Intensity Endurance Training Research Articles

High Intensity Endurance and Resistance Training Does Not Improve Orthostatic Tolerance Compared to Recreationally Active

High Intensity Endurance and Resistance Training Does Not Improve Orthostatic Tolerance Compared to Recreationally Active

The Effects of an Intensive Endurance Training Period on Nocturnal HRV and Endurance Performance

The Effects of an Intensive Endurance Training Period on Nocturnal HRV and Endurance Performance

Mitochondrial adaptations to high intensity interval training in older females and males

Introduction: High intensity interval training (HIIT) has shown to be as effective as moderate intensity endurance training to improve metabolic health. However, the current knowledge on the effect of HIIT in older individuals is limited and it is uncertain whether the adaptations are sex specific. The aim was to investigate effects of HIIT on mitochondrial respiratory capacity and mitochondrial content in older females and males. Methods: Twenty-two older sedentary males (n = 11) and females (n = 11) completed 6 weeks of supervised HIIT 3 days per week. The training consisted of 5 × 1 min cycling (124 ± 3% of max power output at session 2–6 and 135 ± 3% of max power output at session 7–20) interspersed by 1½ min recovery. Before the intervention and 72 h after last training session a muscle biopsy was obtained and mitochondrial respiratory capacity, citrate synthase activity and proteins involved in mitochondria metabolism were assessed. Furthermore, body composition and ⩒O2max were measured. Results: ⩒O2max increased and body fat percentage decreased after HIIT in both sexes (p < 0.05). In addition, CS activity and protein content of MnSOD and complex I-V increased in both sexes. Coupled and uncoupled mitochondrial respiratory capacity increased only in males. Mitochondrial respiratory capacity normalised to CS activity (intrinsic mitochondrial respiratory capacity) did not change following HIIT. Conclusion: HIIT induces favourable adaptions in skeletal muscle in older subjects by increasing mitochondrial content, which may help to maintain muscle oxidative capacity and slow down the process of sarcopenia associated with ageing.

Effect of hyperoxia on the immune status of oxygen divers and endurance athletes

Physical activity, particularly that, exerted by endurance athletes, impacts the immune status of the human body. Prolonged duration and high-intensity endurance training lead to increased production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and thereby to oxidative stress. Military combat swimmers (O2-divers) are regularly exposed to hyperbaric hyperoxia (HBO) in addition to intensive endurance training intervals. They are, therefore, exposed to extreme levels of oxidative stress. Several studies support that the intensity of oxidative stress essentially determines the effect on immune status. The aim of this study was to comparatively characterise peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of O2-divers (military combat swimmers), endurance athletes (amateur triathletes), and healthy control volunteers with respect to DNA fragmentation, immune status and signs of inflammation. Furthermore, it was investigated how PBMCs from these groups responded acutely to exposure to HBO. We showed that DNA fragmentation was comparable in PBMCs of all three groups under basal conditions directly after HBO exposure. However, significantly higher DNA fragmentation was observed in O2-divers 18 hours after HBO, possibly indicating a slower recovery. O2-divers also exhibited a proinflammatory immune status exemplified by an elevated number of CD4+CD25+ T cells, elevated expression of proinflammatory cytokine IL-12, and diminished expression of anti-inflammatory TGF-β1 compared to controls. Supported by a decreased basal gene expression and prolonged upregulation of anti-oxidative HO-1, these data suggest that higher oxidative stress levels, as present under intermitted hyperbaric hyperoxia, e.g. through oxygen diving, promote a higher inflammatory immune status than oxidative stress through endurance training alone.

Serum cardiac markers are inversely associated with VO2max of amateur athletes in response to endurance training adaptations

BackgroundThe influence of endurance training intensity and adaptation on serum cardiac markers is poorly understood and controversial; however, no enough data observed the association of serum cardiac markers with VO2max....

Expression Pattern of Angiogenic Factors in Healthy Heart in Response to Physical Exercise Intensity.

Recently, many studies showing the regeneration potential of both cardiac and hematopoietic stem cells in adult heart following injury were definitively retracted by the literature. Therefore, stimulating myocardial angiogenesis becomes to be important for preventing cardiovascular diseases. Regular endurance exercise has been reported to induce capillary growth in healthy and diseased myocardium resulting in cardioprotective phenotype. Previously, we demonstrated a significantly increased capillary proliferation in mouse hearts following 30 and 45 days of endurance training. In the present study, we examined the localization and expression pattern of vascular endothelial growth factor receptors (VEGFR-1/Flt-1 and VEGFR-2/Flk-1), hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α), and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) in heart neocapillarization in response to a mild, moderate, and high intensity of endurance training. Sixty-three Swiss male mice were divided into four untrained control groups and three groups trained for 15 (T15), 30 (T30), and 45 (T45) days with a gradually increasing intensity on a treadmill. We observed the localization of studied proteins with immunostaining and their expression level with Western blot analyses. We found that VEGFR-2/Flk-1 expression progressively increased in trained groups compared with controls, while VEGFR-1/Flt-1 and HIF-1α were higher in T15 than in controls, T30, and T45 animals. Differently, iNOS levels enhanced after 15 and 30 days of exercise. The localization of these factors was not altered by exercise. The results showed that the expression of VEGFR-1/Flt-1, VEGFR-2/Flk-1, HIF-1α, and iNOS is differently regulated in cardiac angiogenesis according to the exercise intensity. VEGFR-1/Flt-1 and HIF-1α are upregulated by a mild intensity exercise, while VEGFR-2/Flk-1 progressively enhances with increasing workload. Differently, iNOS protein is modulated by a moderate intensity exercise. VEGF pathway appears to be involved in exercise-related angiogenesis in heart and VEGF might act in a paracrine and endocrine manner. Understanding this relationship is important for developing exercise strategies to protect the heart by insults.

High intensity endurance training is associated with better quality of life, but not with improved cognitive functions in elderly marathon runners

Impairment of cognitive functions in advanced age leads to a reduced quality of life and impaired ability to perform everyday tasks. The positive impact of physical exercise on the quality of life and well-being, also at a later age, is well established. However, the effect of endurance exercises, including long distance running and cycling, on cognitive function and mental health within the elderly population has still to be elucidated. To this end, elderly active marathoners (N = 50) aged over 60 years and non-athlete controls (N = 49) were followed for four years. Cognitive function was assessed using the CERAD test battery. In addition, the Short Form Health Survey (SF-36) was applied to assess self-reported physical, mental, and emotional health. Except for age, sex and education-corrected z-values of the test “Word list recall”, with marathon runners showing a decline compared to an improvement in controls (p < 0.05), there was no statistically significant difference in time trend between groups. In contrast, concerning self-reported health, scores in all eight domains of the SF-36 remained stable over time and, in nearly all of them, marathon runners showed higher self-reported health than controls. The results indicated that extensive endurance exercise is associated with improved subjective health but does not lead to better scores in cognitive performance tests in elderly persons.

A pre-training conditioning program to increase physical fitness and reduce attrition due to injuries in Dutch Airmobile recruits: Study protocol for a randomised controlled trial.

BackgroundLow baseline fitness of recruits entering basic military training is shown to be associated with an increased risk of musculoskeletal injuries (MSIs) and attrition of military training. This in turn leads to an increased demand for health care, increased health care costs and decreased personnel occupancy rate of military units.DesignStudy protocol for a randomised controlled trial.ObjectiveTo determine the effects of a pre-training conditioning program on cardiovascular endurance, incidence of overuse injuries, and attrition rates in Dutch Airmobile recruits undertaking initial military training.SettingRoyal Netherlands Army, Air Assault Brigade military training course.ParticipantsRecruits are considered eligible for this study when they are ‘low-fit’ at the start of the initial military training. Time to complete a 2700 m run test in ≥12′23’’ is used as selection criteria.InterventionsWe use a complex system approach to cover multiple domains of MSI prevention and optimise intervention circumstance; a pre-training conditioning program, training staff support, process-focused culture and health accountability. The pre-training conditioning program contains functional training to improve mobility, power, agility, lower and upper body strength and cardiovascular endurance. Cardiovascular endurance will be targeted both by endurance training and high intensity interval training.Main outcome measurementsOutcome measures include cardiovascular endurance, injury incidence, attrition rates, lost training days due to injuries, and implementation fidelity of the PCP.Trial statusRecruitment of participants commenced April 18, 2018 and final results are expected in August 2019.Trial registrationDutch trial register www.trialregister.nl/=trial/6791.

Presleep Protein Supplementation Does Not Improve Recovery During Consecutive Days of Intense Endurance Training: A Randomized Controlled Trial.

Recent studies demonstrate that protein ingestion immediately before sleep improves muscle recovery during the night following resistance exercise. Whether this feeding strategy benefits recovery from endurance training has yet to be established. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of whey protein isolate ingested every night before sleep on subsequent performance and circulatory markers of muscular recovery during a week of intensified endurance training mimicking a training camp. In a parallel design, 32 trained runners underwent a 1-week intervention with a rigorously controlled diet (carbohydrate = 7.2g·kg-1·day-1, protein = 1.8g·kg-1·day-1, and fat = 1.0g·kg-1·day-1) and exercise program (11 sessions) while receiving either a protein (0.5g·kg-1·day-1) or carbohydrate (0.5g·kg-1·day-1) beverage every night before sleep. Blood samples were obtained on the morning of Days 1, 4, 7, and 8 and analyzed for markers of muscle damage (creatine kinase, lactate dehydrogenase, and myoglobin). The postintervention 5-km time-trial performance was significantly impaired in both groups (11 ± 24s, p < .01). Plasma creatine kinase (227% ± 221%, p < .01), lactate dehydrogenase (18% ± 22%, p < .01), and myoglobin (72% ± 62%, p < .01) increased gradually throughout the week with no difference between the groups (p > .05). In conclusion, the presleep protein ingestion did not reduce the decline in performance or ameliorate the rise of circulatory markers of muscle damage during a week of intensified training when compared with the isocaloric carbohydrate ingestion.

Effect of Endurance Training on Cerebellar Gene Expression of the ADP-Ribosylation Factor 6 in Rats with Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathy

Background: Experimental evidence demonstrated that endurance training (ET) could be beneficial for the diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN), but its mechanism is not clear. Due to the critical role of the ADP-ribosylation factor (Arf6) in the nervous system, the current study aimed at evaluating the effects of ET on gene expression of Arf6 in cerebellum of male Wistar rats with DPN. Methods: Animals were randomly divided into three groups: Control (C), diabetic control (DC), and diabetic trained (DT). Diabetes induction was performed by a single intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin (STZ). Behavioral nociception assessment was conducted by Von Frey filaments and tail flick tests. Treadmill protocol consisted of six weeks of moderate intensity endurance training. The Arf6 cerebellar gene expression was assessed by the real-time PCR. Results: In the current study, the Arf6 gene expression levels in the DC group were significantly higher than those of the C group (P = 0.003). Also, ET could damp this elevation in diabetic rats (P = 0.004). Conclusions: It seems that Arf6 is an important mediator of stress-induced plasticity in the nervous system in response to ET and neurodegeneration disease, but the exact physiological functions of Arf6 are not clear. Hence, further studies are required to identify these issues.

【論文摘要】The Effect of Low Intensity Endurance Training on Lung Cancer Combine Dermatomyositis-A Case Report

【論文摘要】The Effect of Low Intensity Endurance Training on Lung Cancer Combine Dermatomyositis-A Case Report

Whole-Body Electromyostimulation Improves Performance-Related Parameters in Runners.

The aim of this study was to study the effects of a 6-session (one per week) WB-EMS training intervention on maximum oxygen uptake, aerobic and gas exchange thresholds, running economy, and muscular power in male recreational runners. Twelve men were randomized into WB-EMS intervention (n = 6; 27.0 ± 7.5 years; 70.1 ± 11.1 kg; 1.75 ± 0.5 m) or control (n = 6; 27.0 ± 6.1 years; 73.6 ± 3.4 kg; 1.77 ± 0.3 m). The WB-EMS group reduced the running training frequency to one per week and followed one WB-EMS training session per week during 6 weeks. Participants in the control group maintained their usual running endurance training. Each participant completed four assessments: physiological parameters [(i) VO2max, aerobic and gas exchange threshold values, and (ii) running economy at two intensities], muscular power (vertical jump), and anthropometric parameters both at baseline and after the intervention. Participants in the WB-EMS group improved VO2max, aerobic and gas exchange threshold values, running economy, and vertical jump (p < 0.05) compared to the control group. There, WB-EMS seems to be an effective training methodology leading to improvements in performance during endurance training volume reduction in male recreational runners.

OR-016 Inflammatory responses associated with cortisol and CK after intensive endurance exercise

OR-016 Inflammatory responses associated with cortisol and CK after intensive endurance exercise

PO-129 Effect of endurance training on liver NK cells in mice

Objective NK cell (natural killer cell) is a large granular lymphocyte distinct from a group of T and B lymphocytes. At present, the research shows that NK cells can specifically identify target cells and release killing media and then play a killing effect. It is confirmed that the expression of IL-15 is closely related to the differentiation and maturation of NK cells. Furthermore, skeletal muscle is an endocrine tissue and plays a key role in regulating the whole-body metabolic health by synthesizing and releasing humoral factors called myokines, such as IL-15. Whether the IL-15 induced by exercise training can promote the maturation of NK cells remain unsolved. This study aimed to explore the effects of moderate endurance training on NK cells and relative mechanism.&#x0D; Methods Twenty male C57BL/6J mice were randomly divided into 2 groups: control group (YC) and exercise group (YE). YC animals were fed normally for 12 weeks, YE animals were trained for 12 weeks on moderate intensity treadmill (12 m/min).Then the samples were isolated and RT-PCR was used to detect IL-15 and Nkg2d genes in the liver, Western blotting was used to detect the killer factor IFN-γ released by NK cells. Flow cytometry was used to detect NK1.1 cell markers in primary liver cells .&#x0D; Results 1)Compared with the YC group, the expression level of IL-15 and Nkg2d gene in the liver tissue of YE mice increased significantly (P &lt; 0.05,P &lt; 0.01); 2) Compared with the YC group, the expression of IFN-γ protein in the liver tissue of the YE mice increased significantly (P &lt; 0.05); 3) Compared with two group. The proportion of NK cells in liver cells of group YE increased significantly (P &lt; 0.05).&#x0D; Conclusions Moderate intensity endurance training can enhance the content and killing ability of NK cells through induced IL-15 in the liver.

Effects of Endurance Training and Isocaloric High Intensity Interval Training on Anthropometric Indices and Insulin Resistance in High Fat Diet-Fed Wistar Rats

Effects of Endurance Training and Isocaloric High Intensity Interval Training on Anthropometric Indices and Insulin Resistance in High Fat Diet-Fed Wistar Rats

Effects of moderate intensity endurance training vs. high intensity interval training on weight gain, cardiorespiratory capacity, and metabolic profile in postnatal overfed rats

BackgroundObesity is associated with several comorbidities, such as cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes mellitus, and may have its origin in early life stages, such as in the lactation period, through metabolic programming. Physical activity aids in decreasing the chances of developing cardiovascular and metabolic diseases, even with small weight losses and, in children, can play an essential role in preventing weight gain and other health problems. The present study aimed to evaluate the effects of moderate intensity endurance training and high intensity interval training (HIIT) protocols on obesity-related parameters and cardiorespiratory capacity in overfed Wistar rats throughout the breastfeeding period.MethodsTwo days after birth, forty male and female Wistar rats were clustered into two groups: Control Litter Group (CL; ten animals/litter) and Reduced Litter Group (RL; four animals/litter). At weaning, RL animals were distributed randomly into three experimental groups: sedentary, moderate intensity endurance training and HIIT, while CL animals were clustered into a sedentary group.ResultsRL male and female body weight, before weaning, was significantly higher when compared with CL animals. This difference was maintained between CLSed and RLSed groups after weaning during all assessed periods. Adiposity was significantly higher in RLSed males when compared to CLSed males, and alterations in glycaemic metabolism were also observed. Endurance and HIIT protocols were efficient in improving maximal cardiorespiratory capacity, as well as concerning the glycemic metabolism and central fat accumulation of males and females submitted to childhood overfeeding by the litter reduction method.ConclusionsBoth moderate endurance training and HIIT protocols included in early life were efficient in reverting or preventing certain metabolic alterations as a consequence of overfeeding during breastfeeding in male and female Wistar rats.

Age at start of endurance training is associated with patterns of left ventricular hypertrophy in middle-aged runners

BackgroundLeft ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) is a physiological adaptation to long-term endurance training. We investigated the impact of age at start of endurance training on LV geometry in a cohort of male, middle-aged, non-elite endurance athletes. MethodsA total of 121 healthy, normotensive, Caucasian participants of a 10-mile race were recruited and assessed with an echocardiogram and a comprehensive interview. Athletes were classified based on patterns of LVH. ResultsThirty-five athletes (31%) had LVH. Athletes with eccentric LVH (16%) were significantly younger at start of endurance training compared to athletes with concentric LVH (15%, 14 ± 5 years vs. 31 ± 8 years; P < 0.001). Although the yearly volume of endurance training was comparable between athletes with eccentric and concentric LVH, athletes with eccentric LVH had shorter race times. All athletes with an increased LV end diastolic volume index (LVEDVI; ≥74 ml/m2) started endurance training before or at age 25. ConclusionsIn our cohort of non-elite middle-aged runners, eccentric LVH was found only in athletes with an early start of endurance training. In case of a mature starting age, endurance training may, contrary to what is commonly assumed, also lead to concentric LVH. The consideration of endurance training starting age may lead to a better understanding of morphological adaptations of the heart.

Effect of endurance training intensity (low, moderate and high) on the expression of skeletal muscle ATGL protein and serum levels of insulin and glucose in male diabetic rats

Effect of endurance training intensity (low, moderate and high) on the expression of skeletal muscle ATGL protein and serum levels of insulin and glucose in male diabetic rats

The Effect of Three Months of Zinc-Magnesium Supplementation along with Intense Endurance Training on Somatomedin C and Endurance Performance in Mature Female Rats

The Effect of Three Months of Zinc-Magnesium Supplementation along with Intense Endurance Training on Somatomedin C and Endurance Performance in Mature Female Rats

Improved Endurance Gain in BALB / C Mice by a Nanotechnology Medical Device

The main finding of the present study was the improved gain in BALB / C mice, following the application of a patch (T-NES®-HIT Tech.), enriched with an active central pad, based on micronized silver. In order to transfer very thin Extremely Low Frequency (ELF) magnetoelectric signals, the pad contains a nanotechnological material (silver micronized by plasma vaporization) that is appropriately activated with optical, magnetic, electrical, and acoustic signals. It has been reported previously that the ELF magnetic field, induces an action on cellular glycocalics, fundamental for cellular communication and recognition, and a direct activation of protons and ionic fluxes. The treated animals underwent exercises with Rotarod and several parameters were evaluated and compared with untreated control mice. The following parameters were measured: steady state generic training, long slow distance, high intensity endurance and steady state split session training. The ELF magnetic field of T-NES®-HIT Tech. micronized silver patch device, applied to BALB / C mice, markedly improved their gain performance as evidenced by the increase of their aerobic capacity, maximum heart rate and maximum aerobic speed.