Interaction Of Nanoparticles Research Articles

Interaction of Atorvastatin-loaded magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles with DNA

The present work aims to tether magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles onto a statin drug, Atorvastatin, in its free- and β-cyclodextrin-encapsulated form. The binding behavior of magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles tethered and β-cyclodextrin-encapsulated Atorvastatin to calf thymus DNA is studied by UV–Visible and fluorescence spectroscopy. The docking poses of Atorvastatin to β-cyclodextrin and DNA prove their binding toward the isopropyl and pyrrole moiety, respectively. The tethering of magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles and the encapsulation of β-cyclodextrin do not affect Atorvastatin’s binding strength toward DNA. The formation of the supramolecular ternary complex from free- and magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles tethered to Atorvastatin can be achieved with β-cyclodextrin and DNA for the drug’s better dissolution, bioavailability, and in-vivo medical applications.

Current Knowledge, Research Progress, and Future Prospects of Phyto-Synthesized Nanoparticles Interactions with Food Crops under Induced Drought Stress

Drought stress threatens global food security and requires creative agricultural solutions. Recently, phyto-synthesized nanoparticles NPs have garnered attention as a way to reduce food crop drought. This extensive research examines how phyto-synthesized NPs improve crop growth and biochemistry in drought-stressed situations. The review begins with an introduction highlighting the urgency of addressing the agricultural challenges posed by drought. It also highlights the significance of nanoparticles synthesized from photosynthesis in this context. Its purpose is to underscore the importance of sustainable farming practices. This approach is contrasted with conventional methods, elucidating the ecological and economic advantages of phyto-synthesized NPs. This review discusses phyto-synthesized nanoparticles, including titanium dioxide, iron oxide, gold, silver, and copper. In addition, we review their ability to enhance crop growth and stress resistance. The primary focus is to elucidate the effects of phyto-synthesized NPs on plant development under drought stress. Noteworthy outcomes encompass improvements in seed germination, seedling growth, water absorption, photosynthesis, chlorophyll content, the activation of antioxidant defense mechanisms, and the modulation of hormonal responses. These results underscore the potential of phyto-synthesized NPs as agents for enhancing growth and mitigating stress. The review assesses the risks and challenges of using phyto-synthesized NPs in agriculture. Considerations include non-target organisms, soil, and environmental impacts. Further research is needed to determine the long-term effects, dangers, and benefits of phyto-synthesized NPs. Nanoparticles offer a targeted and sustainable approach for improving plant drought tolerance, outpacing traditional methods in ethics and ecological balance. Their mechanisms range from nutrient delivery to molecular regulation. However, the long-term environmental impact remains understudied. This review is critical for identifying research gaps and advancing sustainable agricultural practices amid global water scarcity.

Synthesis and characterization of gold nanoparticles using Brevibacterium casei (SOSIST-06) isolated from Southern Ocean water samples and their in vitro and in silico anti-WSSV activity

The worldwide shrimp aquaculture business, which is expanding and producing food, has experienced significant economic losses due to a variety of disease outbreaks. One of the main viral pathogens for the global shrimp aquaculture sector is the white spot syndrome virus (WSSV). There have been several attempts to eradicate the virus in shrimp, but none of them have been successful in the long-term effectiveness. In the present work, we establish the isolated strain identified as Brevibacterium casei SOSIST-06 from the Southern Ocean water sample and its capacity for green synthesis of gold nanoparticles. The nanoparticles were characterized using UV–vis spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, and Transmission electron microscopy. The morphology of nanoparticles is most spherical and there are a few triangles with an average size ranging from 9.5 to 52.3 nm. In vitro anti-wssv activity was carried out using hybrid cell line PmLyo-Sf9 cells, and the synthesized gold nanoparticles were shown to inhibit the virus infection (attachment inhibitory and virucidal activity) with a dose-dependent effect. Further, the interaction of gold nanoparticles and VP28 envelope protein was confirmed using in silico approach. To our knowledge, this is the first study to identify that an actinobacterium, Brevibacterium casei synthesized gold nanoparticles could fight against the white spot syndrome virus. These findings do point the way towards creating potent antiviral or therapeutic techniques for aquaculture that utilize gold nanoparticles.

Accelerated Burn Healing in a Mouse Experimental Model Using α-Gal Nanoparticles.

Macrophages play a pivotal role in the process of healing burns. One of the major risks in the course of burn healing, in the absence of regenerating epidermis, is infections, which greatly contribute to morbidity and mortality in such patients. Therefore, it is widely agreed that accelerating the recruitment of macrophages into burns may contribute to faster regeneration of the epidermis, thus decreasing the risk of infections. This review describes a unique method for the rapid recruitment of macrophages into burns and the activation of these macrophages to mediate accelerated regrowth of the epidermis and healing of burns. The method is based on the application of bio-degradable "α-gal" nanoparticles to burns. These nanoparticles present multiple α-gal epitopes (Galα1-3Galβ1-4GlcNAc-R), which bind the abundant natural anti-Gal antibody that constitutes ~1% of immunoglobulins in humans. Anti-Gal/α-gal nanoparticle interaction activates the complement system, resulting in localized production of the complement cleavage peptides C5a and C3a, which are highly effective chemotactic factors for monocyte-derived macrophages. The macrophages recruited into the α-gal nanoparticle-treated burns are activated following interaction between the Fc portion of anti-Gal coating the nanoparticles and the multiple Fc receptors on macrophage cell membranes. The activated macrophages secrete a variety of cytokines/growth factors that accelerate the regrowth of the epidermis and regeneration of the injured skin, thereby cutting the healing time by half. Studies on the healing of thermal injuries in the skin of anti-Gal-producing mice demonstrated a much faster recruitment of macrophages into burns treated with α-gal nanoparticles than in control burns treated with saline and healing of the burns within 6 days, whereas healing of control burns took ~12 days. α-Gal nanoparticles are non-toxic and do not cause chronic granulomas. These findings suggest that α-gal nanoparticles treatment may harness anti-Gal for inducing similar accelerated burn healing effects also in humans.

Strong Interface Interaction of ZnO Nanosheets and MnSx Nanoparticles Triggered by Light over Wide Ranges of Wavelength to Enhance Their Removal of VOCs

The characteristics of the surface and interface of nanocomposites are important for exerting multi-functional properties and widening interdisciplinary applications. These properties are mainly depending on the electronic structures of materials. Some key factors, such as the surface, interface, grain boundaries, and defects take vital roles in the contribution of desired properties. Due to the excellent sensitivity of the QCM (quartz crystal microbalance) device, the surface and interface features of the nanocomposite were studied with the aid of the gas-response of the sensors (Sensor’s Gas-Sensitivity) in this work. To make full use of the visible light and part of NIR, a ZnO/MnSx nanocomposite was constructed using hydrothermal synthesis for narrowing the bandgap width of wide bandgap materials. The results indicated that the absorbance of the resulting nanocomposite was extended to part of the NIR range due to the introduction of impurity level or defect level, although ZnO and MnS belonged to wide bandgap semiconductor materials. To explore the physical mechanism of light activities, the photoconductive responses to weak visible light (650 nm, etc.) and NIR (near-infrared) (808 nm, 980 nm, and 1064 nm, etc.) were studied based on interdigital electrodes of Au on flexible PET (polyethylene terephthalate) film substrate with the casting method. The results showed that the on/off ratio of ZnO/MnSx nanocomposite to weak visible light and part of NIR light were changed by about one to five orders of magnitude, with changes varying with the amount of MnSx nanoparticle loading due to defect-assisted photoconductive behavior. It illustrated that the ZnO/MnSx nanocomposite easily produced photo-induced free charges, effectively avoiding the recombination of electrons/holes because of the formation of strong built-in electrical fields. To examine the surface and interface properties of nanocomposites, chemical prototype sensor arrays were constructed based on ZnO, ZnO/MnSx nanocomposite, and QCM arrays. The adsorption response behaviors of the sensor arrays to some typical volatile compounds were examined under a similar micro-environment. The results exhibited that in comparison to ZnO nanosheets, the ZnO nanosheets/MnSx nanocomposite increased adsorption properties to some typical organic volatile compounds significantly. It would have good potential applications in photo-catalysts, self-cleaning films, multi-functional coatings, and organic pollutants treatment (VOCs) of environmental fields for sustainable development. It provided some reference value to explore the physical mechanism of materials physics and photophysics for photo-active functional nanocomposites.

Single-Cell Diagnosis of Cancer Drug Resistance through the Differential Endocytosis of Nanoparticles between Drug-Resistant and Drug-Sensitive Cancer Cells.

Single-cell diagnosis of cancer drug resistance is highly relevant for cancer treatment, as it can be used to identify the subpopulations of drug-resistant cancer cells, reveal the sensitivity of cancer cells to treatment, and monitor the progress of cancer drug resistance. However, simple and effective methods for cancer drug resistance detection at the single-cell level are still lacking in laboratory and clinical studies. Inspired by the fact that nanoparticles with diverse physicochemical properties would generate distinct and specific interactions with drug-resistant and drug-sensitive cancer cells, which have distinctive molecular signatures, here, we have synthesized a library of fluorescent nanoparticles with various sizes, surface charges, and compositions (SiO2 nanoparticles (SNPs), organic PS-co-PAA nanoparticles (ONPs), and ZIF-8 nanoparticles (ZNPs)), thus demonstrating that the composition has a critical influence on the interaction of nanoparticles with drug-resistant cancer cells. Furthermore, the clathrin/caveolae-independent endocytosis of ZNPs together with the P-glycoprotein-related decreased cell membrane fluidity resulted in a lower cellular accumulation of ZNPs in drug-resistant cancer cells, consequently causing the distinct cellular accumulation of ZNPs between the drug-resistant and drug-sensitive cancer cells. This difference was further quantified by detecting the fluorescence signals generated by the accumulation of nanoparticles at the single-cell level via flow cytometry. Our findings provide another insight into the nanoparticle-cell interactions and offer a promising platform for the diagnosis of cancer drug resistance of various cancer cells and clinical cancer samples at the single-cell level.

Antioxidant Activity of Conjugates of Cerium Dioxide Nanoparticles with Human Serum Albumin Isolated from Biological Fluids

For the first time, an analysis was made of the antioxidant properties of conjugates of CeO2 nanoparticles with human serum albumin (CeO2@HSA), including HSA isolated from blood plasma and biological fluids similar in composition to blood plasma, namely, peritoneal (ascitic) and synovial (articular) fluids. The antioxidant activity of hybrid nanomaterials was studied in relation to alkylperoxyl radicals by luminol-dependent chemiluminescence. It was shown that the interaction of CeO2 nanoparticles with purified human serum albumin is accompanied by a decrease in the antioxidant and prooxidant potential of albumin by a factor of ⁓1.5. Presumably, this is caused by the interaction of nanodispersed CeO2 with sulfhydryl groups of the protein. Conjugates of CeO2 nanoparticles with albumin isolated from biological fluids (CeO2@HSA) exhibit a synergistic antioxidant effect. In this case, the mechanism of antioxidant activity is fundamentally different from that for CeO2 sols modified with purified human serum albumin. According to quantitative assessment, the antioxidant capacity of CeO2@HSA conjugates is ⁓20 times lower than that of Trolox, a water-soluble analog of vitamin E.

On the interaction and nanoplasmonics of gold nanoparticles and lipoproteins

The extracellular space is nanostructured, populated by heterogeneous classes of nanoparticles, e.g., extracellular vesicles and lipoproteins, which “made by cells for cells'' mediate intercellular, inter-organ, cross-species, and cross-kingdom communication. However, while techniques to study ENP biology in-vitro and in-vivo are becoming available, knowledge of their colloidal and interfacial properties is poor, although much needed. This paper experimentally shows, for the first time, that the aggregation of citrate-capped gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) triggered by lipid vesicle membranes and the related characteristic redshift of the plasmonic signature also applies/extends to lipoproteins. Such interaction leads to the formation of AuNP-lipoprotein hybrid nanostructures and is sensitive to lipoprotein classes and AuNP/lipoprotein molar ratio, paving the way to further synthetic and analytical developments.

Interaction of Silver Nanoparticles with White spot Syndrome Virus and Their Histopathological Effects on Penaeus vannamei After Intramuscular Application

Interaction of Silver Nanoparticles with White spot Syndrome Virus and Their Histopathological Effects on Penaeus vannamei After Intramuscular Application

Physico-Chemical Studies of the Interaction Mechanism of Double and Trivalent Iron Double Oxide Nano-Particles with Serpin Protein Ovalbumin and Water

The novelty of the work is the theoretical justification and experimental confirmation of the mechanism of interaction of Fe3O4 nanoparticles with Н2О and ovalbumin-OVA, which was carried out with the help of a complex of physical and chemical studies. It was determined that the mechanism is based on the clustero-philicity of nanoparticles and hydrogen, electrostatic and van der Waals interactions. It was established that the interaction of Fe3O4 nanoparticles with OVA took place by the mechanism of static quenching with the formation of an intermolecular non-fluorescent complex that chan¬ges the native structure of OVA. The binding constant varied from 3.3×105 to 4.8×105 L•mol-1 depending on the pH value of the medium and temperature. Thermo¬dy¬namic calculations confirmed the spontaneity of the bin¬ding process with the predominance of the enthalpy factor.

OBTAINING AND STUDYING THE PROPERTIES OF NANOCOMPOSITES BASED ON A MIXTURE OF HIGH AND LOW PRESSURE POLYETHYLENE WITH METAL-CONTAINING NANOFILLERS

The effect of additives of nanofillers (NF) containing nanoparticles of copper (I) oxides stabilized by a polymer matrix of high-pressure polyethylene (PE) obtained by the mechano-chemical method on the structure and properties of metal-containing nanocomposites based on a mixture of high- and low-pressure polyethylene has been studied by differential thermal (DTA), X-ray phase (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analyses. It is shown that the introduction into the composition of 0.3 – 0.5 wt.% NF leads to an increase in the strength index from16.69 to 19.77 MPa and the amount of deformation at break of the composite by 1.7 times, which is apparently due to the synergistic effect re-lated to the interfacial interaction of copper-containing nanoparticles in the LDPE matrix with the components of LDPE/HDPE composition , the mutual influence of which contributes to an increase in both the amount of deformation and the strength index. The study of the thermal properties of the samples has showed that the introduction of NF containing copper(I) oxide NPs into the composition of mixed polyethylene contributes to a significant increase in the decay temperature of the samples, and the activation energy of the decay of the thermo-oxidative destruction of the resulting nanocomposite increases from 232 to 255 kJ /mol. The results obtained indicate that small amounts of nanofillers (0.3-0.5wt. %), introduced into the polymer, obviously play the role of structurizers - artificial nuclei of crystallization, which contributes to the appearance of a fine-spherulite structure in the polymer, characterized by improved physico-mechanical and thermal properties of the resulting nanocomposite

N-Acetyl cysteine amide and cerium oxide nanoparticles as a drug delivery for ischemic stroke treatment: Inflammation and oxidative stress crosstalk

BackgroundInflammation and oxidative stress crosstalk is involved in the ischemic stroke(IS) pathogenesis and the new therapeutic options should be offered based on the targets that are critical in the golden hour of IS. YKL-40 and total antioxidant capacity(TAC), the inflammation and oxidative stress biomarkers, provide us with clues for proper intervention targets. N-acetyl cysteine amide (NACA), a lipophilic antioxidant, with a nanoparticle-based drug delivery system is permeable enough to penetrate blood-brain barrier (BBB) and was proposed as a new treatment option for IS. In this study, we evaluated the YKL-40 and TAC levels in the sera of IS patients to elucidate the best intervention target. A rat tissue model is used to assess the NACA efficiency. The microbiology tests performed to figure out the potential NACA and antibiotics interactions. Material and methodsThe YKL-40 and TAC were measured in the serum of IS patients by ELISA and FRAP methods, respectively. The serum samples were obtained 12 h after the patient's admission and meantime other laboratory findings and NIHSS-based prognosis were recorded. In the animal study, the brain cortex, liver, kidney, adipose, and the heart of healthy rats were dissected and then incubated in DMEM cell culture media containing 50 micrograms/milliliter of nanoparticles; the nanoparticles were titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2 NPs), copper oxide nanoparticles (CuO NPs) and cerium dioxide nanoparticles (CeO2 NPs). Olive oil and human serum albumin solution were exposed to the nanoparticles with and without NACA. TAC was measured in the supernatant culture media. With similar concentrations and settings, we evaluated the NACA, nanoparticle, and antibiotics interactions on pseudomonas aeruginosa. ResultsThere was a nonparametric correlation between YKL-40 levels and post stroke serum TAC levels. Nonsmokers had higher YKL-40 and TAC levels than smokers. A new calculated variable, urea*lymphocyte/age, predicts a poor prognosis with an acceptable AUC (0.708). Exposing to the nanoparticles, the liver, kidney, and brain had a significantly higher TAC than adipose and cardiac tissue. The NACA had an ameliorative effect against TiO2 NPs in the brain. This effectiveness of NACA was also observed against CuO NPs treatment. However, the CeO2 NPs exert a strong antioxidant property by reducing the TAC in the brain tissue but not the others. Albumin showed antioxidant properties by itself, but olive oil had an inert behavior. NACA had no interaction with the action of routine antibiotics. ConclusionOxidative stress but not inflammation is the best point for intervention in IS patients because YKL-40 has not a relationship with NIHSS score. The CeO2 NPs and NACA combination are eligible option to develop antioxidant-based drug for the treatment of IS. As a complementary finding, the urea*lymphocyte/age is proposed as a NIHSS-based prognosis biomarker.

Food Additive Solvents Increase the Dispersion, Solubility, and Cytotoxicity of ZnO Nanoparticles.

Zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles (NPs) are utilized as a zinc (Zn) fortifier in processed foods where diverse food additives can be present. Among them, additive solvents may strongly interact with ZnO NPs by changing the dispersion stability in food matrices, which may affect physico-chemical and dissolution properties as well as the cytotoxicity of ZnO NPs. In this study, ZnO NP interactions with representative additive solvents (methanol, glycerin, and propylene glycol) were investigated by measuring the hydrodynamic diameters, solubility, and crystallinity of ZnO NPs. The effects of these interactions on cytotoxicity, cellular uptake, and intestinal transport were also evaluated in human intestinal cells and using in vitro human intestinal transport models. The results revealed that the hydrodynamic diameters of ZnO NPs in glycerin or propylene glycol, but not in methanol, were significantly reduced, which is probably related to their high dispersion and increased solubility under these conditions. These interactions also caused high cell proliferation inhibition, membrane damage, reactive oxygen (ROS) generation, cellular uptake, and intestinal transport. However, the crystal structure of ZnO NPs was not affected by the presence of additive solvents. These findings suggest that the interactions between ZnO NPs and additive solvents could increase the dispersion and solubility of ZnO NPs, consequently leading to small hydrodynamic diameters and different biological responses.

NANO-OMICS FOR BLOOD BIOMARKER DISCOVERY IN GLIOBLASTOMA

Abstract AIMS Glioblastoma (GBM) remains one of the most aggressive cancers with an average survival of only 12-15 months. Current diagnostic methods are burdensome and ineffective, underscoring an urgent need to improve early detection and monitoring. The application of ‘liquid-biopsy’ markers holds great promises however, despite technological advances, to date there are no clinically used blood-based biomarkers for GBM. We have recently introduced the ‘Nano-Omics’ paradigm, which utilises nanoparticles (NPs) as scavenging platforms to capture and enrich disease-associated analytes from biological fluids for omics analyses. In this study, we utilised the Nano-Omics pipeline coupled with brain tissue mass spectrometry-based proteomics, to unveil GBM specific protein biomarker candidates. METHOD We exploited the spontaneous interaction of nanoparticles with blood proteins to comprehensively analyse the blood proteome of GL261 glioma-bearing C57BL/6J mice. Tumoural and peritumoural brain tissue originated from the same animals were also collected, micro-dissected and analysed by label free mass spectrometry in order to correlate the nanoparticle-enriched blood-circulating proteome with the tumour tissue proteome. RESULTS Our data revealed a number of GBM-specific biomarker candidates in blood even at low tumour burden, followed by validation in a human GBM clinical cohort. Furthermore, the peritumoural region of glioblastoma GBM displayed unique proteomic profiling, shedding light on the mechanism behind GBM infiltration and recurrence. CONCLUSIONS Our work highlights the importance of integrating blood and brain tissue proteomics and opens up new possibilities for further validation of the proteomic signatures discovered with the potential for further development of a much-needed blood test for GBM early detection and monitoring.

Solution combustion derived nanoalloys: Robust and efficient catalyst systems for partial oxidation of methane

Noble metals like Pt, Pd, Ir, Os, and Ru showed excellent performance for catalytic conversion of methane to syngas by catalytic partial oxidation of methane (CPOM), nevertheless, monometallic catalysts always suffer either from partial deactivation due to coke oxidation or hotspot formation inside the reactor tube wall. Therefore, a series of bimetallic catalysts of Pd–Pt, Pt–Ru, and Pd–Ru supported on ceria have been prepared by a unique facile solution combustion method (SCS) to stabilize the metallic particles as nanoalloys and understand the intermetallic synergy to improve both catalyst conversion and lifetime. All the catalysts were characterized by XRD, BET, TPR, XPS, HRTEM, and RAMAN to delineate the structure-function relationship. DFT study has been carried out to explain the H2/CO selectivity discrepancy between bimetallic and monometallic catalysts. XPS and Raman studies confirm a strong interaction between active metals and support to facilitate the synergistic effect during the reaction. The strong interaction and higher dispersion of nano-particles of active metals could enhance active sites for the efficient conversion of methane to syngas. HRTEM proves the nanoalloy formation of these bimetallic catalysts, which improved the reaction thermodynamics of the newly prepared catalyst systems.

Interaction of Cerium Oxide Nanoparticles and Ionic Cerium with Duckweed (Lemna minor L.): Uptake, Distribution, and Phytotoxicity.

As one of the most widely used nanomaterials, CeO2 nanoparticles (NPs) might be released into the aquatic environment. In this paper, the interaction of CeO2 NPs and Ce3+ ions (0~10 mg/L) with duckweed (Lemna minor L.) was investigated. CeO2 NPs significantly inhibited the root elongation of duckweed at concentrations higher than 0.1 mg/L, while the inhibition threshold of Ce3+ ions was 0.02 mg/L. At high doses, both reduced photosynthetic pigment contents led to cell death and induced stomatal deformation, but the toxicity of Ce3+ ions was greater than that of CeO2 NPs at the same concentration. According to the in situ distribution of Ce in plant tissues by μ-XRF, the intensity of Ce signal was in the order of root > old frond > new frond, suggesting that roots play a major role in the uptake of Ce. The result of XANES showed that 27.6% of Ce(IV) was reduced to Ce(III) in duckweed treated with CeO2 NPs. We speculated that the toxicity of CeO2 NPs to duckweed was mainly due to its high sensitivity to the released Ce3+ ions. To our knowledge, this is the first study on the toxicity of CeO2 NPs to an aquatic higher plant.

Interaction of curcumin with four types of gelatins in nanoparticles: Mechanism and application for emulsion stabilization

The research of the interaction between proteins and functional active substances in the protein nanoparticles is a research hotspot in the field of food science. Gelatin type had a significant effect on the structural and functional properties of gelatins. Herein, the interaction mechanism of curcumin with four types of gelatins (bovine bone gelatin, BBG; cold water fish skin gelatin, CFG; fish gelatin, FG; and porcine skin gelatin, PSG) and the structural and functional properties of gelatin/curcumin nanoparticles were explored. All four types of gelatins could be applied to prepare gelatin/curcumin nanoparticles with an amorphous state of curcumin. The nanoparticle sizes were not dependent on the molecular weight of gelatins. The stability of gelatin/curcumin nanoparticle solutions was dependent not on the nanoparticle size but on the gelatin type. The binding affinity between gelatins and curcumin was dependent on gelatin type and the number of binding sites was nearly 1. The main binding forces to form gelatin-curcumin nanoparticles were hydrogen bonds, Pi-alkyl interaction, and Pi-anion interaction. The nanoparticulation increased the surface hydrophobicity of BBG, FG, and PSG, whereas it decreased the surface hydrophobicity of CFG. The nanoparticulation increased the surface tension of gelatins and decreased the dynamic interfacial tension of gelatins. The functional properties were dependent on both gelatin type and nanoparticulation. CFG/Cur nanoparticulation could not change the creaming stability, whereas other gelatins/curcumin nanoparticulation significantly increased creaming stability than the corresponding gelatins. This work provided the basic knowledge to illustrate the interaction and application of protein nanoparticles for Pickering emulsion stabilization.

Fine-tuning formulation and biological interaction of doxorubicin-loaded polymeric nanoparticles via electrolyte concentration modulation

Doxorubicin (DOX) is amongst the most widely used chemotherapeutic drugs against various cancers. However, its controlled biodistribution to the tumor site at the required pharmacokinetics profile remains challenging. In this work, a vast study of formulation parameters has been performed to control doxorubicin loading into polymeric nanoparticles in physiological conditions. Water-in-oil-in-water (W1/O/W2) template emulsions have been formulated, including doxorubicin in the internal water phase. Specifically, the system [Doxorubicin in aqueous solution (W1) / Pluronic F-127 (S) and PLGA in ethyl acetate (O)], [Polysorbate 80 (S) in water solution], using phosphate buffer on both aqueous phases at different electrolyte concentrations has been established. The first W1/O nano-emulsion was formed by high-speed homogenization, and the second O/W2 nano-emulsion was formed by the phase inversion composition method, a low-energy emulsification appropriated for pharmaceutical compounds. Although many previous studies had already used double emulsions for DOX encapsulation in nanofluids, here, for the first time, the salt concentration of the water phases has been varied to control the resulting doxorubicin and nanoparticle properties. The addition of high concentrations of electrolytes in both aqueous phases decreases the solubility and dissolution rates of the drug, leading to a high degree of DOX dimerization. This phenomenon significantly impacts the internalization and subcellular localization. Facilitating drug nuclear accumulation is of vital interest, and this is primarily achieved when doxorubicin is incorporated into nanoparticles formulated with PBS at low electrolyte concentrations (2.5 mM), which exhibit exceptional internalization properties. Thus, it has been demonstrated that doxorubicin loading in polymeric nanoparticles can be tuned by only varying salt concentrations of template W1/O/W2 emulsions. Consequently, our results show the adequacy of the double nano-emulsion templating for the generation of non-toxic DOX-loaded polymeric nanoparticles with different physicochemical properties and interaction with the cell surface that would allow their use for various anticancer therapies.

The Solvent Effect on Nanomaterials Composed of Liquid Crystals and Nanoparticles: uv-vis Absorbance and Fluorescence Spectra

We have been investigated in different solvent medium to interactions between 4-Ethoxybenzoic acid (4EOBA), 4-Pentylbenzoic acid (4PentBA), and 4-Pentylphenyl 4-Methylbenzoate (4PP4MetB) liquid crystals with CdS, CdSe and ZnS nanoparticles. For this, the new materials composed from LC compound including the solvent and nanoparticle were investigated by use absorbance and fluorescence spectra. Electronic transitions and differences in absorbance and fluorescence spectra were interpreted. The fluorescence of liquid crystals has been defined in the shifts between wavelengths of the fluorescence of nanomaterials. It can be said that it has occurred blue shift at the maximum fluorescence wavelengths of the 4EOBA-CdS-DMSO and 4EOBA-CdSe-DMSO compared to 4EOBA-DMSO. On the other hand, we can say that in the 4EOBA-ZnS-DMSO solution occurs red shift in the fluorescence band, while the peaks seen in the fluorescence band occur in result of interaction of liquid crystals and nanoparticles.

Effect of Exposure Concentration and Growth Conditions on the Association of Cerium Oxide Nanoparticles with Green Algae.

The increasing release of engineered nanoparticles (NPs) into aquatic ecosystems makes it crucial to understand the interactions of NPs with aquatic organisms, such as algae. In this study, the association of CeO2 NPs with unicellular algae (Raphidocelis subcapitata) and changes to the cellular elemental profile were investigated using three exposure concentrations (1, 50, and 1000 µg CeO2/L) at two different algal growth conditions-exponential and inhibited growth (1% glutaraldehyde). After a 24 h-exposure, algal suspensions were settled by gravity and CeO2-NP/algae association was analyzed by single-cell inductively coupled plasma quadrupole mass spectrometry (sc-ICP-QMS) and ICP time-of-flight MS (sc-ICP-TOFMS). Concurrent detection of the cellular fingerprint with cerium indicated NP association with algae (adsorption/uptake) and changes in the cellular elemental profiles. Less than 5% of cells were associated with NPs when exposed to 1 µg/L. For 50 µg/L exposures in growing and inhibited cell treatments, 4% and 16% of cells were associated with CeO2 NPs, respectively. ICP-TOFMS analysis made it possible to exclude cellular exudates associated with CeO2 NPs due to the cellular fingerprint. Growing and inhibited cells had different elemental profile changes following exposure to CeO2 NPs-e.g., growing cells had higher Mg and lower P contents independent of CeO2 concentration compared to inhibited cells.