory arm consisted of semi-structured focus groups that included 38 subjects from five Caribbean countries most represented in South Florida: Jamaica, Haiti, Trinidad and Tobago, Cuba and Dominican Republic. The quantitative arm employed descriptive and inferential statistics to analyze social determinants of health (SDOH) obtained from a modified National Association of Community Health Centers’ PRAPARE survey. Intercept survey data was also collected from a convenience sample of 24 Caribbean immigrants in Broward County.Findings:Analysis revealed a lack of culturally appropriate foods and exercise examples in the current GSW materials. At 92% and 82% respectively, an overwhelming majority of our intercept surveys indicated that our revised, culturally appropriate materials were helpful in making positive food and beverage choices. Further study is required to determine which SDOH variables are relevant to this population.Conclusions:Health disparities and inequity in the healthy living education of our Caribbean subpopulation are best addressed using an inclusive research frame that captures the cultural essence and preferences of this understudied community.

Constraining invader dominance: Effects of repeated herbicidal management and environmental factors on curlyleaf pondweed dynamics in 50 Minnesota lakes

Abstract Curlyleaf pondweed (Potamogeton crispus) is one of the most widespread and widely managed aquatic invasive plants in North America. Despite decades of management, the efficacy of long‐term management strategies and the effects of environmental drivers on curlyleaf pondweed populations remain uncertain. To evaluate the effects of management and environmental factors on within‐lake distribution and local density of curlyleaf pondweed, we collated monitoring data from point–intercept surveys collected by a variety of lake managers across Minnesota, U.S.A. Using this dataset, comprising 177 lake‐years of plant data, we examined the influence of herbicide treatment, water clarity, snow depth, and ice cover duration on curlyleaf pondweed distribution and density between 2006 and 2015. We evaluated the effects of herbicides on curlyleaf pondweed at three time points relative to treatment: within year, carryover effects the following year, and cumulative effects over multiple years of treatment. All three temporal measures were associated with significant reductions of curlyleaf pondweed. Additionally, herbicidal management reduced both the density and distribution of curlyleaf pondweed. Given that herbicide management led to reductions that carried over into future years, managers may be able to design multi‐year treatments to reduce total management effort over time. We also found strong effects of environmental conditions on curlyleaf pondweed. Elevated lake productivity and decreased winter snow cover were associated with increased springtime distributions of curlyleaf pondweed, whereas duration of winter ice cover had no influence. The influence of productivity suggests that reductions of this invasive species may be an ancillary benefit of water‐quality improvements that lower lakes’ trophic status. Our results also show that decreased winter snow cover, as predicted under climate change, could exacerbate problematic growth of curlyleaf pondweed. Harnessing monitoring data from multiple projects, as this study does, allows for robust inference about environmental and management constraints on macrophytes. Because of environmental and management variability, we suggest that treatment regimens follow an adaptive management cycle, with outcomes of management monitored and evaluated, and strategies updated accordingly. It is also vital to continue monitoring both managed and unmanaged lakes to enable stronger inferences about treatment effectiveness.

Modelling induced travel demand in a developing country: evidence from Dhaka, Bangladesh

This research evaluates induced travel demand with the construction of transport infrastructure, using flyovers as a case study. Induced travel demand is defined as an increase in travel as a result of any increase in the capacity of a transportation system. However, relatively little is known about the induced travel demand effects of flyover infrastructure in developing countries.This research endeavours to answer the question of whether the construction of flyover induces travel kilometers or induced trips. The objectives of this research are to estimate average travel distance and trip frequencies based on socio-economic and travel characteristics of flyover and non-flyover users; to measure induced travel kilometres and induced trips caused by construction of flyovers; and to model induced travel kilometres and induced trips. Using purposive sampling techniques, both an intercept survey and online questionnaire were conducted to collect the data from 1060 vehicle users who used flyover and non-flyover roads in Dhaka.An independent samples t-test estimated that there is a statistically significant difference between flyover and non-flyover users. Induced travel kilometres and induced trips made by these two groups are also reported. Using a linear multiple regression model, the study found that the number of trip frequency of flyover users is increased by 0.350 owing to a one-minute savings in their travel time. The findings of this research contribute to guide policies that include the effects of induced travel demand when constructing new roadway facilities, particularly in Dhaka and other cities in developing countries.

An Exploratory Analysis of Mall Attractive Dimensions from the Perspective of tier-II cities Customers

The purpose of this study is to identify the mall attractive dimensions (MADs) from tier-II cities shoppers' perspective and its impact on mall satisfaction. To accomplish the objectives, the data were collected through mall intercept survey from the malls located in tier-II cities. The exploratory factor analysis was used to identify the dimensions of mall attractiveness and regression analysis is also used to measure the impact of these dimensions on mall satisfaction. This study revealed six mall attractive dimensions from the mall shoppers' perspective. These dimensions are mall environment, convenience, mall staff, mall hygiene, entertainment and security. From this study, it is concluded that identified dimensions play a significant role in predicting mall satisfaction. The findings of this study may enable the mall managers and retailers to draft strategies for shopping mall to increase footfall and sales in mall when applied in non-metropolitan cities in India.

Planning of Public Bicycle (Bike) Sharing System (PBSS): A Case Study of Surat City

In recent years cycling has seen a new beginning, triggered by the thrust towards greater environmental consciousness. In cities where cycling shares are low, efforts are being made to promote cycling as a viable mode of transport. As an emerging economy, Surat is now facing urban challenges that are more complex than Delhi and Mumbai especially in the central zone, CBD area of Surat. Due to congested streets and other limitations, it is not feasible for the provision of other transportation modes in the center area of it and for this reason city planners are planning for providing Public Bicycle Sharing System (PBSS) in Center zone. To understand factors starring to bike sharing adoption and hindrance to adoption, the IUTI-SVNIT Team conducted an intercept survey in the Central zone between January to March 2017. The HH survey reveals that about 75% two-wheeler users and 78% car users are willing to use PBSS if implemented. The results from analysis give an idea about if PBS system is launch then daily commuters, Pedestrian etc get benefits & willing to use this types of NMT facility in their daily trips. The study identify total 81 potential docking station with 1920 fleet size using maximum coverage area method and minimum impedance method in three phase in GIS environment. Author expect that practitioner and researchers will find study useful to overcome the various issues such as short-term parking problem, reducing vehicular congestion, increase livability etc. of dense urban areas.

How are consumers using collection points? Evidence from Brussels

Environmental assessments of e-commerce often focus on the last mile. Collection points are considered more beneficial than home delivery but this largely depends on how consumers’ collection trips are organised. Because this information is lacking, our objective is to find out how consumers make use of and travel to collection points by means of a street intercept surveys in the Brussels-Capital Region. Findings show that the majority of consumers use collection points after an unsuccessful delivery at home. Most consumers travel less than fifteen minutes by car, chaining several activities to the collection trip.

Effects of Customer Experience on Satisfaction and Revisit Intentions by Types of Self-Service Technology in Retail Stores

This study is to identify underlying dimensions of customer experience and to examine the effect of customer experience on satisfaction and intentions to revisit the retail stores in the context of using self-service technologies. To collect data, this study selected three types of SSTs in different retail stores: a self-checking kiosk in a Home Plus supermarket, a self-ticketing kiosk in a CGV movie theater, and FX Mirror in BIND fashion store. An intercept survey with a questionnaire was used to obtain a total sample of 80 responses from consumers who used the SSTs during shopping at each store. Findings suggested that customer experience consisted of four factors: behavioral, affective, cognitive, and sensory experiences. In the case of self-ticketing kiosk in the CGV movie theater, sensory experience had a significant effect on customer satisfaction and revisit intentions. In the case of the FX mirror in the BIND fashion store, sensory experience had a significant effect on customer satisfaction and cognitive experience had a significant effect on customer satisfaction and revisit intentions. However, in the case of the self-checking kiosk in the Home Plus supermarket, customer experience was not significantly related to customer satisfaction and revisit intentions. This study discussed managerial implications for differentiating positioning in different retail venues on a service provision.

Segmentation of Indian shoppers in the context of organic foods

PurposeThe purpose of the paper is to segment and profile the Indian shoppers in the context of organic foods in India. It proposes to use a healthy lifestyle (HL) as a segmenting variable and to use a factor-cluster analysis approach to achieve the same. The current study is expected to add a substantial base to the segmentation literature in marketing.Design/methodology/approachFood stores in Indian metropolitan city Chennai are sampled, and data is collected in the form of a mall intercept survey method. In total, 441 usable structured questionnaires are filled by the respondents which are subjected to suitable statistical analysis.FindingsThree significantly different consumer segments emerged from the given sample of respondents, which shows uniqueness concerning consumer’s, HL features, demographics and the variables of the theory of planned behavior (TPB).Research limitations/implicationsClustering method used to segment the potential shoppers of organic foods is an exploratory technique only. It cannot be treated or generalized to the population like those of inferential techniques. The researcher suggested testing the same with a larger sample size and in a different context. It is limited to urban and suburban facets of the metropolitan city in India.Originality/valueThe study will be helpful to marketers and decision makers to target the potential organic foods consumers.

To fly or not to fly? An empirical study of trust, post-recovery satisfaction and loyalty of Malaysia Airlines passengers

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to investigate the importance of successful service recovery in the airline sector by examining the interrelationship between perceived justice, recovery satisfaction and overall satisfaction, customer trust and customer loyalty. Furthermore, the research assesses the mediating effect of overall satisfaction and customer trust on customer loyalty.Design/methodology/approachData were collected via an airport intercept survey of Malaysia Airlines passengers who had experienced service failure. In total, 380 responses were used for the final analysis. The study uses partial least squares structural equation modelling technique with SmartPLS 3.0, in order to test and validate the research model and hypotheses posited.FindingsThe results reveal that: recovery satisfaction is significantly affected by procedural and interactional justice; distributive and procedural justice, as well as recovery satisfaction influenced overall satisfaction; customer trust is most influenced by interactional justice, distributive justice and recovery satisfaction; customer loyalty is positively affected by customer trust, overall satisfaction and recovery satisfaction; and the influence amongst recovery satisfaction and customer loyalty is partially mediated by customer trust and overall satisfaction.Originality/valueThe study contributes to a whole conceptual comprehension of the essential determinants of customer loyalty from the combined perspectives of three theories, namely, justice theory, expectancy disconfirmation theory and commitment-trust theory. This study successfully differentiates the three dimensions of perceived justice and assesses them individually to discern and compare their influence on overall satisfaction, recovery satisfaction and trust. In addition, the study finds that the influence of recovery satisfaction on loyalty is partially and sequentially mediated by trust and overall satisfaction.

Consumption of Dietary Supplement Products Among Malaysian Consumers: The Roles of Attitude, Social Influence and Perceived Behavioural Control

There are many evidences that relate nutrition deficiency with increased risk of chronic diseases. A clear understanding and knowledge on the factors influencing dietary supplements consumption is therefore important. This knowledge could assist health professional in developing their marketing strategies. A model is developed and tested examining the relationships between attitude, social influence and perceived behavioural control and consumption of dietary supplements among Malaysian consumers. Mall intercept survey was carried out to acquire data from 316 consumers using structured questionnaires at 10 hypermarkets in Malaysia. Construct measures were based on existing previous research. Measurement reliabilities and validities were established using confirmatory factor analysis. Hypotheses were tested using Structural Equation Model and accepted method for testing mediation effect. From the 10 hypotheses developed, 7 were supported. It was discovered that consumption of dietary supplements is positively been influenced by consumer attitude towards dietary supplements, normative influence, informational influence and perceived behavioural control. On the other hand, attitude towards dietary supplements is positively been influenced by normative influence and perceived behavioural control. The relationship between perceived behavioural control and dietary consumption behaviour is mediated by consumer attitude towards dietary supplements. This research sets the ground for stakeholders in the healthcare and pharmaceutical sectors to improve their understanding of what drives dietary supplements consumption. Armed with this knowledge, marketers and health professionals could plan and execute their marketing strategies and health interventions more effectively. The theoretical implications and managerial implications of these findings are discussed.

Quantifying Recreational Use of an Estuary: A Case Study of Three Bays, Cape Cod, USA.

Estimates of the types and number of recreational users visiting an estuary are critical data for quantifying the value of recreation and how that value might change with variations in water quality or other management decisions. However, estimates of recreational use are minimal and conventional intercept surveys methods are often infeasible for widespread application to estuaries. Therefore, a practical observational sampling approach was developed to quantify the recreational use of an estuary without the use of surveys. Designed to be simple and fast to allow for replication, the methods involved the use of periodic instantaneous car counts multiplied by extrapolation factors derived from all-day counts. This simple sampling approach can be used to estimate visitation to diverse types of access points on an estuary in a single day as well as across multiple days. Evaluation of this method showed that when periodic counts were taken within a preferred time window (from 11am-4:30pm), the estimates were within 44 percent of actual daily visitation. These methods were applied to the Three Bays estuary system on Cape Cod, USA. The estimated combined use across all its public access sites is similar to the use at a mid-sized coastal beach, demonstrating the value of estuarine systems. Further, this study is the first to quantify the variety and magnitude of recreational uses at several different types of access points throughout the estuary using observational methods. This work can be transferred to the many small coastal access points used for recreation across New England and beyond.

Comparing bicyclists who use smartphone apps to record rides with those who do not: Implications for representativeness and selection bias

Increasing population levels of cycling has the potential to improve public health by increasing physical activity. As cyclists have begun using smartphone apps to record trips, researchers have used data generated from these apps to monitor cycling levels and evaluate cycling-related interventions.The goal of this research is to assess the extent to which app-using cyclists represent the broader cycling population to inform whether use of app-generated data in bike-infrastructure intervention research may bias effect estimates.Using an intercept survey, we asked 95 cyclists throughout Atlanta, Georgia, USA about their use of GPS-based smartphone apps to record bike rides. We asked respondents to draw their common bike routes, from which we assessed the proportion of ridership captured by app-generated data sources overall and on types of bicycle infrastructure. We measured socio-demographics and bike-riding habits, including cyclist type, ride frequency, and most common ride purpose.Cyclists who used smartphone apps to record their bike rides differed from those who did not across some but not all socio-demographic characteristics and differed in several bike-riding attributes. App users rode more frequently, self-classified as stronger riders, and rode proportionately more for leisure. Although groups had similar infrastructure preferences at the person level, differences appeared at the level of the estimated ride, where, for example, the proportion of ridership captured by an app on protected bike lanes was lower than the overall proportion of ridership captured. A sample calculation illustrated how such differences may induce selection bias in smartphone-data-based research on infrastructure and motor-vehicle-cyclist crash risk. We illustrate in the sample scenario how the bias can be corrected, assuming inverse-probability-of-selection weights can be accurately specified. The presented bias-adjustment method may be useful for future bike-infrastructure research using smartphone-generated data.

On evasion behaviour in public transport: Dissatisfaction or contagion?

Fare evasion, in public transport (PT), is a major problem in certain countries and threatens the PT administrators’ funds directly. Hence, identifying the possible causes for this behaviour can be highly relevant. Governments and PT administrators aim to deliver first-class services to satisfy customers, who will then tend to reuse the services and recommend them to friends and family, attracting new users. Customer surveys help PT administrators determining which items are more relevant for users. We hypothesise that a direct link exists between overall and attribute-specific satisfaction and fare evading behaviour; we also test the notion that the evading behaviour of other users may directly impact the satisfaction of a given user. As such, we propose a general PT satisfaction-evasion behavioural model which considers (dis)satisfaction with other users’ fare evading behaviour, attribute-specific satisfaction, overall satisfaction, reuse intention, and self-reported fare evading behaviour. We base our analysis on a single intercept survey (n = 2,002), designed on the basis of focus groups conducted on users of two PT modes, Metro and bus, in Santiago de Chile. Using structural equation models (SEM) we are able to capture heterogeneous perceptions and behaviours among PT users. In particular, we found that evading behaviour increases when satisfaction with (i.e. attitude towards) other users’ fare evading behaviour increases (contagion effect), and when satisfaction with reliability decreases. We develop a behavioural fare evader profile, that could be useful in policy making. For overall satisfaction, we test a variety of models confirming that reliability is the most crucial satisfaction construct in our case. We provide policy recommendations for deterring fare evasion in Santiago based on our results, but our framework is clearly generalisable to other PT settings.

The association between the "Plate it Up Kentucky" supermarket intervention and changes in grocery shopping practices among rural residents.

Rural communities experience higher rates of obesity, and residents have a lower intake of fruits and vegetables. Innovative healthy food promotions in supermarkets may improve healthy food access and dietary intake among residents, yet few supermarket interventions have been translated to the rural context. The aim of this project was to determine whether a supermarket-based intervention "Plate it Up Kentucky" was associated with change in fruit, vegetable, and sugar-sweetened beverage (SSB) purchases among rural supermarket customers. Ten Kentucky supermarkets participated in an intervention titled "Plate It Up" to provide in-store promotions, including recipe cards, samples, price reductions for specific fruits and vegetables, and marketing on shopping carts. Six stores in rural Kentucky and North Carolina were controls. Two cross-sectional customer intercept surveys were conducted among grocery store customers in Spring of 2016 (baseline, n = 131 control and n = 181 intervention store customers) and Spring-Summer of 2017 (post-intervention, n = 100 control and n = 83 intervention store customers). Customers were asked to provide store receipts and participate in a survey assessing grocery shopping practices and dietary intake. The primary outcome was purchases in fruit and vegetable (obtained from receipt data). The secondary outcome was dietary intake (captured with the National Cancer Institute's Fruit and Vegetable Screener and BRFSS questionnaire). An adjusted, difference-in-difference model was used to assess the differences between control and intervention store customers at baseline, post-intervention, and then between the two time points. Post-intervention, there was a greater increase in customers stating that they "liked the food" as one main reason for shopping in the store where surveyed among intervention versus control store customers. The adjusted difference-in-difference model indicated that intervention store customers spent on average 8% more on fruits and vegetables from baseline to post-intervention (p = .001) when compared with customers from control stores. Among controls, spending on SSB decreased from $3.61 at baseline to $3.25 at post-intervention, whereas among intervention customers, spending on SSB decreased from $2.75 at baseline to $1.81 at post-intervention (p = .02). In-store promotions that provide recipe cards, samples, price reductions for specific fruits and vegetables, and marketing on shopping carts hold promise as a method to promote healthy food purchases among rural supermarket customers at two time points.

High consumption of energy-dense nutrient-poor foods among low-income groups in the Mississippi Delta and Alabama.

To assess the consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages (SSB) and other energy-dense nutrient-poor (EDNP) foods in two Southern low-income communities targeted by the Balance Calories Initiative, a campaign by the top-three American beverage companies intended to reduce the consumption of sugary beverages by 20 % over 10 years. We conducted self-administered intercept surveys in front of food retail outlets between August and November 2016. We recruited adults with children <18 years living at home and adolescents aged 10-17 years with parental consent. Retail food outlets in Mississippi and Alabama, USA. Adults (n 11 311) and adolescents (n 3460). The percentage of high SSB consumers (≥4 servings/d) was 40·9 % among adult males, 32·3 % among adult females, 43·0 % among adolescent males and 34·4 % among adolescent females (male - female difference, P < 0·0001). In aggregate, respondents also reported consuming a mean of 3 servings of salty snacks, cookies and/or candy in the past 24 h, with adolescent males reporting 4 servings. SSB should be a primary target of future interventions to improve dietary intake, but EDNP foods likely contribute as many daily kilojoules as SSB among this population. Future campaigns should aim to limit the consumption of all EDNP foods.

On identification and prioritization of motivators and deterrents of bicycling

ABSTRACT This study has identified a comprehensive set of motivators and deterrents influencing bicycling in typical Indian context based on literature review. A travel intercept survey was conducted to collect user perceptions on the identified motivators and deterrents from Kharagpur and Asansol, two typical Indian cities. The collected data were analyzed for prioritization of the identified factors using two established Multi-Attribute-Decision-Making (MADM) approaches, namely, RIDIT and GRA. The rankings of the factors obtained are found to be consistent for both cities. Results reveal that among deterrents, ‘safety concern’ and ‘route visibility’ are perceived as strong deterrents to bicycling, whereas ‘parking fee’ is not perceived as a significant deterrent. Motivators such as ‘physical fitness,’ ‘environmental awareness,’ and ‘reliability’ are perceived to be more important than the low cost of bicycle travel, which contradicts a wildly held perception that the relatively lower cost of bicycle travel is the primary motivator for bicycling.

Consumer Perceptions Related to Clothing Repair and Community Mending Events: A Circular Economy Perspective

While research focusing on clothing repair and community mending events as part of sustainable clothing consumption practices has been conducted in some developed European countries (e.g., the U.K. and the Netherlands), little research has examined consumer clothes mending/repairing behavior in a U.S. context. The purpose of this study was to explore U.S. consumers’ specific barriers and motivations to engage in clothing repair and their likelihood to participate in clothes mending and community mending events. An intercept survey approach was used to administer a questionnaire to participants who were attendees at three different events in a mid-sized city in Colorado, U.S. across a two-week time span. Data were collected from 254 participants. Path analysis was conducted to test four sets of hypotheses. The results suggested that consumers’ perceived barriers negatively influenced their mending frequency. Consumer’s perceived motivations positively influenced their attitudes toward mending, their mending frequency, and sustainable post-consumption clothing behaviors (SPCBs). Furthermore, participants’ attitudes toward mending, mending frequency, and their SPCBs positively influenced their intentions to mend clothes and to participate in community mending events. The current study advances the understanding of US consumers’ clothes mending behaviors and provides critical implications for local governments and education systems.

Role of Male Sex Partners in HIV Risk of Adolescent Girls and Young Women in Mozambique.

Adolescent girls and young women (AGYW) ages 15-24 years are disproportionately affected by HIV/AIDS, particularly in East and Southern Africa. One strategy to reduce HIV among AGYW, proposed through the Determined, Resilient, Empowered, AIDS-free, Mentored, and Safe (DREAMS) Initiative, is to prevent and manage HIV among their male sexual partners. To implement this strategy and reach men, programs need information about AGYW's potential sexual partners at the local level. To support DREAMS programming in Mozambique, we undertook a study to characterize this population of men in 3 districts with ongoing DREAMS programming. In mid-2017 we conducted 15 focus group discussions with AGYW (N=102) and a venue-based intercept survey of men (N=1,140). Male sexual partners of AGYW who took the survey were diverse in age, education level, and socioeconomic status. Older AGYW focus group participants sought partners who could provide for them financially. Multiple sexual partnerships and inconsistent condom use were widely reported, with AGYW emphasizing that gender norms disempowered them from negotiating condom use. Reported condom use varied by AGYW and male-partner demographic characteristics, as well as by their relationship type. Condom use rates were much higher than national and regional estimates. AGYW who were less educated/not-in-school, were pregnant, or single mothers were particularly disempowered in sexual relationships. Less educated men were less likely to use condoms than educated men, and condom use was least likely in marriage. Study findings underscore the importance of reaching the diversity of male sexual partners of AGYW with HIV services as part of a strategy to reduce HIV risk among AGYW. They also support an enhanced focus on female-controlled HIV prevention methods that do not require negotiation with a male partner and special efforts to reach out-of-school/less educated AGYW, as well as pregnant AGYW and single mothers.

A Study on the Impact of e-Service Quality on User Satisfaction in the Online Banking Sector

This paper deals with studying the factors that are associated with e-service quality as derived from the review of literature and then, assessing the impact of these factors on the satisfaction level of the users of online banking services in Delhi and National Capital Region. The users in this study have been categorized as the retail banking users. This is a primary research based on purposive sampling and with the sample size of 400 respondents via a bank intercept survey. Multiple regression has been used to study the impact of the various factors of service quality; namely, reliability, responsiveness, competence, product portfolio, security, feedback management, web apps on the user satisfaction of the online banking services. The satisfaction level has been represented by the total score of all the psychographic statements based on the dimensions of service quality. This study is quite relevant as it will provide inputs to the banking sectors and the academicians in the related field to understand the online banking service users’ behavior and identify, how they can be better satisfied. It indirectly provides the performance assessment of the online banking service provided by the stipulated banks in terms of keeping their customers satisfied.