Intensive Economic Development Research Articles

The New European Development Scoreboard for SDG11 at the European Level

Urban development is a current priority in terms of improving the sustainability of cities amid demographic pressure and intensive economic development in the European Union. In this context, we aim to critically analyze the progress achieved by the European Member States in the period of 2010–2022 from the perspective of Sustainable Development Goal 11—Sustainable Cities and Communities—and conceptualize the new development scoreboard from the perspective of SDG11. The methods used consist in applying principal components analysis for a set of 15 sustainability indicators related to the studied objective and designing the new sustainability index from the perspective of the ODD11 and the European ranking. The results of the study will allow for the formulation of public policies useful for European decision makers to improve the progress made relating to this objective, and we believe that their implementation could support the transformation of European cities in a sustainable and equitable way.

Tailings Behavior Assessment Using Piezocone Penetration Test

Intensive economic development is associated with an increasing demand for raw materials, including minerals. An illustrative example of this issue is the development of the copper industry. A significant problem arising from the scale of copper production is the management of an ever-growing amount of post-flotation tailings. This necessitates the need to ensure the continuity of safe storage. This study presents the results of studies on the behavior of deposits in the Żelazny Most Tailings Storage Facility (Poland). The primary objective of this study was to estimate the settlements of tailings under variable deposition conditions. The results were assessed using two methods: indirect and direct; this was based on cone penetration test (CPTU) results. The results were verified using Modified Cam Clay (MCC) modeling. Depending on the type of test, settlements ranged from several dozen centimeters to over three meters. Despite the observed differences, the results of both CPTU methods indicate a convergent trend in tailings behavior. Conversely, the results estimated using the direct method and numerical modeling demonstrate a high level of agreement.

Study of the Impact of Climatic Changes in 1980–2021 on Railway Infrastructure in the Central and Western Russian Arctic Based on Advanced Electronic Atlas of Hydrometeorological Parameters (Version 2, 2023)

Arctic zone of the Russian Federation (AZRF) is the region of intensive economic development. In this regard, it is critical to give an adequate assessment of natural factors that may have a negative impact on the growing technological infrastructure. Rapid climate change effects show a significant influence on this activity, including the railway network development. Hence, the decision-making community requires relevant information on climatic variations that can put at hazard the construction and operation of railway facilities. This paper presents the analysis of climatic changes within the region of Central and Western Russian Arctic in 1980–2021. It was performed using the new electronic Atlas of climatic variations in main hydrometeorological parameters, created for the Russian Railways in 2023. This geoinformatic product includes about 400 digital maps reflecting the variability of seven climatic parameters over more than four decades within the studied region. These parameters are air temperature, total precipitation, wind speed, soil temperature, soil moisture content, air humidity, and snow cover thickness. The analysis of climatic maps and their comparison between selected periods showed spatial and temporal heterogeneity of climatic variations in this region. This justifies the feasibility of further research using additional analytical instruments, such as Hovmöller diagrams, time series graphs, etc. The implementation of advanced geoinformatic products in the practice of the Russian Railways will facilitate sustainable development of its infrastructure in rapidly altering climatic conditions.

Элементы государственной политики и нормативно-правового регулирования горнодобывающей деятельности в арктических странах

The main development trend of the Arctic region is the economics based on exploitation of its resource potential. The intensive economic development of the Arctic territories largely depends on the climate change, as well as on the technical and technological development. At the same time, the Arctic economics is a complex system including various institutions as state, industrial companies, local communities. Numerous studies are devoted to the issues on harmful effects of mining activities on the economics, environmental situation, social and managerial spheres. Improvement of legal institutions in the field of nature resource management is aimed at eliminating administrative barriers and ensuring integrated and sustainable use of mineral resources.

Tibetan in the linguistic landscape of Xining (Qinghai Province, Amdo Tibet, Northwest China): a minority language in the context of a monolingual language policy and in a non-autonomous area

ABSTRACT This paper explores the presence of the Tibetan language in the linguistic landscape of Xining, the capital of Qinghai Province in Northwest China. Qinghai constitutes the main part of Amdo, one of the historical and cultural regions of greater Tibet. The majority of the inhabitants of Xining are Han Chinese (the major ethnic group in China), and a small percentage are from minorities, mainly Tibetans and Hui (Chinese-speaking Muslims). This city is characterised by intense economic and infrastructural development and attracts people from different areas of the province. The research is based on photographs of public signs that display the Tibetan language gathered between 2017 and 2022. The paper analyses the language choices, content, and visual elements of the signs and discusses the different uses of Tibetan signs in Xining. Moreover, it explores the use of the Tibetan language in public space in light of the current language policies and language ideologies in China, particularly in the Amdo region.

FORMATION OF RIVER DELTAS OF INTRA-CONTINENTAL RESERVOIR OF THE ARAL-CASPIAN ARID ZONE (ON THE EXAMPLE OF THE TEREK, AMUDARYA AND ILI RIVERS)<a href="#FN1"><sup>1</sup></a>

The study of the geomorphological and sedimentary systems forming at mouth of large rivers flowing into the inland seas and lakes of the arid zone shows that they have passed a long evolutionary path of development, repeatedly accumulating and reworking alluvial deposits depending on the position of the receiving reservoir level. Following the level fluctuations, the rivers moved their deltas, Pleistocene relics of which are found in the range of absolute marks from +50 to –20 m on the shores of the Caspian Sea, from +50 to 110 m of the Aral Sea and from +370 to 400 m of Lake Balkhash. The Aral-Caspian arid zone is distinguished by following natural factors affecting the processes of delta formation: aridity of the climate, formation of river flow in the upper reaches and lack of inflow in the lower reaches, increased water turbidity and a huge runoff of suspended sediments, as well as significant influence of human economic activity associated with intensive irrigation. The most common morphogenetic type of river deltas on the coasts of intracontinental reservoirs of the arid zone are huge alluvial outflow cones in the form of extension deltas and “dry internal deltas” in the form of alluvial outflow cones. The delta arms and the lower reaches of the rivers of the arid zone are characterized by a high intensity of channel deformations due to weak resistance to erosion of fine-grained valley alluvial-proluvial deposits, high flow velocities and high saturation of the flow with suspended sediments. The oversaturation of the river flow with sediments usually leads to shallowing of the riverbed in high water and its gradual increase over the surrounding terrain. An increase in the bottom elevation and fast delta progradation provoke frequent breakthroughs of the riverbed shafts, a change in the direction of the flow of delta arms, the creation of new branching nodes and the formation of regional jointed deltas of the breakthrough type (delta blades) on the periphery of the old delta (subdelta according to American terminology). Partially superimposed or superimposed deltas can also form inside delta systems after the breakthroughs of channel shafts (or enclosing dams). The poor preservation of ancient deltas is noted due to intensive economic development and high dynamics of the coast and the hydrographic network of river deltas in conditions of huge runoff of suspended sediments and significant variability of the level of the receiving reservoir.

Multiscale Analysis and Prediction of Sea Level in the Northern South China Sea Based on Tide Gauge and Satellite Data

Under the influence of global warming, the problem of sea-level rise is becoming increasingly prominent. The northern part of the South China Sea (SCS) is low lying, with intense economic development, and densely populated. These characteristics make the region extremely sensitive to the consequences of rising sea levels. This study aims to reveal the trends of sea-level changes in the northern SCS and provide scientific insights into the potential flooding risks in low-lying areas. To achieve this, the Ensemble Empirical Mode Decomposition (EEMD) method is used to analyze the water level time series data from three tide gauges along the coast of Hong Kong. This analysis reveals the multidimensional change characteristics and response mechanisms of the sea level in the SCS. The findings reveal distinct seasonal, interannual, decadal, and interdecadal variations in sea-level changes. Furthermore, we explore the impact of the El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) on sea-level changes in the study area, finding a 6-month lagged correlation between the sea level and ENSO. Spatially, the rate of sea-level change is faster in nearshore areas than in the open ocean and higher in the northern regions than in the southern regions. The Multifractal Detrended Fluctuation Analysis (MF-DFA) method is employed to analyze the sea-level change time series, revealing long-range correlations and multifractal characteristics. In addition, we propose a sea-level prediction method that combines EEMD with Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) neural networks and conducts empirical research on sea-level changes in the northern South China Sea. The results indicate that the EEMD-LSTM model outperforms the standalone LSTM model in terms of predictive accuracy, effectively eliminating noise from signals and providing a valuable reference. In summary, this research delves into the multiscale characteristics and influencing factors of sea-level changes in the northern SCS, proposing an improved sea-level prediction method that integrates EEMD and LSTM. The findings lay the groundwork for evaluating the risks of sea-level rise in low-lying regions of the northern SCS and inform future response strategies.

ОСОБЛИВОСТІ НОРМАТИВНО-ПРАВОВОГО РЕГУЛЮВАННЯ FINTECHНА ДИДЖИТАЛІЗОВАНИХ РИНКАХ БАНКІВСЬКИХ І СТРАХОВИХ ПОСЛУГ В УКРАЇНІ

Important factors of the reboot and intensive economic development of Ukraine are the further development and activation of digitalization processes and the spread of FINTECH in the markets of banking and insurance services. Any modern reform measures in Ukraine require the formation of an effective legal framework for the regulation of banking and insurance markets. Questions regarding the further regulation and development of the field of financial technologies as the newest problem of the development of banking and insurance services markets in general remain an unresolved task of active political and academic discussion, as well as legislative rulemaking.The purpose of the article is the formation of modern regulatory and legal regulation of the mar-kets of banking and insurance services as key tools for their further development in the conditions of digitalization of economic processes in Ukraine.The lack of legal regulation of the FINTECH sphere and the implementation of its tools in the absence of legal regulation causes a violation of the social and economic rights of citizens due to an increase in the financial risks of FINTECH in the financial services market, the threat of access to confidential information, as well as the development of financial fraud due to the emergence of the latest tools for accessing the database, attracting customers to financial pyramids. In addition, the lack of regulatory and legal regulation of FINTECH creates an incomparably different level (and sometimes its absence) of responsibility and conditions of FINTECH participants and the traditional sector of finan-cial services.Considering the significant actualization of the issue of legal regulation of FINTECH in the fi-nancial services market and the use of its tools, in accordance with the functional purpose, there is a need to introduce regulatory norms based on the creation of a conceptual and categorical apparatus of the FINTECH field and providing legal definitions to its components.

Geoecological risks in the valleys of small rivers of the forest-steppe zone of the Russian plain (on the example of the Chuvash Republic)

The Chuvash Republic belongs to the territories with a high frequency of occurrence of emergency situations of moderate severity. This is due to the intensive economic development of the region. The probability and intensity of the manifestation of georisks is different for individual landscapes, therefore it needs a detailed study. The study includes the study of the probability of the development of slope, climatic, hydrological risks, and the risk of wildfires on the territory of the Chuvash Republic. The analysis showed that the slope type of geoecological risk is confined to the river valleys of the region and has maximum values in the north of the Chuvash Republic. A high risk of flooding and flooding exists in the valleys of major rivers of the region (Volga, Sura) and their tributaries of the first order. On other watercourses, the hydrological risk is not significant. Climate and weather risks are associated with hurricane winds and dry winds. The southeastern part of the region suffers the most from them. The risk of fires depends on the composition and age of the stand. The maximum risk values are typical for the Prisursky forest area (southern and southwestern parts of the region). Based on the data obtained, the classification of the districts of the Chuvash Republic by the size of the georisks was carried out. Four groups of districts were identified according to the probability of natural emergencies and the main factors of their occurrence were described.

What Is Behind The Stunning Economic Success Of The Netherlands? The Dutch Economic Miracle: A Strategic Perspective

Purpose of the study: This paper examines the main factors and prerequisites for the intensive economic development of the Netherlands by taking into account the contribution of tourism, logistics, industry, and agriculture to the economic miracle. Methodology: In this work, the historical methods, as well as the theory of relative advantages and the general methods of scientific research, were used. Main findings: The preconditions for the rapid growth of the Dutch economy include successful domestic reforms carried out by the Government at the end of the 1990-is; a favorable trade regime focused on the freedom to exercise an economic or commercial activity; as well as deep integration of the country with the European Union that allows it to take full advantage of the European single market and remain one of the economic leaders within this Community. Research limitations/implications: In this study, authors propose a roadmap for those countries that are struggling because of the lack of well-thought national planning policy. They also hope that their information may be useful for Ukraine in the process of post-war reconstruction in the future. Novelty/Originality of this study: This article represents an attempt to create a comprehensive picture of the Dutch economic miracle that includes export performance, logistical activities of Rotterdam Port, Schiphol, and Eindhoven International Airports, and the functioning of the highly efficient tourism industry that encompasses the Netherlands and the region of the Dutch Caribbean. In the article, both authors combine historical knowledge

Environmental assessments in dense mining areas using remote sensing information over Qian'an and Qianxi regions China

Dense mining areas are regions with relatively concentrated mining enterprises or occupied land, which are also regions with intense economic and resource development conflicts and environmental protection. However, ecological assessments by remotely sensed technology do not consider the characteristics of mining areas. To fill the knowledge gap, we employed seven indexes, i.e., fractional vegetation cover, greenness above bare soil, wetness, black particulates, land surface temperature, iron oxides, and the landscape fragmentation index, to construct the iron mine remote sensing-based ecological index (IM-RSEI) by Landsat data. We chose Qian’an City and Qianxi County in Tangshan City, China, as the study area where iron ore-related industries are concentrated. The results showed that the ecological environment generally deteriorated first and then improved that the IM-RSEI values for 1992, 2000, 2009, and 2018 were 0.5102, 0.4776, 0.4882, and 0.5001, respectively. The mean IM-RSEI values for the dense mining area and surrounding multi-gradient buffer zones, from near to far, were 0.5412, 0.5146, 0.5076, 0.4756, and 0.4563, implying that mining activities endangered the surrounding ecological quality. This study assessed the ecological environment in dense mining areas from multiple perspectives by remote sensing technology. The research conclusions can provide a reference for pollution control during mining development in Qian’an, Qianxi, and similar mining areas.

INNOVATION MANAGEMENT IN THE ENERGY SECTOR: DOMESTIC AND FOREIGN EXPERIENCE

In the global economy, as well as the economy of each country, transformational processes aimed at its intensive development are being activated. According to the model of intensive economic development, it is provided mainly by those components related to competition, innovation and human potential. Strong internal competition encourages enterprises to ensure their own advantages in the competitive market, create a new market outside of it or a new segment in the competitive market. The basis of such processes are innovative changes (innovations). World studies confirm that the innovative activity of enterprises and the conditions created for this by states contribute to the growth of countries' competitiveness. In the 21st century, humanity is constantly striving to discover renewable sources of energy, as well as find new ways to effectively use existing resources. Innovation in the energy sector is increasingly shaped by the need to meet growing demand while reducing emissions. To withstand disruption, energy companies must stay ahead of the curve and overcome increasingly volatile business challenges. To meet the growing demands of today's industrial world, innovation in the energy sector must overcome many significant challenges. Most importantly, it is important to effectively use renewable energy sources such as solar and wind to reduce carbon emissions in a way that is sustainable and cost-effective.Today we are witnessing a situation where the role of innovation and innovative development is becoming increasingly important in creating jobs, sustainable technologies, improving living standards and maintaining the European Union's competitive advantage. Innovation is a key pillar of technological and industrial policy, which is essential in bringing new ideas to market. Innovation is an important driver of a nation's development and economic growth, so it's no wonder that countries sometimes struggle in their efforts to boost it.

Trade-offs between economic development and biodiversity conservation on a tropical island.

Resolving trade-offs between economic development and biodiversity conservation needs is one of the defining issues of our time. This is crucial in currently developing countries and in particularly sensitive systems harboring high biodiversity. Yet, such a task can be challenging as human activities may have complex effects on biodiversity. Here we assessed the effects of intense economic development on different components of biodiversity using Hainan Island (South China) as model. This highly biodiverse tropical island has experienced intense economic development and extensive forest to agriculture conversion and urbanization across the last two decades. We characterized three main habitat clusters, based on local land use, climate and economic changes across 145 grids (10×10 km), and estimated avian biodiversity responses between 1998 and 2013. We recorded ongoing taxonomic biotic homogenization at the regional scale (i.e., the whole island), evidenced by decreasing differences between traditional and directional alpha diversity. Communities became overall phylogenetically clustered and functionally overdispersed. Biodiversity's priority effects were pervasive, with less diverse communities showing positive and more diverse communities showing negative biodiversity changes. Finally, at the local scale, different economic and environmental indicators showed complex and divergent effects across habitat clusters and biodiversity components. These effects were only partially ameliorated within a newly established Ecological Function Conservation Area in the mountainous central part of the island. Thus, our results depict complex effects of economic development on different biodiversity dimensions in different areas of the island with different land uses and protection regimes, and between local and regional spatial scales. Profound ecosystem damage associated with economic development was partially averted, probably due to enhanced biodiversity conservation policies and law enforcement, yet at the cost of regional-scale biotic homogenization and local-scale biodiversity loss. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

Practice of the European Court of Human Rights in defining the range of permissible restrictions on the freedom to conduct a business

The subjectof the article is the application of the concept of the range of permissible restrictions on rights and freedoms that not enshrined in the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms in the practice of the European Court of Human Rights.The purposeof the research is to identify the basic position of the Court on the question of determining the degree of proportionate balance between public and private interests in establishing restrictions on the rights and freedoms of a person in the sphere of business activity.The methodology. In the process of the research, both general scientific and special methods of knowing socio-legal phenomena (formal legal method, circular causality method) were used. The multivariance of achieving common standards for assessing the range of permissible restrictions on the freedom to conduct a business is determined by analyzing the balanced influence of internal and external factors, the interaction of many dichotomies and adichotomies.Results, scope of application. The provisions of the Convention define the range of rights and freedoms protected. However, the Court in its practice broadly interprets the list of rights and freedoms protected by the Convention. The Court considers the Convention as a "living instrument" in order to adapt it to changing conditions of public life. The Court’s current practice does not imply that the Court has exceeded its powers. The court implements the idea of circular causality of legal phenomena, perceived including in European space. European tradition recognizes the possibility of changing the legal space in different ways. The main way of transforming the legal system is to change quantitative parameters. It is possible to accumulate the qualities of practical implementation of the principles enshrined in the Convention by ensuring the realization of human rights and fundamental freedoms. Investigators of the Court's practice mainly analyse the characteristics of the protection of human rights and freedoms explicitly mentioned in the Convention. The complexity of the study of the Court's practice for the protection of unrecognized human rights and freedoms stems from its heterogeneity. However, an analysis of the practice of protecting such rights and freedoms reveals the internal mechanisms of the Court to ensure the equilibrium of legal space. The article defines the basic position of the Court on the question of determining the degree of proportionate balance between public and private interests in establishing restrictions on the rights and freedoms of a person and a citizen not expressly enshrined in the Convention. The realization of economic rights and freedoms requires the greatest flexibility of the mechanism for the protection of rights and freedoms. Intensive economic development requires a rapid change in the legal space. The interpretation of human rights and freedoms has an impact on the level of protection of the economic rights and freedoms. The text of the Convention has been modified without adopting its new edition.Conclusions.Law enforcers are particularly interested in analyzing the Court's practice in cases related indirectly to the protection of freedom to conduct a business. The Court determines the main vectors of interpretation of the freedom to conduct a business. Law enforcers can use the Court's approach in interpreting the provisions of the Convention without risking being accused of human rights and freedoms violations. The generalizations make it possible to establish the ideological and substantive component of the basic axiological imperative of the Court in the protection of the economic rights and freedoms through the protection of the right to property. It was concluded that the Court's decisions justified the need to protect the freedom to conduct a business by its inherent connection with the right to property, as well as the universality of the criteria for determining the legality of restricting the rights and freedoms.

МЕТОДИКА РАСЧЕТА ПРОСТРАНСТВЕННОГО РАСПРЕДЕЛЕНИЯ ВЫСОТЫ СНЕЖНОГО ПОКРОВА В УСЛОВИЯХ СЛОЖНОГО РЕЛЬЕФА ПРИ НЕДОСТАТОЧНОЙ МЕТЕОРОЛОГИЧЕСКОЙ ИНФОРМАЦИИ (НА ПРИМЕРЕ АНЮЙСКОГО ХРЕБТА)

In modern conditions of intensive economic development of the Eastern Siberia mountain regions, the spatial variability of the snow cover characteristics in complex terrain needs to be assessed. Such assessment is difficult due to the small number of weather stations in mountain regions. Indirect methods for calculating the snow cover characteristics for the areas with complex terrain have not been developed yet. A method is proposed for calculating the snow depth in mountain terrain, which is based on using microclimatic methods for obtaining detailed climatic information. The quantification of changes in application-specific characteristics of the snow cover depending on altitude in mountain terrain of the Anyuy Range is carried out.

Rodni jaz kao prepreka razvoju ženskog preduzetništva u Crnoj Gori

Gender inequalities, as a product of a wide range of deep-rooted and inherited gender stereotypes and prejudices, can be described as a key generator of unfavorable preconditions for the development of women's entrepreneurship in Montenegro. The aim of this study is to provide an analytical descriptive presentation based on official data, ethnographic records and research of the European Institute for Gender Equality and to illustrate the position of women in Montenegrin society, shaped by the patrilineal system of kinship and the "rules" of a steadily patriarchal matrix of gender relations in the private and public spheres of life. The study reached certain conclusions based on a secondary survey based on an assessment of the national normative and institutional framework for the development of women's entrepreneurship in Montenegro, existing strategic documents, as well as an analysis of available support and assistance to women entrepreneurs in terms of facilitated access to know-how and sources of funding. The author emphasizes the need to change the traditional perception and create awareness at the national level about the economic value of women's entrepreneurship as an important and underutilized potential for building a prosperous society and more intensive economic development of the country. The limitations of the research were presented and recommendations for creating conditions in society and the labor market for the evolution of women's entrepreneurship in Montenegro from social to economic category were presented.

Influence of Health Expenditure on COVID-19 Contraction: Theoretical and Empirical Analysis

Intensive economic development leads to the inevitable consequences of anthropogenic impact on the environment. Air pollution, soil degradation, water pollution and lack of clean drinking water lead to deteriorating human health and increasing the burden on the health care system. Globalization and integration have also become important drivers of the rapid spread of the COVID-19 pandemic. All this leads to the need to transform the health care system and the model of its financing, and adapt it to these challenges. The aim of this work is to identify theoretical (based on bibliometric analysis) and empirical (based on panel data regression modelling) patterns of the impact of health care expenditure on the effectiveness of the COVID-19 combating. The theoretical part of the work involves the implementation of bibliometric analysis based on 262 Scopus publications, in the title, keywords or annotations of which both concepts such as «health expenditure» and «COVID-19» are mentioned. The practical implementation of this task is carried out using VOSviewer v.1.6.17. According to the results of the bibliometric analysis, contextual, geographical and temporal patterns of publishing activity of scientists on certain issues were revealed. The empirical part of the work involves a statistical analysis to identify the relationship between morbidity and mortality due to COVID-19 and the volatility of the share of current health expenditure in GDP and its structure. The task of this stage is to determine the benchmarking model of financial support of the health care system, which demonstrates the greatest resistance to COVID-19. The analysis was conducted on the basis of data for 13 countries in Europe and Asia (Azerbaijan, Belarus, Armenia, Georgia, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Moldova, Poland, Romania, Slovakia, Hungary and Ukraine). According to statistical analysis, the most resistant to COVID-19 is the health care system of Estonia, which is characterized by the volume of health care expenditure at 4-6% of GDP. At the same time, in the structure of the current health care expenditure, 25% is private expenditure and 75% is government expenditure, and external financing is almost non-existent. However, similar proportions of public and private expenditure in other countries do not ensure similar resistance to coronavirus, so this ratio is not a benchmark. A more in-depth analysis using panel regression modelling in Stata 12/SE revealed the positive impact of public, private and external health expenditures on reducing mortality, as well as the positive impact of increasing current health expenditures on life expectancy. The obtained theoretical and practical results can be useful for scientists and government officials in the context of optimizing the financial support of the health care system, taking into account its effectiveness in resisting national and global threats (COVID-19).

Ecological security assessment for megacities in the Yangtze River basin: Applying improved emergy-ecological footprint and DEA-SBM model

Environmental problems caused by intensive economic development and rapid urbanization have seriously constrained the sustainable development of social economy. Ecological security assessments have become an effective tool for measuring the unsustainability bottom line. Although Shanghai, Nanjing, Suzhou, Hangzhou, Wuhan, Hefei, Chongqing, and Chengdu are developed megacities in the Yangtze River basin of China, they are located in a fragile ecological environment. The megacities of the Yangtze River basin must achieve sustainable development based on an appropriate assessment of ecological security so that suitable suggestions can be proposed. To quantitatively measure and analyze the ecological security levels in these eight megacities in 2007–2016, this study applied the improved emergy ecological footprint model which optimizes the traditional emergy ecological carrying capacity by adding the new account of the socioeconomic emergy ecological carrying capacity. To improve accuracy, the environmental technology investment efficiency in the socioeconomic account was introduced using the slack based measure model of undesirable output. Then, this study constructed a framework of ecological security assessment. The results showed that from 2007 to 2016, the renewable resources carrying capacity varied greatly among these eight megacities which had an absolute effect on the contribution of emergy ecological carrying capacity. Environmental technology investment efficiency failed to increase. However, in the short term, it effectively increased the socioeconomic carrying capacity for megacities with poor renewable resources. The emergy ecological footprint followed a growth trend in Shanghai, Nanjing, Hangzhou, Hefei, and Chongqing, and a decreasing trend in Suzhou, Wuhan, and Chengdu. Across the study period, ecological deficits were identified in Shanghai, Suzhou, Nanjing, Wuhan, and Hefei. Hangzhou, Chengdu, and Chongqing had ecological surplus because of their superior renewable resources and their ecological security. Nanjing and Wuhan changed their status from sub-secure to secure. Except for Shanghai, the ecological footprint diversity indexes of all other megacities followed a growth trend, indicating that their consumption structure improved. Finally, this paper provides policy recommendations to help decision-makers formulate ecological security and sustainable development strategies. The results of this study provide a scientific reference for other megacities to mitigate ecological pressures by considering their local situations.

PASSPORTATION OF SOURCES OF NON-CENTRALIZED WATER SUPPLY OF THE VILLAGE OF POROMIV, VOLYN REGION

The article is devoted to the problems of studying the quality of drinking water from decentralized water supply sources of rural settlements. The preparatory stage of the study included: creation of a cartographic basis of the settlement; field reconnaissance routes; express analysis of drinking water quality; creation of situational plans of wells locations, and the basis for the ecological passport of the source of decentralized individual water supply (well). The relevance of the study is due to the deterioration of the quality of water as a source of domestic water supply. This is especially true for the rural population. There is a need to conduct an inventory and certification of wells in accordance with European standards and requirements, as well as modern technical and information capabilities. The ecological passport of a natural object is a system of diagnostic characteristics that allow one to get an idea of its condition and develop ways to improve it. In the process of researching the issue of certification of drinking water sources, we analyzed the accounting systems of these facilities in Canada and Germany. Our sample environmental passport was developed based on a study of groundwater in the village of Poromiv, Volyn region of Ukraine. The quality of drinking water is influenced by both the natural factors – geological structure and climate, and the intensive economic development of the surrounding area. The sample consisted of 40 wells. We used theoretical research methods: analysis, synthesis, abstraction and idealization. Such approaches implied the search for relationships between topological, hydrological and chemical parameters of individual observation points, as well as the ability to build idealized regression models to delineate areas for certification and detailed research. The formation of the information database was carried out using the methods of empirical knowledge. In particular, visual observations have identified potential sources of contamination (private farms – livestock sites, latrine pits, farmland, and infrastructure). They can affect the condition and quality of water in wells. With the help of a level meter, pH-meter, TDS meter and rapid tests for nitrates, the measurements of qualitative indicators that determine the overall hydrochemical state of groundwater were carried out. The general observations revealed non-compliance with the norms of placement of these objects. In particular, in many cases the norms of distance from sheds (more than 20 m) and cesspools (more than 50 m) relative to wells were violated. In addition, there is a general tendency to neglect the rules of formation of cesspools and manures, which contributes to the ingress of pollutants into the soil and subsequently into groundwater. In general, the accounting of wells and their diagnostic characteristics was developed in the form of a database in the ArcGIS environment and a passport of a separate source of water supply. It is proposed to add a situational plan with the location of the water supply source for the main polluting objects to the general technical characteristics. The number of indicators in the passport table can be adjusted depending on the potential sources of pollution and the abilities to monitor the water quality of a particular water user. The purpose of forming documentation of this type is to account and record the problems arising in the arrangement, location and operation of the well for their further solution. This will be the basis for identifying areas vulnerable to nitrate contamination. We identified a number of violations in the location of water supply sources in relation to economic facilities and structures within the study area, which was reflected in the increase of general hydrochemical indicators. Relationships between building density and quantitative values of pH, mineralization and nitrate content were recorded.
 The final step of the research is to identify problematic sources of decentralized water supply from the viewpoint of population ecological well-being, as well as to develop proposals for the community and individual owners to improve the quality of drinking water.
 Keywords: well, water supply, ecological passport, sources of pollution.

KOMPARATIVNA ANALIZA RASTA JUGOSLOVENSKE I TURSKE EKONOMIJE U MEĐURATNOM PERIODU (1918-1941)

In the interwar period, Turkey and Yugoslavia, despite all their differences, have approximately similar economic performance. Namely, during the 1930s, the two countries recorded very similar levels of the most important indicator of the state of an economy, which implicitly indicates the level of living standards, GDP per capita (at purchasing power parity). Yugoslavia, like Turkey, was a predominantly agrarian country with underdeveloped industry, where the main aggravating factors for more intensive economic development was, in addition to the lack of capital, the insufficiency of skilled labor, and rapid population growth. Despite the significant progress made in industry and mining, both countries have retained the characteristics of industrially underdeveloped or agrarian-extractive economies, with only about 11% of employees in industry and crafts activities. Despite the above-average GDP growth per capita of Turkey of 1.8% in the period 1913-1939, and the average one for Yugoslavia (1.1%), at the end of the observed period they remained at a very low relative level looking at GDP per capita, and consequently among the most underdeveloped countries in Europe.