Interactive Control System Research Articles

Management Control and Business Model Innovation in the Context of a Circular Economy in the Dutch Construction Industry

This study explores how different forms of management control support and enable business model innovation in the context of the principles of the circular economy. Following a qualitative research approach, empirical data is collected from construction companies and governmental organizations in the Netherlands. Building on Simons’ four levers of control. This paper illustrates how to balance the intended and emergent strategies via the organization’s management control system. According to Simons, the four levers encompass the beliefs systems, the interactive control systems, the diagnostic control systems, and the boundary controls. The empirical findings uncover the beliefs systems and the interactive control systems to be the most relevant levers that enable and drive business model innovation striving for the effective use of materials. Rather than measuring the output with predefined performance indicators, business model innovation in this context is better served by diagnostic controls which evaluate how innovative business models contribute to the organization’s mission.

Computer Vision for Human-Computer Interaction Using Noninvasive Technology

Computer vision is a significant component of human-computer interaction (HCI) processes in interactive control systems. In general, the interaction between humans and computers relies on the flexibility of the interactive visualization system. Electromyography (EMG) is a bioelectric signal used in HCI that can be captured noninvasively by placing electrodes on the human hand. Due to the impact of complex background, accurate recognition and analysis of human motion in real-time multitarget scenarios are considered challenging in HCI. Further, EMG signals of human hand motions are exceedingly nonlinear, and it is important to utilize a dynamic approach to address the noise problem in EMG signals. Hence, in this paper, the Optimized Noninvasive Human-Computer Interaction (ONIHCI) model has been proposed to predict human motion recognition. Average Intrinsic Mode Function (AIMF) has been used to reduce the noise factor in EMG signals. Furthermore, this paper introduces spatial thermographic imaging to overcome the conventional sensor problem, such as gesture recognition and human target identification in multitarget scenarios. The human motion behavior in spatial thermographic images is examined by target trajectory, and body movement kinematics is employed to classify human targets and objects. The experimental findings demonstrate that the proposed method reduces noise by 7.2% and improves accuracy by 97.2% in human motion recognition and human target identification.

Interactive Water Level Control System Simulator Based on OMRON CX-Programmer and CX-Designer

Abstract— Programmable Logic Controller (PLC) is an essential component in industrial automation where it acts as the backbone of the system. In line with Industrial Revolution (IR) 4.0, most industrial and manufacturing sectors move towards automation systems. Preparing university students about automation and PLC fundamental knowledge and skill is crucial before graduation, where the preoccupied knowledge will enhance graduate employability. Fulfilling this task, universities have to prepare the necessary equipment in the laboratory for teaching and learning purposes. The problem arises when certain universities with budget constraints cannot purchase the equipment for the PLC embedded system as huge costs have to be borne by universities. Thus, an alternative approach has to be taken where the main objective of this paper is to develop an interactive water level control system simulator as a substitution of the expensive automation PLC embedded system for teaching and learning purposes. OMRON software, namely CX-Programmer and CX-Designer used to design and develop an interactive water level control system simulator. In addition, the interactive water level control will be embedded with a PLC component that replicates the actual automation system laboratory equipment. Moreover, universities with a limited budget can utilize the tool for teaching and learning purposes of the PLC and automation system, which is the main contribution of this paper. Keywords—Water Level Control System, Programmable Logic Controller, Simulator, CX-Programmer, CX-Designer.

Risk governance through public sector interactive control systems: The intricacies of turning immeasurable uncertainties into manageable risks

IMPACT Some public services, like children’s services, are subject to considerable political sensitivity and undergo regular reforms, but little is known of the micro-processes supporting macro-level regulation and policy-making. This article provides insights into this micro-level of inter-organizational relations by investigating risk governance and negotiation employed by English children’s services professionals in their attempt to make sense of the uncertainty in which they operate. Public managers may extract lessons on the role of partnership working in risk identification, measurement and governance. They could also employ the authors’ risk typology (organizational risk, professional risk and risk to clients) to manage and absorb uncertainty beyond, as well as within, organizational boundaries.

A Fuzzy Inference System for Management Control Tools

Despite the importance of the role of small and medium enterprises (SMEs) in developing and growing economies, little is known regarding the use of management control tools in them. In management control in SMEs, a holistic system needs to be modeled to enable a careful study of how each lever (belief systems, boundary systems, interactive control systems, and diagnostic control systems) affects the organizational performance of SMEs. In this article, a fuzzy logic approach is proposed for the decision-making system in management control in small and medium enterprises. C. Mamdani fuzzy inference system (MFIS) was applied as a decision-making technique to explore the influence of the use of management control tools on the organizational performance of SMEs. Perceptions data analysis is obtained through empirical research.

A Human-Computer Control System Based on Intelligent Recognition of Eye Movements and Its Application in Wheelchair Driving

This paper presents a practical human-computer interaction system for wheelchair motion through eye tracking and eye blink detection. In this system, the pupil in the eye image has been extracted after binarization, and the center of the pupil was localized to capture the trajectory of eye movement and determine the direction of eye gaze. Meanwhile, convolutional neural networks for feature extraction and classification of open-eye and closed-eye images have been built, and machine learning was performed by extracting features from multiple individual images of open-eye and closed-eye states for input to the system. As an application of this human-computer interaction control system, experimental validation was carried out on a modified wheelchair and the proposed method proved to be effective and reliable based on the experimental results.

A New Method for Anterior Boundary Demarcation of the Nasopharynx in Three-Dimensional Analysis

Three-dimensional (3D) measurements of the upper airway have been extensively applied and researched, but the division of the airway is carried out in various ways, especially when demarcating the anterior boundary of the nasopharynx. The present study was to propose a new method based on the anatomical definition for the anterior boundary demarcation of the nasopharynx used in three-dimensional analysis. Twenty computed tomography scans (age 9.5 ± 2.5 years, 11 males, and 9 females) of head and neck were randomly selected and transferred to Materialism's interactive medical image control system 19.0 for segmentation of the nasopharynx. Precise localization of the reference points that determining the nasopharyngeal anterior and inferior boundaries was managed by recording their coordinates in the interface of the software. The area of the anterior and the inferior boundaries, and the volume of the nasopharynx were measured and repeated with a 2-week interval for the consistency test. Both the interobserver reliability as well as the intra-observer reliability were very high (intraclass correlation coefficients, 0.985-0.997). Paired t test showed no significant difference between the first and the second examinations. This new simple method proposed for demarcation of the nasopharyngeal anterior boundary was based on the innate anatomical boundary, which was statistically reliable, technically convenient, and clinically reasonable.

A flexible and generic functional mock-up unit based threat injection framework for grid-interactive efficient buildings: A case study in Modelica

Grid-interactive efficient buildings (GEBs) have been considered as an important asset to support the power grid reliability by utilizing the demand flexibility offered by GEBs. GEBs are enabled by advances in sensors and controls, and the communication between building equipment, whole buildings, and the grid. The integration of different building technologies and network-based communication system makes GEBs vulnerable to passive threats such as equipment failure and active threats such as cyber-attacks. Modeling and simulation is an effective way to evaluate the impact of threats on the system performance. This paper proposes a generic and flexible threat injection framework for commonly-used building energy simulators such as EnergyPlus and Modelica to support threat modeling and evaluation. This framework leverages functional mock-up unit (FMU) to develop a general modeling interface for threat injection and simulation. A numerical case study using Modelica as a building energy simulator is conducted to demonstrate the capability of the framework for supporting single/multiple-order threat modeling and simulation of a GEB. Four threats and their combinations are injected on a Modelica-based threat-free building energy and control system, including operating supply fan at its full speed, remotely cycling the chiller on and off, blocking the chiller from receiving the chilled water supply temperature setpoints, and hijacking the global zone air temperature setpoint. Simulation results show that the cyber-attack that leads to short-term signal blocking has small effects on the system operation due to the “self-healing” feature of the heating, ventilation, and air-conditioning (HVAC) interactive control system. The threat that takes control of resetting the global zone air temperature setpoints has the most adverse impact on the system energy use, peak power demand, thermal comfort and the provision of demand flexibility. The combination of four threats have aggregative effects on the system but the effects are less than the additive effects of the individual threat.

Role of 3D Printing and Modeling to Aid in Neuroradiology Education for Medical Trainees.

Applications of 3-dimensional (3D) printing in medical imaging and health care are expanding. Currently, primary uses involve presurgical planning and patient and medical trainee education. Neuroradiology is a complex subdiscipline of radiology that requires further training beyond radiology residency. This review seeks to explore the clinical value of 3D printing and modeling specifically in enhancing neuroradiology education for radiology physician residents and medical trainees. A brief review summarizing the key steps from radiologic image to 3D printed model is provided, including storage of computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging data as digital imaging and communications in medicine files; conversion to standard tessellation language (STL) format; manipulation of STL files in interactive medical image control system software (Materialise) to create 3D models; and 3D printing using various resins via a Formlabs 2 printer. For the purposes of demonstration and proof of concept, neuroanatomy models deemed crucial in early radiology education were created via open-source hardware designs under free or open licenses. 3D-printed objects included a sphenoid bone, cerebellum, skull base, middle ear labyrinth and ossicles, mandible, circle of Willis, carotid aneurysm, and lumbar spine using a combination of clear, white, and elastic resins. Based on this single-institution experience, 3D-printed complex neuroanatomical structures seem feasible and may enhance resident education and patient safety. These same steps and principles may be applied to other subspecialties of radiology. Artificial intelligence also has the potential to advance the 3D process.

Human–machine interaction control for stochastic cell manipulation systems

While many physical robot systems are able to work cooperatively with humans to perform numerous tasks, existing optical cell manipulation systems can only perform either manual or automated tasks at a time. As optical cell manipulation is essentially different from robotic manipulation in the physical world due to its stochastic nature, existing human–robot interaction control techniques cannot thus be directly reproduced into optical micro-manipulation of cells. This paper proposes a human–machine interaction control approach for stochastic optical cell manipulation systems. A theoretical foundation is then developed, and thus enabling human to interpose or interact, when applicable or needed, with an automated cell manipulation system without interrupting the manipulation process. Therefore, it offers an opportunity for human to get involved with an automated cell manipulation system so as to deal with unexpected events or complex tasks, rather than to stop or restart the whole manipulation process. Both the capacity of an automated control system – which provides precise and productive cell manipulation, and human ability – in terms of decision making, if needed, are then consolidated into a single optical cell manipulation system. Rigorous mathematical formulation is developed with the consideration of the stochastic perturbations, and the stability of the human–machine interaction control system is analyzed from a stochastic perspective. Experiments are then performed to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed approach.

Antecedentes do Sistema de Controle Gerencial em Cooperativas de Crédito da Região Sul do Brasil

Objetivo: Considerando-se o turbulento ambiente econômico, assim como as especificidades das operações promovidas por entidades cooperativas, este estudo buscou analisar as associações entre os riscos e incertezas estratégicas com o uso Sistema de Controle Gerencial (SCG) nas cooperativas de crédito da região Sul do Brasil.Método: Pesquisa quantitativa, do tipo survey, composta por 57 cooperativas de crédito. Os dados foram analisados mediante Modelagem de Equações Estruturais com estimação por mínimos quadrados parciais, no software SmartPLS 3.0. Os construtos de risco estratégico e incerteza estratégica foram analisados em relação a associação com as Alavancas de Controle de Simons (1995), que contempla os controles de crenças e restrições, e sistemas de controle interativo e diagnóstico. Ademais, faz-se a análise das associações entre as quatro Alavancas de Controle.Originalidade/Relevância: O estudo abarca antecedentes (riscos e incertezas estratégicas) do uso do SCG, contemplando diferentes composições em relação ao tipo e classe das cooperativas de crédito, na comparação aos estudos pregressos, além de abranger uma região singular e pertinente no contexto do cooperativo de crédito brasileiro.Resultados: O risco estratégico não está associado ao uso do Sistema de Controle Gerencial. A incerteza estratégica foi comprovada como o elemento que recebe maior importância por parte dos gestores no processo de uso das quatro Alavancas de Controle. No construto Sistema de Crenças, a importância imposta está positivamente interligada com o Sistema de Controle Interativo, assim como no Sistema de Controle Interativo com o Sistema de Controle Diagnóstico.Contribuições teóricas/metodológicas: O estudo demonstra a pertinência das Alavancas de Controle para o âmbito do cooperativismo de crédito, sob contextos de riscos e incertezas estratégicas.Contribuições sociais/para a gestão: Os achados contribuem ao evidenciar que o uso balanceado das quatro Alavancas de Controle é relevante para promover a renovação estratégica das cooperativas de créditos, especialmente no que diz respeito a incerteza estratégica.

The Differentiation in Image Post-processing and 3D Reconstruction During Evaluation of Carotid Plaques From MR and CT Data Sources.

Background: Carotid plaque morphology and tissue composition help assess risk stratification of stroke events. Many post-processing image techniques based on CT and MR images have been widely used in related research, such as image segmentation, 3D reconstruction, and computer fluid dynamics. However, the criteria for the 3D numerical model of carotid plaque established by CT and MR angiographic image data remain open to questioning.Method: We accurately duplicated the geometry and simulated it using computer software to make a 3D numerical model. The initial images were obtained by CTA and TOF-MRA. MIMICS (Materialize’s interactive medical image control system) software was used to process the images to generate three-dimensional solid models of blood vessels and plaques. The subsequent output was exported to the ANSYS software to generate finite element simulation results for the further hemodynamic study.Results: The 3D models of carotid plaque of TOF-MRA and CTA were simulated by using computer software. CTA has a high-density resolution for carotid plaque, the boundary of the CTA image is obvious, and the main component of which is a calcified tissue. However, the density resolution of TOF-MRA for the carotid plaque and carotid artery was not as good as that of CTA. The results show that there is a large deviation between the TOF-MRA and CTA 3D model of plaque in the carotid artery due to the unclear recognition of plaque boundary during 3D reconstruction, and this can further affect the simulation results of hemodynamics.Conclusion: In this study, two-dimensional images and three-dimensional models of carotid plaques obtained by two angiographic techniques were compared. The potential of these two imaging methods in clinical diagnosis and fluid dynamics of carotid plaque was evaluated, and the selectivity of image post-processing analysis to original medical image acquisition was revealed.

Un enfoque interactivo para el análisis y diseño de sistemas de control utilizando el método del lugar de las raíces

<p>El lugar de las raíces es un método clásico para el análisis y diseño de sistemas lineales de control que ha formado parte desde su irrupción en los años cincuenta de los programas de los cursos básicos de control automático. La aparición de herramientas software de diseño interactivo de sistemas de control, que dibujan fácilmente el lugar de las raíces, permite a los docentes centrarse en explicar cómo afecta al lugar de las raíces la introducción de nuevos polos/ceros en la función de transferencia en lazo abierto, en vez de en explicar sus reglas de construcción. En este trabajo se presenta una nueva metodología docente para introducir la técnica del lugar de las raíces en cursos básicos de control que fomenta la utilización de una herramienta interactiva, como por ejemplo la herramienta LCSD desarrollada por los autores, para reforzar su aprendizaje.</p>

Contactless interactive control technology with a switching system based on Butterworth filter and modified strong tracking Kalman filter

In the human–computer interaction field, a contactless interaction with large screens through gestures is very representative, and the recognition and filtering of gesture images are very important tasks. Aiming at solving the problems of interference and positioning drift of three-dimensional lidar sensors, this article proposes a contactless interactive control system based on switching filtering algorithm, which selects the Butterworth filtering and the modified strong tracking Kalman filter to be used in the filtering process. The proposed interactive system extracts and optimizes user gestures, maps the gestures to the screen, simulates mouse operations, and enables operations such as selection, sliding, zooming in and out, and others. This switching filtering algorithm effectively solves the accuracy problem of a single filtering algorithm and the rapidity of complex filtering algorithms in the signal processing step, and greatly improves the interaction accuracy without sacrificing too much processing time. The experimental results show that by applying the proposed switching filtering algorithm to a contactless human–computer interaction system, the system can achieve smooth gesture interaction. The proposed system can perform real-time interaction with multiple people, which fully verifies the effectiveness and superiority of the proposed algorithm.

Management Control Systems, Organizational Culture and Village Credit Institution Financial Performance

This study aims to provide empirical evidence about the influence of misfit management control systems (levers of control) with organizational culture will negatively affect the financial performance of LPDs. This study uses a survey method (questionnaire) based on a sample of 149 LPD units in Buleleng Regency with purposive sampling criteria. The research respondents were all three LPD officers (penyarik, pemucuk and petengen) and one staff each from the credit and accounting department.. The research hypothesis suggests that each organizational culture orientation, namely clan, adhocracy, hierarchy and market shows a fit (through misfit values) with levers of control (belief, boundary, diagnostic and interactive control system) has a negative effect on LPD financial performance. The analysis technique uses OLS regression residual approach to testing the research hypothesis. The results showed that the hierarchical culture was able to have a fit (a small misfit value) with a management control system (levers of control) to influence the financial performance of the LPD.

A Construction Method of Lower Limb Rehabilitation Robot with Remote Control System

In response to the rehabilitation needs of stroke patients who are unable to benefit from conventional rehabilitation due to the COVID-19 epidemic, this paper designs a robot that combines on-site and telerehabilitation. The objective is to assist the patient in walking. We design the electromechanical system with a gantry mechanism, body-weight support system, information feedback system, and man-machine interactive control system. The proposed rehabilitation robot remote system is based on the client/server (C/S) network framework to realize the remote control of the robot state logic and the transmission of patient training data. Based on the proposed system, doctors can set or adjust the training modes and control the parameters of the robot and guide remote patient rehabilitation training through video communication. The robotic system can further store and manage the rehabilitation data of the patient during training. Experiments show the human-computer interaction system of the lower limb rehabilitation robot has good performance, can accurately recognize the information of human motion posture, and achieve the goal of actively the following motion. Experiments confirm the feasibility of the proposed design, the information management of stroke patients, and the efficiency of rehabilitation training. The proposed system can reduce the workload of the doctors in practical training.

Smart Living: An Interactive Control System for Household Appliances

Hand-gesture based control has enormous potential both theoretically and for practical applications due to its convenience and intuitiveness. This study presents a real-time interactive control system for household appliances. The interactive control system allowing wireless control of household appliances using a combination of 11 hand gestures and 2 waving motions is tested on hundreds of samples. It is implemented using a regular personal computer (PC) and existing digital single processing (DSP) platforms. The evaluation results show that the system performs efficiently reaching an accuracy recognition rate of 91% and spending around 30 seconds to complete the control operation for household appliances. The contributions of this work are both academic (1) successful demonstration of the integration of algorithms for solving image detection, processing, and pattern recognition, and practical (2) showing its feasibility and using commonly available hardware and software configurations for practical uses, and finally (3) establishing a mechanism for intuitively interactive control system that facilitates smart living.

Les systèmes de contrôle de gestion favorisent-ils l’innovation ambidextre ? Le rôle modérateur du style de leadership

This study develops and tests a model to assess the impact of the ambidextrous management control that refers to a balance between interactive management control system (iMCS) and diagnostic management control (dMCS) on ambidextrous innovation. Our results, based on data collected from 232 senior managers in the context of French companies, indicate that iMCS promotes exploratory innovation, while dMCS has a positive and significant influence on exploitative innovation. Data analysis revealed also that the ambidextrous MCS conducts to ambidextrous innovation. Furthermore, our results show that transformational leadership moderates the relationship between iMCS and exploratory innovation, while transactional leadership moderates the link between dMCS and exploitative innovation. Finally, our findings revealed that ambidextrous leadership reinforces the link between ambidextrous MCS and ambidextrous innovation.

EFFECT OF IMPLEMENTATION OF BELIEF SYSTEM AND INTERACTIVE CONTROL SYSTEM ON ECONOMIC PERFORMANCE WITH ENVIRONMENT PERFORMANCE AS MODERATOR

The purpose of this study was to determine whether there is an influence of the application of belief systems and interactive control systems on economic performance with environmental performance as a moderating factor. This research was conducted at companies engaged in mining and oil and gas and registered as participants in the PROPER for the last 10 years. The independent variables of this research are belief system and interactive control system. The dependent variable of this study is economic performance. Supporting variables (moderating) are environmental performance. The population in this study are mining and oil and gas companies. Sampling technique using a purposive sampling method. This method requires taking the number of samples as much as determined by researchers as a target that must be met. The sample in this study were 12 companies. The data collection method uses the questionnaire method. Testing data in this study uses a validity test, reliability test, normality test, heteroscedasticity test, autocorrelation test, multicollinearity test, and linear regression test. Data processing is performed using statistical package statistical application (SPSS) version 25. The results of this study indicate that belief systems on economic performance have a negative significant relationship to economic performance, interactive control systems have a positive and not significant relationship to economic performance, environmental performance has a significant positive relationship to economic performance, environmental performance is not able to moderate the influence of belief systems on economic performance, and environmental performance is able to moderate the effect of interactive control systems on environmental performance.

Design of AGV human-machine interactive control system

The outdoor intelligent transportation of a pharmaceutical factory requires the workshop to put forward task requirements according to the situation and provide multiple AGVs that can meet both man-machine control and networked scheduling. On the basis of existing AGV, an AGV control method based on human-computer interaction is proposed. First, design the overall architecture of the control system, use the touch screen to design and develop the AGV mobile client and task request client to form an industrial wireless network. The establishment of a network enables the AGV mobile client, task request client and vehicle management system to achieve cross-platform communication. Based on this, the client system sets and controls the AGV, which effectively solves the AGV’s man-machine control and networking scheduling problems. After functional testing and performance verification, the system works stably, with good flexibility and scalability.