Intensity Of Training Load Research Articles

FEATURES OF PHYSICAL THERAPY FOR SCOLIOSIS

Introduction. The article analyzes contemporary domestic and foreign publications regarding the effectiveness of physical therapy (PT) in scoliosis treatment. Physical therapy is one of the key methods in treating scoliosis, a condition characterized by abnormal curvature of the spine. Scoliosis is a common problem that can occur at any age, but it is more frequently detected in children and adolescents. However, despite its prevalence, many people have a limited understanding of the effectiveness and importance of PT in treating this condition. Therefore, highlighting the importance of PT in scoliosis treatment, including its role in improving the patient's condition, preventing the progression of spinal curvature, and enhancing the quality of life of patients, is relevant. The aim of the study. The aim of the study is to investigate the effectiveness of physical therapy in scoliosis to determine optimal approaches to treating this condition and improving the quality of life of patients. Conclusions: Scoliosis is a common problem, especially among children and adolescents, and its treatment is an important medical issue. Since scoliosis can lead to serious health consequences, including pain, spinal deformity, and functional limitations, the search for effective treatment methods is crucial to ensure optimal outcomes for patients. Physical therapy is one of the potentially effective methods for treating scoliosis, as it aims to strengthen the back muscles, improve flexibility, and maintain proper spinal alignment. However, despite several studies confirming the effectiveness of PT, further scientific research is needed to establish its optimal parameters, such as types of exercises, duration, and intensity of training loads, as well as the impact of PT on different categories of patients with various degrees and forms of scoliosis.

Общая мощность спектра и мощность HF-волн в зависимости от этапов годичного цикла подготовки спортсменов и других факторов (обзор)

As part of the study into the nature of such heart rate variability (HRV) indicators as total spectrum power (TP), absolute power of high frequency waves (HFAP) and their relative power (as a percentage of TP (HF%)), literature data and the results of our own research on the values of these indicators in athletes are systematized. It has been established that TP, HFAP and HF% depend on the type of sports (reaching their maximum in endurance training), experience in sports (the higher the level, the higher these indicators), and phase of the training year (increasing during the preparatory phase, but decreasing slightly in the competitive phase and more significantly during the transition phase). In particular, the paper presents the results of the study of the first author of this article, elite skier D.A. Kataev, who recorded his own cardiointervalogram and the volume and intensity of daily training loads during one training year. This made it possible to evaluate TP, HFAP and HF% dynamics over the three phases and to establish that TP values are directly dependent on the volume and intensity of training loads. However, no such relationship was established for HFAP and HF%. It was shown that in 8 cross-country skiers (members of the Tatarstan national team) TP, HFAP and HF% values during the preparatory phase were higher than in the competition phase. The authors conclude that TP, HFAP and HF% values mainly reflect the influence of the parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system (ANS) on athletes’ cardiac activity, as well as on the activation of the sympathetic division of the ANS during the development of precompetition emotional stress in the competitive phase. An idea is postulated about the formation of the anti-apoptotic myocardial system during endurance training, which includes antioxidants, dopamine, serotonin, acetylcholine, prostaglandins, nitric oxide and other compounds.

Influence of professional sports activities on bone mineral density (<i>literature review</i>)

Introduction. The positive effect of physical activity on the state of bone has been proven by many researchers. Professional sports activity is a model of the constant impact of physical activity on the human body, acting as the most powerful mechanism for activating and mobilizing the functional reserves of an athlete, which, against the background of a progressive increase in the volume, intensity and duration of exposure, shows an increase in the incidence of injuries and stress fractures, one of the leading causes of which is a decrease in bone mineral density (BMD) up to the development of osteoporosis. The risk factors for the development of the pathology of the musculoskeletal system, which have a direct impact on the formation of the BMD, in elite sports include the volume and intensity of training loads, the stereotype of the main competitive exercise, the daily balance of energy intake.The aim is to study is to analyze modern scientific publications on the impact of professional sports activities on bone mineral density.Materials and methods. The review is based on publications from the PubMed, Google Scholar, Cyberleninka, eLIBRARY databases. Preference was given to articles published in refereed sources over the past 10 years.Results. The specificity of the main competitive exercise determines the presence of asymmetry in the distribution of the BMD in athletes, in addition, the level of BMD is higher in the leading limb compared to the opposite. Increasing the qualifications, experience and age of an athlete shows a positive impact on the performance of the BMD, with the exception of certain specializations. A different effect of sports with a high osteogenic effect of shock and weight load on the state of the BMD was noted compared to the general population. Power athletes, combat and game sports athletes have higher levels BMD compared to representatives of cycling, swimming, rowing, triathlon and long-distance running, characterized by the limitation of gravitational (shock) load or a large amount of low-intensity training exposure. Lower BMD were noted in athletes in sports specializations with weight categories, aesthetic and cyclic sports, where the problem of a relative energy deficiency in sport, which negatively affects bone metabolism.Conclusions. In athletes, the volume and intensity of training loads, the stereotype of performing the main competitive exercise, the daily balance of energy intake have a direct impact on the formation of the BMD with the allocation of risk groups for the pathology of the musculoskeletal system in elite sports.

Use of means of restoration of working capacity in preparation sprinters

The purpose of the work: to analyze and systematize modern data on the use of means of rehabilitation of athletes specializing in short-distance running. Methodology: theoretical analysis and generalization of scientific and methodological literature and Internet resources.
 Scientific novelty. A comprehensive approach to the use of modern means of restoring the working capacity of sprinters is presented, the effectiveness of which depends on the period of preparation in the annual cycle, specialization, volume, intensity and direction of training loads of previous and subsequent classes, microcycles, etc.Conclusions. It was noted that among the pedagogical means of recovery, it is important to use motor switching in training programs and microcycles in the form of sports games. To manage the performance of runners, selective recovery of those components that were not primarily affected during the training session, but will be mobilized during the next training session, should be carried out. It is recommended to use the entire complex of pedagogical tools for the rational construction of the sports training process. Extra-training (physical) means of recovery in the preparatory and competitive periods of the annual training of sprinters are proposed. It is recommended that track and field athletes use complexes of physical and hygienic means of recovery of the general effect after performing significant training loads, and for medium and small loads - of local effect. Pharmacological means of recovery of athletes depending on the functional state of muscles, the size and intensity of training loads are presented. The positive effect of nutrition on the course of restorative processes is indicated.

Nutrition of elite athletes of endurance evens

The primary principle of sports nutrition for athletes’ performance is to ensure the athlete is consumption enough calories to offset energy expenditure with balance of nutrients. The nutrition is directly related to the metabolic processes during intense physical loads. Unbalanced nutrition is one of the factors limiting of athletes’ performance. The aim - scientific substantiation of the diet for elite athletes of endurance events, taking into account the energy expenditure, volume and intensity of training loads. The methods: analysis and systematization of scientific publications by research issues, analysis of actual nutrition’s, daily energy expenditure, volume and intensity of training of elite athletes of endurance events. The energy expenditure and the actual content of macronutrients and the energy value of the daily rations of elite athletes of endurance events are compared. A significant energy deficient diet, an imbalance of macronutrients, mostly carbohydrates, was revealed. Three variants of the nutritional needs and the content of macronutrients were developed, respectively, for low, medium and high intensity of energy expenditure.

Dynamics of stress-index and spectral indicators of cardiointervalogram of elite skiers-racers in the preparatory, competition and transition periods depending on the volume and intensity of training loads

Acutality: Heart rate variability, allows you to assess the state of the autonomic nervous system, which is useful for studying the condition of athletes, including endurance athletes, for example, ski racers. The stress index indicator is often used to assess the impact of stress on a person. It is shown that the stress index is closely correlated with the intensity of metabolism and with the indicators of energy consumption of the body.Objective. To provide information on the values of the stress index for athletes depending on a number of factors, including their sports specialization, and for ski racers on the volume and intensity of the training load during the preparatory, competitive, transitional periods of the ski season.Materials and methods. The literature analysis in the Pubmed database for the last 10 years in English and Russian languages has been carried out.Conclusion. A review of the literature on the magnitude of the stress index showed that athletes who train for endurance, this indicator is low, especially among ski racers, if it is compared with the magnitude of the index in representatives of other sports, as well as with healthy people who do not play sports. There is no information about the value of the stress index in athletes in foreign literature, but there is such information in the domestic literature, which allowed us to present this review, which also includes the results of our research.

Dynamics of TP, HF-, LF-, and VLF-Waves of the Cardiointervalogram (in Clinostasis Conditions) of an Elite Ski Racer in the Preparatory, Competition, and Transition Periods Depending on the Volume and Intensity of Training Loads

Dynamics of TP, HF-, LF-, and VLF-Waves of the Cardiointervalogram (in Clinostasis Conditions) of an Elite Ski Racer in the Preparatory, Competition, and Transition Periods Depending on the Volume and Intensity of Training Loads

Dynamics of TP, HF-, LF- and VLF- Waves of the Cardiointervalogram (in Clinostasis Conditions) of an Elite Ski Racer in the Preparatory, Competitive and Transitional Periods, Depending on the Volume and Intensity of Training Loads

In order to study the mechanisms of adaptation to loads requiring high endurance, the 27-year-old master of Sports of Russia in cross-country skiing repeatedly recorded a cardiointervalogram (CIG) under clinostasis conditions, estimating TP, absolute power (mc2) of LF-, HF- and VLF-waves and the relative (as a percentage of TP) power of these waves, i.e. LF%, HF% and VLF%. They were compared with the volume (Vkm, Vmin) and intensity (Nhr) of training loads. The volume of loads was maximum in the preparatory period (21 km/day) and it is minimal in the transition period (18 km/day), and their intensity throughout the annual cycle was stable (working pulse – 120–121 beats/min). With the change in the volume of loads, the values of the KIG indicators also changed. So, in the preparatory period, the medians of TP, the power of HF-, LF- and VLF-waves, as well as VLF% increase; in this period, with an increase in the volume of loads (Vkm), the values of VLF% increase. In the competitive period, the medians of TP, the power of HF-, LF- and VLF-waves and VLF% remain at a high level. In the transition period, the median of TP, the power HF-, LF- and VLF-waves, as well as LF% and VLF%, but the median of HF% increases. For the annual cycle, a direct dependence of the median of TP on the volume of loads (Vkm) and the median power of VLF waves on the volume (Vkm) and intensity (Nhr) of the load was revealed. It is postulated that the values of TP, HF-, LF-, and VLF-waves, as well as VLF% (in clinostasis) reflect the influence of the Cholinergic system on the heart, while VLF% probably reflects the intensity of synthesis of non-neuronal heart’s acetylcholine, and the values of LF% and HF% reflect the formation of anxiety in connection with upcoming starts.

THEORETICAL AND METHODOLOGICAL BASES OF THE PROGRAM OF PHYSICAL TRAINING OF FOOTBALL PLAYERS AT THE STAGE OF SPECIALIZED BASIC TRAINING

Introduction. The great social significance of football forms the prerequisites for sustainable development in all areas of the sport's improvement. First of all, we are talking about improving the training process based on the rational management of training and competitive loads. The problem is that the increase in the volume and intensity of training loads has reached its limit and is not a factor in sports improvement. According to the methodology of sports training in the last two-three decades the main factor of improvement of special preparedness of sportsmen in many sports is the increase of the specialized orientation of the training process, where the target instructions of the training process are formed on the basis of optimization of the structure of functional maintenance of special working capacity [1]. In football, the main factor is the functional support of technical and tactical actions during a long game period [2]. The purpose of the study is to form the structure "control - modeling - programming" and to define the functions of programming as an integral part of management of physical training of football players at the stage of specialized basic training. Materials and methods. Theoretical research methods: analysis of scientific, practical and specialized literature, Internet sources. Results. The physical training of football players at the stage of specialized basic training is a complex hierarchically subordinated structure consisting of modules and component modules. Realization of physical training is an algorithm, a certain order of actions, step-by-step improvement of structural components of modules: module aimed at formation of functional reserves - module aimed at development of motor qualities (physical conditions) - module aimed at increase of efficiency of technical and tactical actions. Components of the modules: Module 1 - formation of functional reserves of football players: improvement of neurodynamic functions, optimization of reactive properties of the cardiorespiratory system and musculoskeletal system, development of power and capacity of energy supply, kinetics of the cardiorespiratory system. Module 2 - development of motor qualities (physical conditions) taking into account the requirements of functional support of special working capacity: endurance during aerobic and anaerobic work, speed capabilities of football players. Module 3 - improvement of technical and tactical actions taking into account the intensity and physiological stress of competitive loads: modeling of game variations, technical support, tactical training Conclusions. The instrument of realization of separate modules and the integral structure of physical training are the connected components of control - modeling - programming which define a qualitative assessment of a stage of training and a choice of a certain step of its improvement. The leading factor which determines efficiency of realization of a structure is programming defined as a structural element of management of the training process which defines an algorithm and its modifications according to results of control and the set model characteristics of preparedness.

Training Loads of Boxers in Individual Lessons on "Paws" and Their Evaluation

The purpose of the study: to determine methodological ways to improve the special performance of qualified boxers in the process of an individual lesson on the "paws". Materials and methods. The study and generalization of the experience of best practices was carried out with the help of a questionnaire survey and conversations with leading coaches and athletes of Uzbekistan and the Surkhandarya region. With the help of these methods, opinions were revealed on a number of theoretical, methodological and practical issues of individual learning. Accounting for the volume and intensity of training loads in the individual lessons of boxers on the “paws” in the process of sports training was carried out using video surveillance. The functional state of the boxers was assessed by the values of heart rate, fixed by means of "Polar H10 MXXL", before the load and after each individual type of load. To process the data and the results of the study, we used the SPSS Statistics program (“Statistical Package for the Social Sciences”), designed for applied research in the social and pedagogical sciences

Energy-immunometabolic correction, increased resistance and stress resistance of sports horses in the prize period

Currently, interest in equestrian sports in the Russian Federation is observed at the highest state level. One of the most important factors in maintaining the health of sports horses is the prevention or reduction of the negative effects of stress, both physical and psychogenic, to which animals are constantly exposed in modern conditions. Stress leads to a decrease in animal resistance, to diseases in which significant clinical and biochemical changes occur in organs and systems, which leads to disruption of technological regimes and significant economic damage. Requirements for sports horses are increasing, which are not always able to transfer the necessary intensity of training loads. Neuro-reflex mechanisms of coordination of movements, tendon-ligamentous apparatus of the extremities, nervous and respiratory systems, cardiac activity as a result of training are subject to significant changes. However, achieving high sports results is associated with heavy training loads. The intensification of training and sports competitions are accompanied by excessive stress of metabolic processes, leads to rapid fatigue, decreased agility and sports horses lose their athletic form for a long time. It was this aspect that was taken into account and determined the nature of exploratory research on the development of effective means of stimulating energy-immunometabolic processes, resistance and stress resistance during intensive training and the drawing of traditional prizes. Taking into account the urgency of the problem, we conducted research and production tests to assess the effect and stimulation of the amber biostimulator on metabolic processes, physiological condition and resistance of sports horses to intensive training. The experimental groups were sports horses with passports of the All-Russian Research Institute of Horse Breeding of the Russian Federation. The results of biochemical studies, clinical observations and official sports achievements indicate that the amber biostimulator developed by us is economically affordable, physiologically safe (there is no doping effect) and a highly effective means of restoring the performance of sports horses for domestic horse breeding.

DYNAMICS AND FEATURES OF PSYCHOLOGICAL ADAPTATION OF CADETS TO THE EDUCATIONAL PROCESS

In modern educational conditions, against the background of an increase in the intensity of training loads, a decrease in physical activity, as well as an irrational distribution of activities during the day, the requirements for the child’s personal qualities are increasing. The action of these factors can have a negative impact on the formation of the adaptive capabilities of the nervous system of the child’s body. A dynamic examination of the cadets of the Cossack cadet corps was carried out in order to study the features of psychological adaptation to the educational process. The study was conducted using the hardware-software complex «Health-express». The positive dynamics of adaptation to the learning process, the dependence of the success of adaptive processes on the strength of the nervous system and the predominance of the vagal influence of the autonomic nervous system were revealed.

Features of physiological reactions to the learning load on students with different mental abilities

Introduction. The possibility of increasing the efficiency of secondary general education by increasing the volume of educational loads and intensifying intellectual work in institutions specializing in teaching gifted and talented children has actualized the problem of the correspondence of educational loads to the functional capabilities of the student’s body. The aim of the study is to identify the features of the physiological reactions of the organism of students with different mental abilities to the training load. Materials and methods. The management of the educational process, the mode of the school day and the functional state of school-significant systems were assessed for students with high mental abilities, studying in the senior grades of a multidisciplinary Lyceum (n = 250) and students of a traditional school (n = 274) with an average level of mental abilities. Results. In comparison with the traditional school in the Lyceum for gifted children, an excess of the permissible level of the total weekly educational load, its irrational distribution during the school day and week, an intense level of intellectual, emotional and sensory loads, an intensive mode of work, characterized by a high workload of students with elective classes and homework, tasks. Under conditions of intense learning activity among students with increased mental abilities relative to these students of the comparison group, an increase in the level of mental performance was revealed due to stabilization of the nervous reaction and an increase in the functional capabilities of the nervous system; improvement of the functional state of the respiratory system; an increase of up to 1.6 times the number of students with good biological adaptation and a decrease of up to 1.5 times the number of subjects with a breakdown in adaptation. limitations. The sample of students with higher mental abilities presented from one public education institution for gifted children in the Orenburg region characterizes only the regional component, which does not allow considering the results obtained for all representatives of this group from other regions of the country. Conclusion. Thus, against the background of an increase in the volume and intensity of training loads in students with an average level of intelligence, there was established the formation of optimal mental performance, improving the functional state of the respiratory system, increasing in due to the stabilization of the nervous reaction and increasing the functionality of the nervous system; improvement of the functional state of the respiratory system, an increase by 1.6 times in the number of students with satisfactory biological adaptation and a decrease in the number of students with a breakdown in adaptation by 1.5 times. It has been established that under the conditions of their intensification of learning, students with increased mental abilities formed the best academic result, however, the failure of adaptive capabilities in every fifth subject with a high level of intellectual potential indicated that the body of students is functioning at the limit of their psychophysiological capabilities, which determines the need for the introduction an additional health-preserving component in the educational process of the lyceum with the aim of correcting students of the “risk group”.

Algorithm of correction of the training process of qualified oarswomen on kayaks

Athlete training is a complex complex process, the ultimate goal of which is to achieve a certain state of the athlete's body, which will allow to show high sports results. The range of problems that determine the increase in the results of rowers include all components of the training system: the volume and intensity of training loads, their combination in the direction - the predominant development of general (aerobic) or speed (anaerobic) endurance, strength, speed, endurance, and focus on physical, technical, tactical and psychological training. In this regard, the rational distribution of means and methods of training, as well as training regimes is important The goal is to improve the management of physical training of qualified rowers who specialize in the distances of 200 and 500 m.
 Research results. In the rowers of the experimental group, significant growth rates were observed on the following indicators of physical fitness: strength endurance (15.1 and 11.1%), maximum strength (9.3%), efficiency of starting acceleration (13.4%), speed endurance , 3%), rowing 50 m on the move (7%) and sports result in the distance of 200 m (6.9%). Other indicators had up to 6% growth rate. In the athletes of the control group, who trained according to a comprehensive program of development of physical qualities, the growth rate of general physical fitness ranged from 2.9 to 5.4%, and special - from 1.2 to 7.9%.
 Conclusions. The results of the pedagogical experiment show that the proposed algorithm for correcting the training process of rowers at the stage of specialized basic training allows, firstly, to choose the future specialization, and secondly, to achieve a significant (p <0.05) growth rate of physical fitness without increasing the amount of training loads and according to specialization.

Technological Aspects of Introduction of 8-Week Model at the Phase of Direct Training for Competitions of Highly Qualified Multi-Sport Athletes in Track-And-Field Athletics

The purpose of study was to develop and to substantiate experimentally the efficiency of the 8-week model of the stage of direct training for main competitions of highly qualified multi-sport athletes in track-and-field athletics. 
 Material and Methodology. 5 highly qualified multi-sport athletes having a sports qualification of the Master of Sports of Ukraine took part in the pedagogical experiment. The average age of the participants was 25.2±1.79 years. The technological basis for introduction of combined events competitions of track-and-field athletes into the requirements of the 8-week model of the phase of direct training for main competitions was constituted by: an algorithm of the individual program for training multi-sport athletes for competitions, which reflects the consistency of actions for the purpose of preparing the athletes to perform given tasks; programming of the training process, which shows the directions of performance of tasks during specific mesocycles while taking into account the feasibility of the development of components of technical and physical preparedness and types of combined events competitions in track-and-field athletics; structuring the process of straining and recovery, which determines the permissible levels and intensity of training loads during separate sessions and microcycles.
 Results. We reduced the magnitude of training loads (up to 3233 min) and increased their intensity (up to 6.51 points·min-1) during the forming experiment at the phase of direct training for competitions, which allowed to achieve peak sports form and evoke additional resources in the organism of athletes.
 The introduction of the developed 8-week model of the direct training stage contributed to a statistically significant improvement in the indicators of physical preparedness of the studied multi-sport athletes in running tests by 2.3-3.1%, while it made 4.4-4.9% in the tests representing speed and strength qualities and 4.5-4.9% in strength control exercises (p < 0.05). The improvement of the results of most disciplines in the range of 1.7-5.3% (p < 0.05) confirms the efficiency of the developed 8-week model of the phase of direct training.
 Conclusions. Solution of specific tasks during final weeks before the main starts requires the establishment of optimum volumes of training work and load dynamics, combining training sessions with training loads of various orientation and magnitude, using rest and recovery means as a whole complex, ensuring operative and current control over the course of recovery and adaptation processes. Taking the aforementioned problems into account, we have developed an 8-week model at the phase of direct training for competitions, in which three mesocycles were determined with strictly defined tasks and corresponding training content.

PSYCHOLOGICAL SUPPORT OF EXCELLENCE IN THE SPORT OF HIGHER ACHIEVEMENTS AS A COMPONENT OF THE SUCCESS OF THE ATHLETE

The article raises one of the urgent problems in modern sports of the highest achievements - the problem of psychological support for the superiority of athletes. Considered as one of the priority directions of state policy. Modern sport is distinguished by a significant intensity of training loads, a reduction in time limits in the preparation of athletes, a great personal responsibility, both a coach and an athlete for the result in competitions of various levels. All of these factors affect the mental state of the athlete. In this connection, disturbances in the stability of the neuropsychic state, psycho-emotional lability and tension, and low resistance to stress may appear. It is obvious that there is a need for psychological support of athletes at all stages of sports activity in order to form stress resistance, an active life position, a competitive and healthy personality. Excellence in sports is considered as the achievement of high sports results, the peak of skill in sports activities, as well as the achievement of the athlete's superiority in setting and implementing the goal, the sports activity itself and to ensure the quality of the sports process as an end result. In our opinion, psychological support in elite sports is a system for managing the processes of an athlete's personality development, mental states, processes of social behavior, adaptation of an athlete to the end of a sports professional career, as well as a study of the psychological patterns of mental improvement in the process of sports formation. Psychological support of athletes at different stages of the development of a sports career is an important component of the activity of a sports psychologist and includes the following areas: primary psychological diagnostics; psychodiagnostic control; psychological correction; psychological counseling of athletes, their parents (if necessary), coaches.

An integrated approach in the assessment of professional athletes’ functional status

The article analyses functional status of highly skilled five-a-side football (futsal) players that allows individualizing preparation process and also provides an integrated approach to the solution of players’ sportswear optimization problem. Variation of volume and intensity of training load is caused by reserve opportunities of respiratory system of athlete’s organism. Indicators of external breath function that provide highly skilled athletes with correct selection of training loads in sports during preparatory as well as competitive periods of year training cycle are generalized in the article. Genetic diagnostics is the advanced method of athlete’s opportunities assessment. The analysis of genetic markers has allowed objectively to define predisposition of the athlete to particular kind of activity (specialization) that has created favourable conditions for effective formation of team’s line-up in such sport as five-a-side football (futsal). Methodical recommendations, presented in the publication, allow experts approaching the selection of athletes while taking into account their genetic markers and functionality that are considered as informative characteristics; and, as considered, it influences training and competitive process that provides achievements of high sports results in the chosen sport.

Метаболический ответ на травму и заболевание в спорте высоких достижений

Recently, in high-performance sports, there has been a significant increase in the volume and intensity of training loads, an increase in the duration of the competition period and its intensity, significant psychoemotional loads that affect the health status and quality of life of professional athletes, determine the incidence rate and a higher risk of injury in highly qualified athletes. Trauma and disease are considered as a polyetiological variant of the systemic inflammatory response syndrome, associated with the formation of «pathological» systems and their further dynamic change. One of the most striking manifestations of the systemic inflammatory reaction syndrome is pronounced metabolic disorders with a shift in metabolic processes towards hypermetabolism-hypercatabolism. The catabolic type of metabolic processes is characterized by the development of a pronounced protein-energy deficiency, a violation of nutrition and the inability to provide the body with the necessary nutrients in a natural way.

ВПЛИВ ПРЕПАРАТУ КАРДОНАТ НА ПОКАЗНИКИ БІОХІМІЧНОГО ТА ГОРМОНАЛЬНОГО ГОМЕОСТАЗУ СПОРТСМЕНІВ З КАРДІОМІОПАТІЄЮ ХРОНІЧНОГО ФІЗИЧНОГО ПЕРЕНАПРУЖЕННЯ

Introduction. Modern sport of the highest achievements is inextricably linked with the constant physical activity of high intensity, which ultimately leads to the formation of overvoltage phenomena of various body systems. The purpose. To substantiate the expediency of appointment of athletes with clinical and instrumental signs of the cardiomyopathy, caused by chronic physical overload (CMPCPO) of the metabolic preparation Cardonat on the basis of evaluation of its influence on the indices of biochemical and hormonal homeostasis. Materials and methods. The study involved 48 athletes, representatives of cyclic sports, with a diagnosis CMPCPO who were randomized to 2 equivalent (n = 24) groups: the main group and the controls. The volume and intensity of training loads was reduced in athletes of both groups by 75%. The control group participants received only basic therapy (the combination of the drug panangin (potassium and magnesium aspartate) and the drug Trіovіt, at therapeutic doses of vitamin-mineral orientation and placebo (capsule with starch). Athletes of the main group in addition to basic therapy used Cardonat for one capsule three times a day for 4 weeks. A comprehensive laboratory study of athletes before and after the course of treatment included a study of the indicators of biochemical and hormonal homeostasis, as well as prooxidant-antioxidant balance. Results. The addition of Cardonat to the complex therapy of athletes from the CMPCPO during the month is accompanied by a positive effect on the structural characteristics of the erythrocyte membranes of the athletes, which is reflected in the improvement of the state of prooxidant-antioxidant equilibrium: in the representatives of the main group, the administration of the drug caused a statistically significant decrease, compared with the data in the control group, malodialdehyde (MDA), increase in the concentration of reduced glutathione (GSH) in erythrocyte membranes and decrease of prooxidant-antioxidant coefficient (Cpa), indicating the predominance of antioxidant processes over lipopereoxidation processes. It is also shown that taking a Cardonat with athletes with manifestations CMPCPO is not accompanied by negative changes in standard laboratory biochemical parameters that reflect the functional state of various organs and systems of the body's organs. The decrease in the activity of aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and the tendency towards a more pronounced decrease in alanine aminotransferase (ALT), α-amylase and urea content in comparison with the values of the corresponding indices in the control group, confirms the positive effect of the drug on the functional state of the liver and pancreas. Indicators of hormonal homeostasis are indicative of improving the ratio of anabolic and catabolic processes in the body of athletes and reducing the level of stress due to the use of the drug. Thus, after taking Cardonat in the main group, testosterone levels increased by 31.6 % (р < 0.05) compared to baseline data, and cortisol decreased by 63.8 % (р < 0.05); the average index of anabolism in the main group after treatment increased by 58.9 % (р < 0.05), which indicates a significant increase in the rate of anabolic processes. Conclusions. The additional use of сardonat in therapy is safe, expedient, pathogenetically justified, in particular for the treatment of homeostatic shifts in the body of athletes with clinical and electrocardiographic manifestations of CMPСPО.

Relationship of Training Load with High-intensity Running in Professional Soccer Players.

This study determined the training load (TL) and its relationship with high-intensity running performance across the season in professional soccer players. The TL, YoYo Intermittent Recovery Test Level 2 (YYIR 2) and repeated sprint ability (RSA) were monitored in 29 players (age 26.2±3.8 years, height 173.6±5.6 cm, body mass 68.5±8.6 kg). In the mid in-season (MS), Lucia TRIMP (TRIMPL) was inversely correlated with YYIR 2 (r=-0.6, p<0.05), with total distance (TD), work-rate (WR), low-intensity distance (LID) and player load (PL) showing correlation with YYIR 2 (r=0.81, 0.77, 0.88, 0.67; p<0.05) in the late in-season (LS). In pre-season (PS), TD, WR and moderate-intensity distance (MID) were correlated with YYIR 2 (r=0.65, 0.80, 0.83, p<0.05), whereas in early in-season (ES), TD, WR, LID were correlated with YYIR 2 performance (r=0.58, 0.67, 0.55, p<0.05). There was no significant relationship (p>0.05) between TL and RSA. The findings showed the volume, intensity and types of TL accrued influences the relationship with physical performance that suggest the significance of phase-specific monitoring of TL for maximizing performance in soccer players.