Inter-American Treaty Of Reciprocal Assistance Research Articles

Conselho de Defesa Sul-Americano

The Organization of American States (OEA) and the Inter-American Treaty of Reciprocal Assistance (TIAR), existing defense organizations until the creation of the CDS, have not evolved enough and lack legitimacy, since they are under clear american influence. There were several contributions from the new Council and some possibilities were glimpsed, some of which are very relevant, even if they still need more attention. This paper will analyze this topic, studying the meaning and results of the CDS until now, trying to build a perspective for its future, taking into account the current circumstances in South America (SA).Keywords: South American Integration. South American Defense Council. UNASUL. Perspectives and results.

Genealogía y modernización de las fuerzas armadas en el Ecuador

La modernización de las Fuerzas Armadas en el período de Alianza País se asienta en la disyunción entre institución armada y soberanía nacional, combina diversas formas superpuestas de soberanía con nuevas formas de disciplinamiento y control de la población, y se orienta al paso del Estado de derecho al Estado de seguridad a nivel global. Las modificaciones de las Fuerzas Armadas se articulan al proceso genealógico del Estado-nacional, pasando por cuatro momentos: primero, el momento fundacional en la Revolución Alfarista ordenado en torno a la soberanía territorial-nacional-interna. Segundo, con la incorporación al Tratado Interamericano de Asistencia Recíproca (TIAR), las FFAA entran en la lógica de la defensa continental como dispositivo de alineamiento y dependencia del poder americano, en el marco de la Guerra Fría. Tercero, este ordenamiento llega a su forma fuerte con la Doctrina de la Seguridad Nacional que trasmuta el orden de la soberanía territorial al dominio de la subversión interna. Y cuarto, la fase neoliberal parte de la licuefacción del Estado nacional.

A Conferência do Rio de Janeiro e o Tratado Interamericano de Assistência Recíproca: Conflitos na construção do sistema interamericano

This article focuses on the conflicts surrounding the approval of the Inter-American Treaty of Reciprocal Assistance (ITRA) at the conference held in Rio de Janeiro in 1947. We analyze the draft treaties sent to the Pan-American Union, which were mainly Brazilian, Mexican and from the United States; the preliminary votes taken before the Meeting in the aim of obtaining a consensus among the countries involved; as well as the final text of the ITRA. Our hypothesis is that the final version of the ITRA failed to materialize complete US control over the other members of the Pan-American Union, instead representing a solution reached by means of negotiation in a period of transition from a policy of good neighborliness to a doctrine for containing communism. This context allowed the member countries of the Pan-American Union to assert several of their proposals in spite of opposition from the United States, a situation unlikely to be repeated in the future, with the consolidation of the policy containing communism and US control over the Americas.

Brasil-EUA: Solidariedade, Sim; Subserviência, Não

Brazilian diplomacy, after the September 11 attacks, in an attitude of subservience to the USA, invoked the Inter-American Treaty of Reciprocal Assistance. Created in full cold war times, this legal instrument is inadequate for the combat of terrorists, now seen as detainees of legal personality of International law.

Oas Reforms and the Future of Pacific Settlement

As in the case of Mark Twain, the reports of the death of the Organization of American States (OAS) are greatly exaggerated. Certainly it is not operating at peak performance. However, neither is it the moribund institution that the mass media would have us believe—although some recent reports of the General Assembly meeting in Santiago have given us glimmerings of hope for a rebirth. It is the purpose of this report to investigate the status of one of the major aspects of the contemporary OAS reform efforts—the peaceful settlement of disputes within the organization's structure. The indefinite postponement of this particular issue cannot belie the fact—amply demonstrated in the debates of the Special Committee to Study the Inter-American System and Propose Measures for Restructuring It, the Conference of Plenipotentiaries to Amend the Inter-American Treaty of Reciprocal Assistance, and the Permanent Council—that the resolution of disputes is of fundamental importance to the nations of the hemisphere and that there is some degree of relative satisfaction over past OAS performance in that area. It would thus be appropriate for students of inter-American relations to take a greater scholarly interest in the OAS than is now the case.

Conference of Plenipotentiaries for the Amendment of the Inter-American Treaty of Reciprocal Assistance: Protocol of Amendment of the RIO Treaty

Conference of Plenipotentiaries for the Amendment of the Inter-American Treaty of Reciprocal Assistance: Protocol of Amendment of the RIO Treaty

Conference of Plenipotentiaries for the Amendment of the Inter-American Treaty of Reciprocal Assistance: Final Act

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Organization of American States

Provisional Organ of Consultation: The Organization of American States (OAS) Council met on April 28, 1963, acting as the Provisional Organ of Consultation under the terms of Article 6 of the Inter-American Treaty of Reciprocal Assistance (Rio Treaty), to discuss the tense situation existing between the Dominican Republic and Haiti. The immediate cause of the situation was cited as the alleged Haitian violations of the premises of the Dominican Embassy in Port-au-Prince. These violations were denied by the government of Haiti. The Provisional Organ of Consultation authorized the Chairman to appoint a five-man fact-finding committee to visit the scene and submit a report. It also resolved to request the two governments involved to guarantee fully that they would abstain from taking any act susceptible of aggravating the situation between them or that might breach the international peace.

Organization of American States

The Organization of American States (OAS) Council met in a special session on October 23, 1962, in Washington, D.C., to discuss the threat to the security of the western hemisphere posed by missile bases clandestinely erected in Cuba by the government of the Soviet Union. The Council voted to act as provisional Organ of Consultation under the Inter-American Treaty of Reciprocal Assistance of 1947 (Rio Treaty). In that capacity, the Council approved the same day a draft resolution calling for the immediate dismantling and withdrawal from Cuba of all missiles by a vote of 19 in favor, none opposed, with I abstention (Uruguay). The delegate of Uruguay explained that he had abstained on the vote because he had not yet received instructions from his government.

Organization of American States

The Eighth Meeting of Consultation of Ministers of Foreign Affairs of the Organization of American States (OAS) took place from January 22–31, 1962, at Punta del Este, Uruguay, to consider the threat posed to the western hemisphere's security by Cuba. Before the meeting, the Inter-American Peace Committee, a standing committee of OAS, after investigating charges made by the representative of Peru that Cuba was engaged in promoting subversive movements in other Latin American countries, unanimously approved a report to be put before the meeting of the foreign ministers. This report included the following points: 1) that the identification of the government of Cuba with the Marxist-Leninist ideology and socialism of the Soviet type presupposed positions that were basically antagonistic to the principle established in the OAS charter that the solidarity and high aims of OAS were based on the effective exercise of representative democracy; 2) that the present government of Cuba impeded the exercise of the right of self-determination, as it was conceived in the inter-American system; 3) that the serious and systematic violation of human rights by the government of Cuba not only constituted one of the principal causes of the international tensions affecting the peace of the hemisphere but was also in open contradiction to various instruments of the inter-American system. Also, it stated 4) that the connections of the government of Cuba with the Sino-Soviet bloc of countries were incompatible with the principles and standards that governed the regional system, and particularly with the collective security established by the OAS charter and the Inter-American Treaty of Reciprocal Assistance; and 5) that the intense subversive activity in which the countries of the Sino Soviet bloc were engaged in America and the activities of the Cuban government that had been pointed out in the report represented attacks upon inter-Amercian peace and security as well as on the sovereignty and political independence of the American states, and therefore a serious violation of fundamental principles of the inter-American system.

Applications of the Inter-American Treaty of Reciprocal Assistance 1948–1956

Applications of the Inter-American Treaty of Reciprocal Assistance 1948–1956

Applications of the Inter-American Treaty of Reciprocal Assistance, 1948-1956

Applications of the Inter-American Treaty of Reciprocal Assistance, 1948-1956

Organization of American States

CouncilCosta Rica–Nicaragua Situation: At a special meeting of the Council on January 10, 1955, the representative of Costa Rica requested the Council to take action to protect Costa Rica's territorial integrity and sovereignty from intervention by the government of Nicaragua, by convoking a Meeting of Consultation of Ministers of Foreign Affairs, pursuant to Article 6 of the Inter-American Treaty of Reciprocal Assistance, to act as Organ of Consultation in the matter. The Council had referred a similar request for action on April 21, 1954 back to the two countries for direct negotiations. The representative of Costa Rica charged that his country had tried to settle the dispute by direct negotiation and mediation, but that groups had meanwhile been trained and mobilized for invasion. The representative of Nicaragua stated in reply that the Costa Rican accusations were baseless and that President Figueros of Costa Rica was using them to rouse his people's patriotism and gain support for his regime. After prolonged discussion the Council decided to hold a meeting on January 12 to study the matter further and take suitable action; in the meantime the governments of Costa Rica and of Nicaragua were asked to refrain from acts likely to aggravate the controversy.

The Inter-American Treaty of Reciprocal Assistance, Rio de Janeiro, 1947

The Inter-American Treaty of Reciprocal Assistance, Rio de Janeiro, 1947

2. Text of Resolution on Inter-American Military Cooperation adopted by the Fourth Meeting of the Foreign Ministers of the American States on April 6, 1951

The military defense of the Continent is essential to the stability of its democratic institutions and the well-being of its peoples; The American republics have assumed obligations under the Charter of the Organization of American States and the Inter-American Treaty of Reciprocal Assistance to assist any American states subjected to an armed attack, and to act together for the common defense and for the maintenance of the peace and security of the Continent;

Organization of American States

Council of the OrganizationMeeting on April 8, 1950 as the Organ of Consultation in conformity with the Inter-American treaty of Reciprocal Assistance, the Council passed nine resolutions based on the recommendations of the Investigating Committee appointed January 6, 1950. Declaring that the facts verified by the InvestigatingCommittee were in violation of several inter-American treaties, such as the Rights and Duties of States, 1933, the Additional Protocol Relative to Non-intervention, 1936, and to the principles of Article 15 of the Charter of OAS, the Council resolved to 1) request the government of the Dominican Republic to take “immediate and effective measures to prevent government officials from tolerating, instigating, encouraging, aiding, or fomenting subversive or seditious movements against other Governments;” 2) request the Dominican Republic to comply with the Joint Declaration of June 9, 1949; 3) point out to both governments the advisability of strengthening their relations by a bilateral treaty, incorporating the aims of the Havana Convention of 1928 on the Duties and Rights of States in the Event of Civil Strife and containing a special provision to prevent ”the inhabitants, national or foreign, of each country from taking part in activities of any kind capable of disturbing the internal order of the neighboring country;” 4) point out to both governments the advisibility of reaching a bilateral agreement to deal with problems connected with the employment of Haitian workers in the Dominican Republic; 5) request both governments to take whatever action lay within their power to prevent the continuation of systematic or hostile propaganda, by any medium whatsoever, against each other or against any other American countries and their respective governments; and 6) express the hope of the Council that good relations be reestablished between the two countries.

Inter-American Treaty of Reciprocal Assistance

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1. Inter-American Treaty of Reciprocal Assistance, Adopted by the Inter-American Conference for the Maintenance of Continental Peace and Security at Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, September 2, 1947

In the name of their Peoples, the Governments represented at the Inter-American Conference for the Maintenance of Continental Peace and Security, desirous of consolidating and strengthening their relations of friendship and good neighborliness, and

The Inter-American Treaty of Reciprocal Assistance

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