Inter-basin Water Transfer Projects Research Articles

The assessment of the changes of biomass and riparian buffer width in the terminal reservoir under the impact of the South-to-North Water Diversion Project in China

Reservoir and lake levels are susceptible to interference from inter-basin water transfer projects that are intended to alleviate increasing serious water resource crises. However, the impact of these transfers on riparian buffers as well as to water security is not clear. This paper considers the world’s largest inter-basin water transfer, the South-to-North Water Diversion (SNWD), as an example for assessing changes in riparian buffer width and biomass in order to indicate the influence of the project on the ecological system of the receiving reservoir. The riparian buffer width is determined by Landsat NDWI. Basing on in situ survey, the method that combing unmanned aircraft vehicle (UAV) and remote sensing (Landsat) was employed to calculate riparian biomass. Resultsshow that water arriving from the SNWD directly decrease the existing buffer width due to the rising water level, and riparian biomass shows a negative response to elevated water levels. Therefore, the transferred water will impair the ecological functions of that buffer and increase risk to the security of the water resource. The vegetation cover in extant riparian buffer zones should be restored if the buffers are to be effective as usual. This study provides information useful to assess riparian impact from artificial inter-basin water projects prior to implementation.

Watershed prioritization in the upper Han River basin for soil and water conservation in the South-to-North Water Transfer Project (middle route) of China.

Watershed prioritization with the objective of identifying critical areas to undertake soil and water conservation measures was conducted in the upper Han River basin, the water source area of approximately 95,000km2 for the middle route of China's South-to-North Water Transfer Project. Based on the estimated soil erosion intensity in uplands and clustering analysis of measured nutrient concentrations in rivers, the basin was grouped into very-high-, high-, moderate-, and low-priority regions for water and soil conservation, respectively. The results indicated that soil erosion was primarily controlled by topography, and nutrients in rivers were associated with land use and land cover in uplands. Also, there was large spatial disparity between soil erosion intensity in the uplands and nutrient concentrations in the rivers across the basin. Analysis was then performed to prioritize the basin by the integration of the soil erosion intensity and water quality on a GIS platform in order to identify critical areas for water and soil conservation in the basin. The identified high-priority regions which occupy 5.74% of the drainage areas need immediate attention for soil and water conservation treatments, of which 5.28% is critical for soil erosion prevention and 0.46% for water conservation. Understandings of the basin environment and pollutant loading with spatial explicit are critical to the soil and water resource conservation for the interbasin water transfer project.

Systematic impact assessment on inter-basin water transfer projects of the Hanjiang River Basin in China

China’s inter-basin water transfer projects have gained increasing attention in recent years. This study proposes an intelligent water allocation methodology for establishing optimal inter-basin water allocation schemes and assessing the impacts of water transfer projects on water-demanding sectors in the Hanjiang River Basin of China. We first analyze water demands for water allocation purpose, and then search optimal water allocation strategies for maximizing the water supply to water-demanding sectors and mitigating the negative impacts by using the Standard Genetic Algorithm (SGA) and Adaptive Genetic Algorithm (AGA), respectively. Lastly, the performance indexes of the water supply system are evaluated under different scenarios of inter-basin water transfer projects. The results indicate that: the AGA with adaptive crossover and mutation operators could increase the average annual water transfer from the Hanjiang River by 0.79billionm3 (8.8%), the average annual water transfer from the Changjiang River by 0.18billionm3 (6.5%), and the average annual hydropower generation by 0.49billionkWh (5.4%) as well as reduce the average annual unmet water demand by 0.40billionm3 (9.7%), as compared with the those of the SGA. We demonstrate that the proposed intelligent water allocation schemes can significantly mitigate the negative impacts of inter-basin water transfer projects on the reliability, vulnerability and resilience of water supply to the demanding sectors in water-supplying basins. This study has a direct bearing on more intelligent and effectual water allocation management under various scenarios of inter-basin water transfer projects.

Dynamic programming model for hydraulics and water resources simulating and optimizing water transfer system (a case study in Iran)

Inter-basin water transfer projects have large tunnels and the cost of implementation is high. In order to cut costs, this system should be optimized. In inter-basin water transfer projects, hydraulics and water resources are equally important. For optimizing, both hydraulic and hydrologic modeling flow conditions must be considered together. In this study, four dams and three water transfer tunnels were used for transferring water from Yalan dam to Zayanderud dam (YPGZWT project) in Iran. Dynamic Programming (DP) and integrated solution of water resource and hydraulic models, developed by the authors, were used for optimizing the project. The objective of the study is the transferring of 95% of the water flow between both basins after supplying the agricultural consumption and environmental needs of their respective areas. The water level in the dam reservoirs and diameter of the tunnels were considered as the state variable and decision variable respectively in the DP model. The results showed that Yalan, Pashandegan and Gokan dams with a height of 135, 44 and 106 m, respectively, and Yalan–Pashandegan, Pashandegan–Gokan and Gokan-Zayanderud tunnel diameters, 2.812, 3.294 and 5.432 m, respectively, were the most economically optimal combination of water transferring in YPGZWT Project and the cost of this project is 350.70 million US dollars.

Deriving Operating Rules of Pumped Water Storage Using Multiobjective Optimization: Case Study of the Han to Wei Interbasin Water Transfer Project, China

AbstractPumped water storage (PWS) is an advanced component of interbasin water transfer (IBWT) projects that plays a critical role in addressing streamflow variability. However, improper operating...

Interbasin water transfer for the rehabilitation of a transboundary Mediterranean stream: An economic analysis

Global demand for freshwater is increasing as human population grows, climate changes and water resources are being overexploited. Consequently, many freshwater ecosystems, particularly in water-stressed regions, are severely degraded. Here we present a unique case of an Interbasin Water Transfer (IWT) project aiming at ecosystem rehabilitation and recreation enhancement of an intermittent transboundary stream (Ayun, Israel). For the past century, water diversion at the Lebanese side had led to flow secession in the Israeli Ayun Nature Reserve during the dry season (May–November). To restore flow continuum, a sum of 0.5 million cubic meters of high quality freshwaters have been allocated annually during the dry months. The aim of this study is to evaluate the IWT project by: (1) examining the correlation between water flow in the Ayun and recreational visitation, and (2) performing a cost-benefit analysis of the IWT scheme, including non-market benefits. A time-series regression (Adj. R2 = 0.688, n = 125) shows that a 10% increase in water flow corresponds to a 2.1% increase in monthly visitors. An estimated 18.8% of the visitation rate between 2009 and 2015 can be attributed to the water reallocation project. Through a single-site travel cost model, we estimate the visitor's willingness to pay in US$ 37.8 per person per trip. When non-market benefits for recreation are included, the total benefits of the IWT project substantially exceed its costs. Our results suggest that IWT can be applied to restore water flow and enhance ecosystem services also in water-stressed regions.

Multi-Objective Optimization-Simulation for Reliability-Based Inter-Basin Water Allocation

A simulation-optimization framework is presented for reliability-based optimal sizing, operation, and water allocation in the Bashar-to-Zohreh inter-basin water transfer project. The problem was formulated as a mixed integer nonlinear program (MINLP), for which two solution approaches were tested, including gradient-based nonlinear programming and simulation-optimization (SO). The SO framework linked the water evaluation and planning system (WEAP) simulation module, benefiting from fast, single-period linear programming, to the multi-objective particle swarm optimization (MOPSO) for multiperiod optimization. The objective functions were minimizing the sizes of the project’s infrastructures and maximizing the reliability of supplying water to agricultural lands. The combination of nonlinear programming and the branch-and-bound algorithm was not able to solve the resulting MINLP. The results of the MOPSO-WEAP framework indicated that the project can supply water for land development in the Dehdasht and Choram agricultural plains, located in the less developed Kohgiluye and Boyer-Ahmad Province of Iran at an acceptable reliability level. For example, for one of the Pareto solutions found corresponding to maximum land development (30,000 ha), an average volume of 237 million cubic meter (MCM) is transferred annually at a 73.2% reliability level with average sizes of water transfer and storage elements. Further, design-operation and hydropower scenarios were also evaluated, and the Pareto solutions were obtained.

Emergency Water Conveyance Project into Dalian Cost Benefit Analysis

The project of transporting water to Dalian in urgent situation is a large-scale Inter-basin water transfer project, which in order to solve the serious problem of the shortage of water in Dalian. It is a key construction project in Liaoning province project, which will cost huge investment and need spending long construction period. Dalian is of great shortage of water resource, it's water supply depends on the Largescale water conservancy project. In order to provide reference to investment and construction of similar project in the future, this paper use the benefit factor analysis and set a model, to analyze the factors, such as economic, social impact, environmental impact. If the construction and use of the funds put into operation, we concluded that the construction of the project was reasonable in economy. The construction of this project will solve water shortage problems periodically and play a significant role in the future of urban development in Dalian.

Simulation and Optimization of Multi-Reservoir Operation in Inter-Basin Water Transfer System

Inter-basin water transfer projects are usually considered as one of the most effective facilities to balance the non-uniform temporal and spatial distribution of water resources and water demands by diverting water from surplus to deficient area. However, the operation of these projects are always daunting, especially for projects with multi-donor reservoirs but only one recipient reservoir. In this study, a set of water transfer rule curves are firstly proposed to determine when, where and how much water should be diverted from each donor reservoir. In addition, a simulation-optimization model with the objective to minimize both water shortage risk and vulnerability is established to derive the optimal operation rule curves. Following that, the new transfer rules are applied to provide guidelines for the operation of a water transfer-supply project with two donor reservoirs in central China. The effects of water diversion on each reservoir are evaluated under different scenarios including no diversion, diversion from the donor reservoir with relatively sufficient water, diversion from the donor reservoir with relatively limited water, and diversion from both donor reservoirs. The results show the advantages of improving the performance of whole water diversion system and demonstrate the feasibility of the proposed approach.

Bottom-up quantification of inter-basin water transfer vulnerability to climate change

Inter-basin water transfer (IBWT) projects offer us a long-term means to minimize the mismatch between water demand and water availability. Climate change may impose significant vulnerability to IBWT projects through perturbations in water availability. However, previous studies of climate change’s impacts on IBWT’s vulnerability are mainly based on a top-down framework, i.e. forecasting the climate change via a wide range of GCMs, which may underestimate the uncertainty of climate change. In order to address this problem, a bottom-up vulnerability assessment framework is developed to evaluate the vulnerability of IBWT. In this framework, an IBWT vulnerability indicator is proposed based on three dimensions of vulnerability including exposure, sensitivity and adaptive capacity. The framework also highlights the deep uncertainty of climate change by adopting a probabilistic Budyko model, which can estimate the water availability over a broad range of climate futures. The South-to-North Water Transfer Project (SNWTP) in China is adopted as a case study to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed framework. It shows that the framework is a useful tool for identifying the detrimental climate condition scope for the IBWT’s vulnerability, and is valuable to guide long-term water resources management and planning for policymakers.

Comparison of models for predicting the changes in phytoplankton community composition in the receiving water system of an inter-basin water transfer project

Inter-basin water transfer projects might cause complex hydro-chemical and biological variation in the receiving aquatic ecosystems. Whether machine learning models can be used to predict changes in phytoplankton community composition caused by water transfer projects have rarely been studied. In the present study, we used machine learning models to predict the total algal cell densities and changes in phytoplankton community composition in Miyun reservoir caused by the middle route of the South-to-North Water Transfer Project (SNWTP). The model performances of four machine learning models, including regression trees (RT), random forest (RF), support vector machine (SVM), and artificial neural network (ANN) were evaluated and the best model was selected for further prediction. The results showed that the predictive accuracies (Pearson's correlation coefficient) of the models were RF (0.974), ANN (0.951), SVM (0.860), and RT (0.817) in the training step and RF (0.806), ANN (0.734), SVM (0.730), and RT (0.692) in the testing step. Therefore, the RF model was the best method for estimating total algal cell densities. Furthermore, the predicted accuracies of the RF model for dominant phytoplankton phyla (Cyanophyta, Chlorophyta, and Bacillariophyta) in Miyun reservoir ranged from 0.824 to 0.869 in the testing step. The predicted proportions with water transfer of the different phytoplankton phyla ranged from −8.88% to 9.93%, and the predicted dominant phyla with water transfer in each season remained unchanged compared to the phytoplankton succession without water transfer. The results of the present study provide a useful tool for predicting the changes in phytoplankton community caused by water transfer. The method is transferrable to other locations via establishment of models with relevant data to a particular area. Our findings help better understanding the possible changes in aquatic ecosystems influenced by inter-basin water transfer.

Governmentality and the conduct of water: China's South–North Water Transfer Project

Governmentality is a way of thinking about dispersed practices of governing, including attempts to render space governable. China's South–North Water Transfer (SNWT) project, the world's largest interbasin water transfer project, is a programme of government that attempts to render the distribution of water across space more governable and administrable. This article analyses English and Chinese academic, media and government documents through a governmentality lens. It aims to examine the SNWT project's machinery, mentality and spatiality, including its narrative, its constitution of objects and subjects in space, its multiple techniques of government, and its physical and administrative assemblages. In decentring the problem of the state in relation to the SNWT project we can learn much about both the politics of water and the nature of Chinese governmentalities. This article shows how the SNWT naturalises water scarcity, normalises the pre‐eminence of North China, sustains engineering over regulatory solutions and reconfigures hydrosocial relations, while also outlining the limits to and endemic conflicts within this vast programme of government.

Development of payment standards for ecosystem services in the largest interbasin water transfer projects in the world

Interbasin water transfer (IBWT) projects effectively overcome water shortages resulting from the uneven distribution of water resources and water demand. However, these projects may also create water conflicts between the water source and receiving areas. As a method to solve water conflicts, the payments for an ecosystem services (PES) approach determines a payment standard based on different calculation methods. However, an overall survey revealed that few PES studies had applied to evaluate IBWT projects by these different calculation methods, and no comparison has been made among these payment standards. This study applied the conservation cost method (CCM), the market value method (MVM), and the payment ability method (PAM) to determine payment standards for the Middle Route Project of the South-to-North Water Diversion project in China, the largest IBWT project in the world. It seems that the CCM-based payment standard (72.30 billion CNY) would contribute to environmental conservation and economic loss compensation in the water source area. The MVM-based payment standard (82.44 billion CNY) would stimulate economic development in the water source area besides environmental conservation and economic loss compensation. The PAM-based payment standard (109.74 billion CNY) would greatly accelerate economic development in the water source area; however, it should solely be used as a reference value in order to allow for economic development in the water receiving area.

Eco-environmental impact of inter-basin water transfer projects: a review.

The objective reality of uneven water resource distribution and imbalanced water demand of the human society makes it inevitable to transfer water. It has been an age-old method to adopt the inter-basin water transfers (IBTs) for alleviating and even resolving the urgent demand of the water-deficient areas. A number of countries have made attempts and have achieved enormous benefits. However, IBTs inevitably involve the redistribution of water resources in relevant basins and may cause changes of the ecological environment in different basins. Such changes are two-sided, namely, the positive impacts, including adding new basins for water-deficient areas, facilitating water cycle, improving meteorological conditions in the recipient basins, mitigating ecological water shortage, repairing the damaged ecological system, and preserving the endangered wild fauna and flora, as well as the negative impacts, including salinization and aridification of the donor basins, damage to the ecological environment of the donor basins and the both sides of the conveying channel system, increase of water consumption in the recipient basins, and spread of diseases, etc. Because IBTs have enormous ecological risk, it is necessary to comprehensively analyze the inter-basin water balance relationship, coordinate the possible conflicts and environmental quality problems between regions, and strengthen the argumentation of the ecological risk of water transfer and eco-compensation measures. In addition, there are some effective alternative measures for IBTs, such as attaching importance to water cycle, improving water use efficiency, developing sea water desalination, and rainwater harvesting technology, etc.

Impact of Inter‐Basin Water Transfer Projects on Regional Ecological Security from a Telecoupling Perspective

Inter‐basin water transfer projects (IBWTPs) offer one of the most important means to solve the mismatch between supply and demand of regional water resources. IBWTPs have impacts on the complex ecosystems of the areas from which water is diverted and to which water is received. These impacts increase damage or risk to regional ecological security and human wellbeing. However, current methods make it difficult to achieve comprehensive analysis of the impacts of whole ecosystems, because of the long distance between ecosystems and the inconsistency of impact events. In this study, a model was proposed for the analysis of the impacts of IBWTPs on regional ecological security. It is based on the telecoupling framework, and the Driver‐Pressure‐State‐ Impact‐Response (DPSIR) model was used to improve the analysis procedure within the telecoupling framework. The Middle Line of the South‐to‐North Water Diversion Project was selected as a case study to illustrate the specific analysis procedure. We realized that information sharing is a key issue in the management of regional security, and that the ecological water requirement, in the form of a single index, could be used to quantitatively assess the impacts on ecological security from IBWTPs.

调水工程输水管道建设对地表植被格局的影响——以南水北调河北省易县段为例

PDF HTML阅读 XML下载 导出引用 引用提醒 调水工程输水管道建设对地表植被格局的影响——以南水北调河北省易县段为例 DOI: 10.5846/stxb201504080718 作者: 作者单位: 中国科学院生态环境研究中心城市与区域生态国家重点实验室,中国科学院生态环境研究中心城市与区域生态国家重点实验室,中国科学院生态环境研究中心城市与区域生态国家重点实验室,中国科学院生态环境研究中心城市与区域生态国家重点实验室,中国科学院生态环境研究中心城市与区域生态国家重点实验室,中国科学院生态环境研究中心城市与区域生态国家重点实验室 作者简介: 通讯作者: 中图分类号: 基金项目: 环保公益性行业科研专项（201209029-3） Effects of water transfer project construction on vegetation patterns Author: Affiliation: State Key of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences,,,,,State Key of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences Fund Project: 摘要 | 图/表 | 访问统计 | 参考文献 | 相似文献 | 引证文献 | 资源附件 | 文章评论 摘要:随着生态环境不断恶化，水资源紧缺已成为全球性的环境问题，跨流域调水工程是保障区域水资源合理配置，保证区域生态安全、区域经济和社会可持续发展的重要措施之一。但是调水工程会不可避免的对施工建设区的生态系统带来人为干扰，对施工建设的地表植被格局产生影响。以南水北调中线一期工程河北省易县段大型输水管道工程建设区作为研究对象，选取了施工建设前（2000年）、施工建设期（2008年）和施工建设后（2013年）3个不同时间段的遥感影像数据，通过解译施工建设区地表植被类型的变化，采用象元二分法提取植被覆盖度，比较不同时期植被覆盖格局和土地利用格局的动态变化，探讨了输水管道建设对周边生态系统影响的范围和特点。研究表明：施工建设前、中、后期管道沿线土地利用类型有较大变化；随着输水管道的建设，人为干扰逐渐增强，施工作业带成为该区域的主要建设用地，并造成了弃置用地和土地裸露，减少了耕地和草地的面积。同时，输水管道建设施工对研究区内植被覆盖度产生了明显的影响，总体上呈现出先减少后增加的趋势。管道建设期对沿线植被、土壤生态系统影响明显，其范围主要在管道施工作业带中心两侧各100 m；在这个区域以外，影响强度大幅降低。 Abstract:Development of human society depends greatly on the utilization of water resources, with a corresponding deterioration of the ecological environment. Water shortages have become a global environmental problem. Inter-basin water transfer projects can improve the existing patterns of land and water resources, to achieve a rational allocation of water resources to facilitate sustainable social, economic, and environmental development. However, inter-basin water transfer projects will inevitably bring about adverse ecological effects, such as the deterioration of water quality, the loss of biogeographical integrity, frequent and drastic alterations of hydrological regimes, the loss of endemic biotas, etc. Therefore, specific objective appraisals are necessary, before embarking on such projects. The South-North Water Transfer Project is a multi-decade infrastructural mega-project in China; it is the largest of its kind in the world. In the present study, Yi County, which is located in the vicinity of the Middle Route of the South-North Water Transfer Project in Hebei Province, was selected as the subject of study. Through the interpretation of remote sensing images, three land use types in three different construction stages (pre-construction period, construction period, and post-construction period) were selected, and the dimidiate pixel model was used to extract vegetation coverage. The impacts of corridor type projects on landscape structure in surrounding areas can be analyzed by buffer analysis. The present study used four kinds of buffers, namely the 100 m range, 500 m range, 1000 m range, and 3000 m range. In addition, the canal, which was within the 100 m range was a key study area. The present study analyzed the dynamic changes of vegetation coverage, land use patterns, and the relative change rates of vegetation coverage with different buffers. The results show that the Inter-basin water transfer project:directly changed the composition and structure of the ecological system along the construction area; transformed the ecological system from its natural condition to one showing anthropogenic effects. This last finding is the main factor that influenced the dynamics of the ecological system in the area under study. The land use types along the canal varied within different stages of construction. With construction of the canal, inevitably, human interference gradually increased. In addition, the introduction of a relatively large construction site in the region, resulted in increased land areas either laid bare or used for waste disposal, and reduced farmlands and grasslands. The degree of fragmentation was increased, and there was a reduction in ecological function of the regional ecosystem. The construction of the canal had significant effects on vegetation coverage, over three periods of study, showing an increasing trend after first being reduced. During the pre-construction period, vegetation coverage in the 100 m range was significantly higher than it was in other buffers, but significantly lower than it was in the control plot. During the construction period, vegetation coverage in all buffers was significantly lower than it was in the control plot with the lowest coverage recorded in the 100 m range. After almost four years of recovery, vegetation coverage in the 100 m range increased considerably, attaining levels recorded in the 500 m range, but remained significantly lower than that observed in the control plot. The rate of relative change in vegetation coverage in the 100 m range decreased from 0.71 to 0.68 during the period of construction, then rebounded to 0.71 in the post-construction period, to attain the same rate as was recorded during pre-construction. The scope of main influence was the construction area within the range of 100 m; beyond which, the strength of ecological impact was greatly reduced. 参考文献 相似文献 引证文献

Financing Model Decision of Inter-basin Water Transfer Projects

Financing Model Decision of Inter-basin Water Transfer Projects

Assessment of climate change impact on water diversion strategies of Melamchi Water Supply Project in Nepal

This paper analyzes the climate change impact on water diversion plan of Melamchi Water Supply Project (MWSP) in Nepal. The MWSP is an interbasin water transfer project aimed at diverting water from the Melamchi River of the Indrawati River basin to Kathmandu Valley for drinking water purpose. Future temperature and precipitation of the basin were predicted using the outputs of two regional climate models (RCMs) and two general circulation models (GCMs) under two representative concentration pathway (RCP) scenarios which were then used as inputs to Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) to predict the water availability and evaluate the water diversion strategies in the future. The average temperature of the basin is projected to increase by 2.35 to 4.25 °C under RCP 4.5 and RCP 8.5, respectively, by 2085s. The average precipitation in the basin is projected to increase by 6–18 % in the future. The annual water availability is projected to increase in the future; however, the variability is observed in monthly water availability in the basin. The water supply and demand scenarios of Kathmandu Valley was also examined by considering the population increase, unaccounted for water and water diversion from MWSP in the future. It is observed that even with the additional supply of water from MWSP and reduction of unaccounted for water, the Kathmandu Valley will be still under water scarcity in the future. The findings of this study can be helpful to formulate water supply and demand management strategies in Kathmandu Valley in the context of climate change in the future.

The potential impact of an inter-basin water transfer project on nutrients (nitrogen and phosphorous) and chlorophyll a of the receiving water system

Any inter-basin water transfer project would cause complex physical, chemical, hydrological and biological changes to the receiving system. The primary channel of the middle route of the South-to-North Water Transfer Project has a total length of 1267km. There is a significant difference between the physical, chemical and biological characteristics of the originating and receiving drinking water conservation districts. To predict the impacts of this long-distance inter-basin water transfer project on the N&P (nitrogen and phosphorus) concentrations and eutrophication risk of the receiving system, an environmental fluid dynamics code (EFDC) model was applied. The calibrated model accurately reproduced the hydrodynamic, water quality and the entire algal bloom process. Thirteen scenarios were defined to fully understand the N&P and chlorophyll a (Chl a) variation among different hydrological years, different quantity and timing of water transfer, and different inflows of N&P concentrations. The results showed the following: (a) The water transfer project would not result in a substantial difference to the trophic state of the Miyun reservoir in any of the hydrological years. (b) The area affected by the water transfer did not involve the entire reservoir. To minimize the impact of water transfer on N&P nutrients and Chl a, water should be transferred as uniform as possible with small discharge. (c) The variation in Chl a was more sensitive to an increase in P than an increase in N for the transferred water. The increased percentages of the average Chl a concentration when water was transferred in the spring, summer and autumn were 7.76%, 16.67% and 16.45%. Our findings imply that special attention should be given to prevent P increment of the transferred water from May to October to prevent algal blooms. The results provide useful information for decision makers about the quantity and timing of water transfers.

Some Advice about the Water Strategy of China to Keep the Water Balance in 2025

Water resource is crucial for human survival. And fresh-water is the constraint for the development of China. In order to realize the sustainable development, we build three mathematical models for determining an effective, feasible and cost-efficient water strategy to meet the projected water demand of China in 2025. These models are as following: model of the cost of water transfer, model of the water price and the model of desalination plant construction cost. All the models are based on the forecast of the water demand and supply of China in 2025. Based on the result of these models, we propose some advice about the water strategy to meet the water demand of China in 2025, such as: building desalination plants in the coastal provinces which are lack of water, carrying out the inter-basin water transfer projects in the middle of China, setting a reasonable water price based on the market economy and et al.©JASEM