Support Interaction Effect Research Articles

Effect of reduction temperature on the characteristics and catalytic properties of TiO2 supported AuPd alloy particles prepared by one-step flame spray pyrolysis in the selective hydrogenation of 1-heptyne

The bimetallic flame spray-synthesized AuPd/TiO2 catalysts (Au:Pd weight ratio 1:1) were reduced for 2h under H2 at two different temperatures (40°C and 500°C) and tested in the liquid phase selective hydrogenation of 1-heptyne under mild conditions (30°C and 4bar H2). Based on TEM-EDX analysis of individual nanoparticles, reduction at 500°C tends to homogenize the composition of the individual AuPd nanoparticles without significant changes of their average particle size and bulk composition. Higher reaction rate (245μmols−1gcat.−1) was obtained on the AuPd/TiO2 R40 than on the AuPd/TiO2 R500 (223μmols−1gcat.−1). Upon reduction at 500°C, the bimetallic AuPd/TiO2 exhibited a similar degree of the strong-metal support interaction (SMSI) effect as the monometallic one. As revealed by XPS results, the ratios of Pd/Ti on both catalysts decreased by ca. 23%, due probably to the migration of TiOx species onto the metals. The highest yield of 1-heptene (∼93%) was obtained over the bimetallic AuPd/TiO2 reduced at 40°C in 20min reaction time under the reaction conditions used. The high temperature reduction is unnecessary for the improvement of catalyst performances when using supported bimetallic AuPd catalysts.

Strong Metal–Support Interactions for Palladium Supported on TiO2 Catalysts in the Heterogeneous Hydrogenation with Parahydrogen

AbstractParahydrogen‐induced polarization (PHIP) was successfully utilized to demonstrate the strong metal–support interaction (SMSI) effect for palladium supported on titania catalysts. Heterogeneous hydrogenation of 1,3‐butadiene over Pd/TiO2 catalysts led to the formation of 1‐ and 2‐butenes and butane, and hyperpolarized products were obtained if parahydrogen was used in the reaction. However, if the catalysts were reduced in H2 flow at 500 °C before the hydrogenation reaction, the observed polarization levels were significantly lower or even zero, which was indicative of the suppression of the pairwise addition of hydrogen route. This observation indicated the possibility to detect the SMSI effect by the PHIP technique. Moreover, by using X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy it was shown that Pd is partially present as Pdδ+ after reduction under a hydrogen atmosphere at 500 °C. These results were confirmed by transmission electron microscopy, which revealed the formation of Pdδ+ and the dissolution of Pd in the titania lattice.

Control of the surface atomic population of Rh0.5Pd0.5 bimetallic nanoparticles supported on CeO2

Rh0.5Pd0.5/CeO2 bimetallic nanoparticles were subjected to reducing and oxidizing atmospheres at different temperatures and characterized by means of the Ambient Pressure X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (AP-XPS). The surface atomic population is calculated for all cases. By using a high temperature pre-treatment at 480°C in H2 atmosphere, it was possible to control the surface atomic population with Pd atoms frozen at the skin layer even in an oxidizing atmosphere, which is not observed without high temperature pre-treatment (Rh atoms at the skin layer). The change of the Rh/Pd surface segregation behavior after the high temperature pre-treatment is attributed to the geometrical factor of Strong Metal Support Interaction (SMSI) effect, i.e., the occurrence of the ceria capping layer around nanoparticles.

Adolescent Loneliness and the Interaction between the Serotonin Transporter Gene (5-HTTLPR) and Parental Support: A Replication Study.

Gene-by-environment interaction (GxEs) studies have gained popularity over the last decade, but the robustness of such observed interactions has been questioned. The current study contributes to this debate by replicating the only study on the interaction between the serotonin transporter gene (5-HTTLPR) and perceived parental support on adolescents’ peer-related loneliness. A total of 1,111 adolescents (51% boys) with an average age of 13.70 years (SD = 0.93) participated and three annual waves of data were collected. At baseline, adolescent-reported parental support and peer-related loneliness were assessed and genetic information was collected. Assessment of peer-related loneliness was repeated at Waves 2 and 3. Using a cohort-sequential design, a Latent Growth Curve Model was estimated. Overall, a slight increase of loneliness over time was found. However, the development of loneliness over time was found to be different for boys and girls: girls’ levels of loneliness increased over time, whereas boys’ levels of loneliness decreased. Parental support was inversely related to baseline levels of loneliness, but unrelated to change of loneliness over time. We were unable to replicate the main effect of 5-HTTLPR or the 5-HTTLPR x Support interaction effect. In the Discussion, we examine the implications of our non-replication.

Gender Differences in the Roles of Religious Support and Social Network Support in Reducing Depressive Symptoms Among Older Korean Americans

ABSTRACTThis study examined gender differences in the interaction effects of religious support and social network support on depressive symptoms among older Korean Americans. Data were derived from a cross-sectional survey of 85 Korean American women and 115 Korean American men aged 65 years or older living in New York City. A 2-step hierarchical multiple regression analysis revealed that the associations between religious support, social network support, and depressive symptoms were different for older Korean men and women. Among men, social network support was identified as a strong predictor for depressive symptoms. Conversely, religious support was identified as a predictor for depressive symptoms among women. The interaction between social network support and religious support was found to be statistically significant only for women. Additionally, the association of social networks with fewer depressive symptoms was stronger for women with high religious support. Our findings highlight the importance of gender differences in understanding psychological effects of social network support within a religious-cultural context and the need for geriatric practitioners to assess carefully the quality and types of social support systems. Further studies are needed to identify common and gender-specific risk/protective factors among older Korean Americans to develop gender-targeted preventions and interventions to improve their psychological well-being.

Sex-specific and time-dependent effects of prenatal stress on the early behavioral symptoms of ADHD: a longitudinal study in China.

There is increasing evidence that prenatal stressful life events (SLEs) may be a potential risk factor for attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), but the sex-specific and time-dependent effects of prenatal stress on ADHD are less clear. In this prospective longitudinal study, data on prenatal SLEs during different stages of gestation and indicators of buffers against stress, including maternal social support and avoidance coping, were obtained from 1765 pregnant women at 32 weeks of gestation. The behavioral symptoms of ADHD in children aged 48-54 months were evaluated by reports from the parents. There were 226 children (12.8%) above the clinically significant cutoff for ADHD. After adjusting for potential confounders, boys whose mother experienced severe SLEs in the second trimester had a significantly increased risk (OR = 2.41, 95% CI: 1.03-5.66) of developing ADHD symptoms compared with boys whose mothers did not experience severe SLEs at this time. However, no significantly increased risk of ADHD symptoms was observed in girls born to mothers experienced prenatal severe SLEs. Additionally, significant interaction effects of prenatal SLEs, social support and coping style on ADHD symptoms were found in males. Boys whose mothers experienced severe SLEs during the second trimester accompanied by a higher score for avoidance coping (OR = 3.31, 95% CI: 1.13-9.70) or a lower score for social support (OR = 4.39, 95% CI: 1.05-18.31) were likely to be at a higher risk for ADHD symptoms. The epidemiological evidence in this prospective follow-up study suggests that the effect of prenatal SLEs on ADHD symptoms in offspring may depend on the timing of prenatal stress and may vary according to the sex of the offspring.

Linking partner emotional support, partner negative interaction, and trauma with psychological distress

While research evidence has consistently demonstrated the link between social relationships and psychological distress, there is debate over the strength of perceived emotional support compared with perceived negative interaction on psychological distress and whether the relation between social relationships and psychological distress is direct or moderating. In this study, we examined the relation between partner emotional support, partner negative interaction, and trauma on psychological distress. Our sample of married or romantically partnered people was drawn from a nationally representative U.S. data set ( N = 5,383). The direct effects of romantic partner emotional support and romantic partner negative interaction on psychological distress were evaluated and compared. Further, we evaluated the moderating effects of partner emotional support and partner negative interaction on the relation between trauma history and psychological distress. Hierarchical regression models revealed that (a) people exposed to trauma experienced greater psychological distress, (b) partner emotional support was linked with reduced distress, (c) partner negative interaction was linked with increased distress, (d) partner negative interaction accounted for more variance in psychological distress compared with partner emotional support, and (e) neither partner emotional support nor partner negative interaction moderated the relation between trauma and distress. These findings indicate that partner negative interaction has a stronger relation with psychological distress than partner emotional support. Further, they support the direct effects of social relationships on psychological distress over the moderating effects.

Synergetic Effects Leading to Coke‐Resistant NiCo Bimetallic Catalysts for Dry Reforming of Methane

AbstractA new dry reforming of methane catalyst comprised of NiCo bimetallic nanoparticles and a Mgx(Al)O support that exhibits high coke resistance and long‐term on‐stream stability is reported. The structural characterization by XRD, TEM, temperature‐programmed reduction, and BET analysis demonstrates that the excellent performance of this catalyst is ascribed to the synergy of various parameters, including metal‐nanoparticle size, metal–support interaction, catalyst structure, ensemble size, and alloy effects.

海归知识员工组织支持和主动性人格对归国适应的影响研究

本文以重返文化为研究背景，以海归知识员工为研究对象，探讨了组织支持和主动性人格对归国适应的影响和作用边界。本研究从生活环境、工作环境和沟通环境这三方面分别考察了组织支持和主动型人格对归国适应的直接影响。特别地，本文以特质激活理论为理论基础考察了组织支持和主动型人格的交互作用对归国适应的影响。对229名海归知识员工的调查数据显示，经济支持能够帮助他们适应生活环境；职业支持对工作环境有显著的积极作用；而适应支持有利于海归知识员工更加适应沟通环境。本研究还发现主动性人格对归国适应有促进作用，特别是当职业支持和适应支持高时，主动性人格对工作适应和互动适应的促进作用更显著。 Based on reentry research, this paper studies the effect of perceived organizational support and proactive personality on reentry adjustment for retuned knowledge workers. This paper examines the relationship between organizational support, proactive personality and reentry adjustment from general work and interaction environment. Specifically, based on trait activation theory, it ex-plores the interaction effect of organizational support and proactive personality on reentry adjust-ment. Data are collected from 229 returned knowledge workers. The results show that financial or-ganizational support, career organizational support and adjustment organizational support have significant positive effect on general adjustment, work adjustment and interaction adjustment re-spectively. Moreover, proactive personality has positive effect on reentry adjustment. Specifically, proactive personality shows more significant positive effect when financial organizational support and adjustment organizational support are high.

The structural and electronic properties of Au(n) clusters on the α-Al2O3(0001) surface: a first principles study.

We report the structural and electronic properties of Aun (n = 1-7 and 10) clusters supported on a clean α-Al2O3(0001) surface using the spin-polarized version of the plane wave based pseudo-potential method. To underscore the effect of support interaction, the geometries of the deposited Au clusters are compared with the gas-phase structures. In general, the trend in the growth pattern shows that all deposited Au clusters favor planar configurations, similar to that in the isolated case. However, due to the roughness of the Al2O3(0001) surface the deposited Au atoms are arranged in a zig-zag pattern. The binding energy of an Au atom on the Al2O3 surface is 0.79 eV and it binds to the surface Al atom. Two Au atoms prefer to form a dimer on the alumina surface rather than adsorbing as a monomer at a long distance. As the size of the cluster increases the adsorption energy shows a decreasing trend. The nature of chemical bonding at the interface is established by the charge distribution analysis, which suggests an overall charge transfer from the surface to the Au cluster. The additional negative charge on the deposited Au cluster corroborates the red shift of the energy levels of the Au-Al2O3 composite in comparison to the isolated Aun clusters. Further investigations were carried out by analyzing the interaction between the oxygen molecule and the Aun@Al2O3 system, a prototype to study the oxidation mechanism. The results reveal that the interaction of O2 with Aun@Al2O3 follows a dissociative chemisorption route and ruptures the O-O bond.

Insights into the WOxCoverage-Dependent Location and Oxidation State of Noble Metals Supported on Tungstated Oxides: The Case of Rh/WOx–Ce0.62Zr0.38O2

Noble metals-promoted tungstated oxides have been shown to be profitable in a wide variety of catalytic reactions of environmental interest but to be detrimental in the hydrogenation of aromatics. The origin of the deleterious effect of tungstates on the hydrogenation performance of noble metals is still being debated. To provide further insights into this, the location and the oxidation state of Rh were investigated as a function of the W surface density (0–10 W/nm2) of Rh/WOx–Ce0.62Zr0.38O2 (Rh/W–CZ) catalysts after high-temperature reduction. For that purpose, a thorough characterization of the oxide phases was performed through N2-sorption, X-ray diffraction, Raman spectroscopy, NOx temperature-programmed desorption, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), whereas the metallic phases were characterized by low-temperature H2 chemisorption, XPS, N2 Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and benzene hydrogenation. It was found that Rh deposited on both tungstates and CZ, and did not sinter with increasing W surface densities. The observed linear decrease in the Rh hydrogenation performance of the WOx-promoted Ce0.62Zr0.38O2 below pseudo monolayer coverage of CZ (4.8 W/nm2CZ) was assigned to a strong metal support interaction effect between the Rh particles and the nonreducible underlying WOx phase, resulting in the formation of electron-deficient Rh species (Rhδ+).

The role of social support in dialysis patients' feelings of autonomy and self-esteem: is support more beneficial for patients with specific illness perceptions?

The purpose of this study was to investigate whether effects of various types of support on dialysis patients' perceived autonomy and self-esteem depend on patients' perceived concerns and personal control regarding their illness. One hundred sixty-six patients completed written questionnaires. Main and interaction effects of support, concern, and personal control on autonomy and self-esteem were examined using linear regression analyses. General emotional support was positively related to autonomy in highly concerned patients (p < .05). Overprotection was negatively associated with autonomy (p < .05), and this association was stronger in patients with high perceived personal control (p < .01). A positive main effect of general emotional support (p < .05) and a negative main effect of overprotection (p < .01) on self-esteem were observed. The role of support in dialysis patients' autonomy appears to depend on patients' illness perceptions, whereas the role of support in patients' self-esteem does not. These findings suggest that dialysis patients' personal views about their illness can provide insight into whether patients could benefit from support, and that the provision of support should be tailored to patients' individual needs.

Physical activity of underweight, normal weight and overweight Polish adolescents

The aim of the study was to investigate the relationships of classmate and teacher support during physical education (PE) lessons on moderate-to-vigorous physical activity of 14–16 year-old students whom were underweight, normal weight and overweight. The cross-sectional sample for the study concerned data from 1702 girls and 1547 boys, recruited from 12 junior high schools in Poznan, Poland. Based on their body mass index (BMI) values, the participants were assigned to weight categories: underweight, normal weight and overweight. We determined the levels of physical activity, and teacher and classmate support, by means of a questionnaire-based survey. The 3-way interaction effect of gender, weight and support from teachers was statistically significant ( p ≤ .05); the 3-way interaction effect of gender, weight status and support from classmates approached significance ( p = .0526). This research concluded that supporting students during the PE process may play an important role in determining one’s level of physical activity.

Enhancing scientific discovery learning through metacognitive support

Using a virtual physics lab, we analyzed the impact of metacognitive support on simulation-based scientific discovery learning (SDL). The dependent variables for learning outcome were the immediate conceptual knowledge gain and the retained conceptual knowledge three weeks later. Additional dependent variables were the actual use of a domain-specific cognitive strategy, motivation, emotions, and cognitive load. To contrast the effects of metacognitive support with possible effects of goal specificity, the experimental study followed a 2×2 design with a sample of N=129 ninth grade students and with metacognitive support (yes vs. no) and learning goals (specific vs. nonspecific) as factors. The results showed positive effects of metacognitive support on learning outcome, on actual cognitive strategy use, and on learning emotions. No interaction effect of metacognitive support and goal specificity on learning outcome was observed.

Strong Metal–Support Interaction: Growth of Individual Carbon Nanofibers from Amorphous Carbon Interacting with an Electron Beam

To bridge physical mixing to chemical bonding? Use an electron beam! Individual carbon nanofibers can grow from physical mixing of amorphous carbon and Ce0.8Gd0.2O1.9/Ni nanoparticles, under an electron beam in a 300 kV transmission electron microscope, without any gaseous carbon source and external heating, as a consequence of strong metal support interaction effect occurring in the mixtures.

The importance of the supervisor for the mental health and work attitudes of Australian aged care nurses

The work attitudes and psychological well-being of aged care nurses are important factors impacting on the current and future capacity of the aged care workforce. Expanding our understanding of the ways in which the psychosocial work environment influences these outcomes is important in order to enable organizations to improve the management of human resources in this sector. Using survey data from a sample of 222 Australian aged care nurses, regression analyses were employed to test the relative impact of a range of psychosocial work environment variables derived from the demand-control-support (DCS) model and organizational justice variables on satisfaction, commitment, well-being, and depression. The expanded model predicted the work attitudes and well-being of aged care nurses, particularly the DCS components. Specifically, demand was related to depression, well-being, and job satisfaction, job control was related to depression, commitment, and job satisfaction, and supervisor support and interpersonal fairness were related to well-being. The contributions of informational and interpersonal justice, along with the main and interaction effects of supervisor support, highlight the centrality of the supervisor in addressing the impact of job demands on aged care nurses. Psychosocial variables have utility beyond predicting stress outcomes to the work attitudes of nurses in an aged care setting and thus present further avenues of research for the retention of nurses and improved patient care.

청소년이 지각한 사회적지지, 진로결정 자기효능감이 진로성숙도에 미치는 영향

The purpose of this study is to analyze the effects of social support and, career decision-making self-efficacy on career maturity of adolescents of different gender and grades. Further, it aims to provide basic information for career maturity to create career educational program for adolescents. The participants of the study were 447 middle and high school students who were selected from second grade of five schools in Daegu. All participants were tested on social support, career decision-making self-efficacy and career maturity scale. The results were analyzed using two-way ANOVA, Pearson's Correlation Analysis, Regression Analysis with SPSS 18.0. The results of the present research are summarized as follows: first, the results of the ANOVA subscales revealed that there were significant gender and grade main effects and interaction effects of social support, career decision-making self-efficacy and career maturity. Second, the results of the correlation analysis among of the social support, career decision-making self-efficacy and career maturity showed a positive and negative correlation. Third, in terms of the influence of social support, career decision-making self-efficacy had a significant meaningful influence on career maturity. The results of this study can be used as a fundamental reference in career counseling at school for enhancing adolescent's career development and success.

Imaging Nanostructural Modifications Induced by Electronic Metal−Support Interaction Effects at Au||Cerium-Based Oxide Nanointerfaces

A variety of advanced (scanning) transmission electron microscopy experiments, carried out in aberration-corrected equipment, provide direct evidence about subtle structural changes taking place at nanometer-sized Au||ceria oxide interfaces, which agrees with the occurrence of charge transfer effects between the reduced support and supported gold nanoparticles suggested by macroscopic techniques. Tighter binding of the gold nanoparticles onto the ceria oxide support when this is reduced is revealed by the structural analysis. This structural modification is accompanied by parallel deactivation of the CO chemisorption capacity of the gold nanoparticles, which is interpreted in exact quantitative terms as due to deactivation of the gold atoms at the perimeter of the Au||cerium oxide interface.

Effects of plant-based diets on glucose and amino acid metabolism, leptin, ghrelin and GH-IGF system regulation in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salarL.)

To investigate effects on glucose and amino acid (AA) metabolism and neuroendocrine regulation of energy homoeostasis and GH-IGF system growth regulation, Atlantic salmon were fed high levels of plant protein (PP) and vegetable oil (VO) for 1 year and compared to fish fed intermediate levels or a control diet based on fish meal and fish oil. All plant-fed groups had reduced liver glucokinase mRNA and increased muscle glycogen compared to the control group. As digestible starch was highest in the control diet, the increased muscle glycogen might be related to other factors such as lower levels of lysine or higher levels of glucogenic AAs. There were minor effects on transcription of genes related to leptin, ghrelin and GH-IGF system. However, muscle growth hormone receptor was elevated in fish fed high PP, probably related to lipolytic action in these fish. Fish fed high levels of both PP and VO simultaneously had elevated plasma alanine aminotransferase and glucose and of pentose phosphate pathway enzymes. Furthermore, this group had elevated concentrations of some free AAs, especially proline. These results support interaction effects when both high levels of PP and VO are used together, which needs to be considered in the formulation of aquafeeds.

Bimetallic Nickel–Cobalt Nanosized Layers Supported on Polar ZnO Surfaces: Metal–Support Interaction and Alloy Effects Studied by Synchrotron Radiation X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy

The interaction of ultrathin bimetallic Ni–Co layers (0.25 and 1.5 nm) supported on polar (0001)Zn–ZnO and (0001)O–ZnO substrates was investigated by synchrotron-based photoelectron spectroscopy (PES) under ultrahigh vacuum (UHV) and O2 environments. Monometallic Ni and Co layers were also characterized to highlight the influence of Ni–Co synergetic effects on the metal–support interaction. At room temperature, cobalt is partially oxidized, while nickel is metallic. The effect of ZnO surface termination is minor, while the influence of surface hydroxyl groups is discussed. Annealing at 773 K in UHV promotes oxidation of monometallic Ni and Co layers but has little influence on bimetallic Ni–Co. In addition, significant agglomeration of the Ni–Co overlayer is observed, with a parallel increase in the surface Co concentration. Agglomeration of Ni–Co is more pronounced on O-terminated ZnO. Upon annealing in 1 × 10–6 mbar of O2, both Ni and Co readily oxidize and redisperse over the ZnO substrate. Moreover, ...