Intensity Resistance Exercise Research Articles

The form of exercise to decrease resting blood pressure in older adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Background/objectivesThe current systematic review and meta-analysis evaluated the relationship between the form of exercise and changes in resting blood pressure (RBP) in older adults and the overall level of evidence. MethodsThe inclusion criteria were studies involving intervention with only regular exercise limited to subjects ≥65 years old. The combined changes in RBP in each study were calculated and the relationship between the form of exercise and changes in the RBP were evaluated. The overall evidence was assessed using the GRADE approach. ResultsNineteen studies (1081 subjects) were analyzed. The combined changes in the RBP decreased as a result of aerobic exercise or resistance exercise. The intensity of resistance exercise (METs) was related to the change in the RBP of systolic (meta-regression coefficient, –2.5 [95% confidence interval, –4.7 to –0.4]; R2=35.4%). When excluding studies with high overall risk of bias, the overall duration of aerobic exercise (weeks) was related to the change in the RBP of systolic (meta-regression coefficient, –0.6 [95% confidence interval, –1.0 to –0.2]; R2=93.2%). In addition, there was a low level of evidence overall for a decrease in RBP as a result of aerobic exercise, but there was a moderate level of evidence for a decrease in RBP as a results of resistance exercise. ConclusionA decrease in the RBP of systolic may be associated with active exercise in older adults. However, there may be insufficient evidence for the decrease in RBP as a result of aerobic exercise.

Muscle damage in response to a single bout of high intensity concentric exercise in patients with Pompe disease.

BackgroundIn Pompe disease, resistance exercise could be an effective treatment to delay motor function impairment, however, the acute effects of this exercise modality are unclear.MethodsIn a prospective cohort study, we compared responses to a single bout of resistance exercise by serum markers of muscle damage and quantitative muscle magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in patients (n=12) and age- and gender-matched healthy controls (n=12). Participants performed 50 maximal effort concentric knee flexions on a dynamometer.ResultsTwenty-four hours after exercise, levels of serum creatine kinase, lactate dehydrogenase and myoglobin increased in controls. In contrast, only myoglobin level increased in patients. All elevated serum markers declined by 48 hours after exercise in both groups. Mild soreness developed at 24 hours, which disappeared at 48 hours in both groups. In controls, MRI R2* relaxation rate reduced immediately and 24 hours after exercise, indicating increased water content and muscle perfusion. In patients, exercise had no effect on R2* values. The resistance exercise did not induce acute strength deficit in patients, rather, patients increased their strength by 24 hours. When serum marker changes were normalized to the magnitude of knee flexor tension developed during exercise, lactate dehydrogenase response was greater in patients.ConclusionsLate-onset Pompe disease did not exacerbate exercise-induced muscle damage, however, lactate dehydrogenase may be monitored to screen high responders during high intensity resistance exercise interventions.

The effect of a session of high and low intensity resistance exercise, with and without of blood flow restriction, on the serum levels of atrial natriuretic Peptide and Blood pressure in trained men

هدف: ناتریورتیک پپتید دهلیزی از قلب ترشح می‌شود و می‌تواند تأثیرات متفاوتی بر دستگاه‌های مختلف بدن بگذارد. از جمله مهم‌ترین تأثیرات این هورمون تأثیر بر سازوکار‌های تنظیمی فشار خون است. هدف از این مطالعه بررسی اثر فعالیت ورزشی مقاومتی با محدودیت جریان خون بر ناتریورتیک پپتید دهلیزی و متعاقب آن فشار خون است.روش­ها: این پژوهش نیمه‌تجربی با طرح گروهی متقاطع با اندازه‌گیری مکرر با هدف تعیین اثر یک جلسه فعالیت مقاومتی با شدت بالا و پایین، با و بدون محدودیت جریان خون بر سطوح سرمی ناتریورتیک پپتید دهلیزی و فشار خون مردان تمرین‌کرده انجام گرفت.بدین‌منظور از میان جامعة در دسترس 8 مرد تمرین‌کرده با دامنۀ سنی 75/1±25 سال و درصد چربی 7/7±4/15 به‌صورت تصادفی انتخاب شدند. این افراد با فاصلة 48 ساعت پروتکل‌های مختلف شامل فعالیت مقاومتی با شدت بالا (75 درصد یک تکرار بیشینه) با و بدون محدودیت جریان خون و همین فعالیت را با شدت پایین (30 درصد یک تکرار بیشینه) با و بدون محدودیت جریان خون انجام دادند. سطوح سرمی ناتریورتیک پپتید دهلیزی با استفاده از روش الایزا بررسی شد. داده‌ها با استفاده از آزمون تحلیل واریانس با اندازه‌گیری‌های مکرر تجزیه‌وتحلیل شد.نتایج: سطوح ناتریورتیک پپتید دهلیزی سرمی در اثر اعمال فعالیت‌های مقاومتی با شدت بالا و پایین، با و بدون محدودیت جریان خون تفاوت معناداری با هم ندارد (05/0≥p) همچنین تغییر معناداری در فشار خون مشاهده نشد.نتیجه‌گیری: به‌نظر می‌رسد اثر فعالیت‌های مقاومتی با شدت بالا و پایین، با و بدون محدودیت جریان خون، بر سازوکارهای تنظیمی فشار خون از طریق ترشح ناتریورتیک پپتید دهلیزی در مردان تمرین‌کرده تفاوتی با هم ندارد.

Role of Cachexia and Fragility in the Patient Candidate for Cardiac Surgery.

Frailty is the major expression of accelerated aging and describes a decreased resistance to stressors, and consequently an increased vulnerability to additional diseases in elderly people. The vascular aging related to frail phenotype reflects the high susceptibility for cardiovascular diseases and negative postoperative outcomes after cardiac surgery. Sarcopenia can be considered a biological substrate of physical frailty. Malnutrition and physical inactivity play a key role in the pathogenesis of sarcopenia. We searched on Medline (PubMed) and Scopus for relevant literature published over the last 10 years and analyzed the strong correlation between frailty, sarcopenia and cardiovascular diseases in elderly patient. In our opinion, a right food intake and moderate intensity resistance exercise are mandatory in order to better prepare patients undergoing cardiac operation.

Broad Spectrum Polyphenol Supplementation from Tart Cherry Extract on Markers of Recovery from Intense Resistance Exercise

BackgroundTart cherry supplementation has been shown to enhance recovery from strenuous exercise due to its antioxidant properties. The majority of these studies used tart cherry juice, with a significant calorie content. The primary purpose of this study was to assess whether powdered tart cherry extract with minimal calorie content reduces oxidative stress and enhances recovery following intense resistance exercise.MethodsThirteen men (mean age: 26.2 ± 5.3 years; height: 184.3 ± 8.2 cm; weight: 92.9 ± 15.6 kg) performed a demanding resistance exercise protocol consisting of 6 sets of 10 repetitions of barbell back squat with 80% 1RM. The protocol was performed once following 7 days of 500 mg of tart cherry extract and once following placebo. Serum protein carbonyl (PC) content, creatine kinase activity (CK) and creatine kinase myocardial band content (CK-MB) were used to assess oxidative stress, skeletal and cardiac muscle damage respectively. Muscle soreness was assessed by visual analog scale. Physical performance was measured by countermovement jump power and handgrip dynamometer strength.ResultsThere was a significant increase in PC in the placebo (PL) condition when compared to the Tart Cherry (TC) condition at Immediate Post (IP) (PL: 0.4 ± 0.3 vs. TC: − 0.4 ± 0.2 nmol∙mg− 1; p < 0.001), 1 h (PL: 0.3 ± 0.3 vs. TC: − 0.7 ± 0.3 nmol∙mg− 1; p < 0.001) and 24 h (PL: 0.1 ± 0.4 vs. TC: − 0.3 ± 0.5 nmol∙mg− 1; p = 0.010). There was a significant increase in CK activity in PL when compared to the TC at IP (PL: 491.1 ± 280 vs. TC: 296.3 ± 178 U∙L− 1; p = 0.008) and 3 h (PL: − 87 ± 123 vs. TC: 43.1 ± 105.3 U∙L− 1; p = 0.006). There was a significant (p = 0.003) increase in CKMB concentration in PL when compared to the TC (PL: 21.6 ± 12.4 vs. TC: − 0.3 ± 11.8 ng∙ml− 1; p = 0.006) at 1 h post. There was a significant increase in handgrip strength in TC when compared to PL (PL: − 2 ± 5.1 vs. TC: 1.7 ± 3 kg; p = 0.017) at 24 h post.ConclusionsThis study demonstrated that tart cherry extract reduced oxidative stress and markers of muscle and cardiac damage following intense resistance exercise. This occurred along with a prevention of the decrease in handgrip strength seen following the intense exercise protocol, indicating a potential reduction in central fatigue. These benefits were seen with minimal energy intake.

Effects of social media on smartphone use before and during velocity-based resistance exercise on cognitive interference control and physiological measures in trained adults

The purpose is to analyze the effect of social networks on smartphones before and during velocity-based resistance exercise on the internal training load, heart rate variability (HRV), and cognitive interference control. Twelve trained adults volunteered to participate in this randomized and crossover design research study with three experimental conditions. The participants randomly performed a resistance exercise session, watching TV before (CON) the session or using social networks on a smartphone prior to (30SMA-P) and intra-session (SMA-INT). The participants underwent sets with repetitions [15RM load] up to 20% mean velocity loss. HRV indicators and cognitive interference control were measured before and 30-min after each experimental session. Internal training load was evaluated 30-min after each experimental session, which was calculated by the product between resistance exercise volume and RPE. No condition versus time interaction for HRV indicators (p > 0.05) was observed. It was not revealed a condition versus time interaction for cognitive interference control (p > 0.05). No condition effect for internal training load (p > 0.05) was observed. It was concluded that 30-min of social networks on smartphones before or intra-session resistance exercise had no effects on HRV indicators, cognitive interference control, and internal training load in trained adults.

Breast Cancer Survivors' Compliance to Personal Training Versus Group-Based Exercise

ABSTRACT Background: This study reports on breast cancer survivors' compliance to the exercise prescription (ExRx) of a personal training (PT) or group-based (GB) exercise intervention. Methods: Breast cancer survivors who had completed chemotherapy and/or radiation within the previous year were randomly assigned to PT or GB. All participants completed supervised aerobic and resistance training sessions twice per week for 8 weeks. Compliance to aerobic and resistance exercise intensity (i.e., % heart rate reserve, and % 1-repetition maximum [1-RM]) and aerobic exercise duration ExRx is reported, and average aerobic and resistance exercise intensity was calculated. Independent t tests compared percent compliance and average intensity between PT and GB. The proportion of participants above or below ExRx was examined using frequencies. Results: ExRx compliance ranged from 64% to 98%. Compliance to aerobic exercise intensity and duration was higher in PT than GB (P &amp;lt; 0.05). Average upper body resistance training exercise intensity was higher in PT (73% 1-RM) vs GB (56% 1-RM) (P = 0.01). Noncompliance to aerobic ExRx was more commonly due to intensity or duration below the ExRx. Noncompliance to resistance training ExRx was distributed equally above or below ExRx. Conclusion: Compliance to aerobic ExRx and average upper body resistance training intensity was higher in PT, suggesting that exercise professionals in GB settings should consider closely monitoring breast cancer survivors' adherence to ExRx.

Detraining effects after 18months of high intensity resistance training on osteosarcopenia in older men-Six-month follow-up of the randomized controlled Franconian Osteopenia and Sarcopenia Trial (FrOST).

Detraining after dedicated exercise programs might be a frequent situation in older people's exercise patterns. The aim of the present study was thus to determine the effects of 6months of detraining after 18months of high intensity resistance exercise (HIT-RT) on musculoskeletal outcomes in older men with sarcopenia. Community-dwelling men aged 72years and older with osteosarcopenia (n=43) were randomly assigned to an 18-month HIT-RT (EG: n=21) or a non-training control group (CG, n=22). After the intervention, participants of the EG stopped HIT-RT for 6months, but continued their habitual physical activity. Study outcomes were skeletal muscle mass index, bone mineral density (BMD) at the lumbar-spine and total-hip, maximum hip/leg-extensor strength, handgrip strength and gait velocity. We applied an intention-to-treat analysis with multiple imputation. Changes in the HIT-RT were much more pronounced during the detraining period compared with the CG, although this effect was only significant for skeletal muscle mass index and hip-/leg-extensor strength (p=.002 and p=.013), but not for lumbar-spine BMD (p=.068), total-hip BMD (p=.069), handgrip strength (p=.066) or gait velocity (p=.067). Apart from total-hip BMD (p=.055), handgrip strength (p=.069) and gait velocity (p=.881) values of the HIT-RT group decreased significantly during detraining. However, after 24months, overall effects (p<.001) were still observed for skeletal muscle mass index and hip-/leg-extensor strength. Although unable to state from which point in time relevant detraining effects emerge, we conclude that health care providers should focus on continuous rather than intermitted exercise programs for older people. Clinical trial number: clinicalTrials.gov: NCT03453463; NCT04444661.

What is the minimal dose for resistance exercise effectiveness in prostate cancer patients? Systematic review and meta-analysis on patient-reported outcomes

BackgroundActive treatments for prostate cancer are well known to result in several adverse effects such as fatigue, depression and anxiety symptoms, impacting the overall quality of life (QoL) and wellbeing of a considerable proportion of patients. Resistance-based exercise interventions have shown positive effects to reduce or mitigate these treatment-related side effects. However, the minimal dosage required to derive these benefits is unknown. We systematically reviewed the resistance training effects in prostate cancer patients to determine the minimal dosage regarding the exercise components (mode, duration, volume and intensity) on fatigue, QoL, depression and anxiety.MethodsUsing PRISMA guidelines, MEDLINE, CINAHL, EMBASE, SPORTDiscus and Web of Science databases were searched. Eligible randomised controlled trials examined prostate cancer patients undertaking resistance-based exercise programs during or following treatment. Meta-analysis was undertaken when more than three studies were included. Associations between resistance exercise components and its effects were tested by meta-regression analysis.ResultsEighteen trials involving 1112 men with prostate cancer were included. Resistance-based exercise programs resulted in significant effects on fatigue (effect size = −0.3, 95% CI: −0.4 to −0.2, P < 0.001) and QoL (effect size = 0.2, 95% CI: 0.0 to 0.4, P = 0.018), with significant effects in specific questionnaires and domains of these outcomes. Resistance-based exercise effects on depression (effect size = −0.3, 95% CI: −0.7 to 0.0) and anxiety symptoms (effect size = −0.3, 95% CI: −0.5 to 0.0) were positive but not significant (P = 0.071 to 0.077). Meta-regression indicated no significant association between resistance exercise components with fatigue and QoL outcomes (P = 0.186–0.689).ConclusionsLow volume resistance exercise undertaken at a moderate-to-high intensity is sufficient to achieve significant fatigue and QoL benefits for men with prostate cancer and also mitigate depression and anxiety symptoms. A lower resistance exercise dosage than usually prescribed may help enhance adherence by reducing exercise barriers.

Abstract 14927: Effects of Low Intensity Resistance Exercise Under Kaatsu Condition on Skeletal Muscle Size and Its Safety inCardiovascular Surgery Patients

Introduction: Surgery for cardiovascular disease is often accompanied by sarcopenia and physical frailty, and improvement of muscle mass, muscle strength, and ADL, is often difficult only with cardiac rehabilitation using aerobic exercise. The resistance training under moderately restricted muscle blood flow, named as KAATSU, induces muscle hypertrophy and strengthens muscle through low intensity exercise. However, it remains uninvestigated whether KAATSU resistance training using low intensity load (KAATSU-RE) increases muscle strength, and induces hypertrophy in patients early after cardiovascular surgery. Hypothesis: To investigate the effects of KAATSU-RE on skeletal muscle strength, hypertrophy and its safety in patients early after cardiovascular surgery. Methods: Nine patients early after cardiac surgery were included in this study (seven males, age 54 ± 18 years, BMI 23.0 ± 3.7 kg/m 2 , AVR 5 cases, MVP 3, Bentall operation 1). The patients performed leg extension exercise (20~30% 1RM) under KAATSU condition two times/week for three months. Training started after 200 m walking early after the operation. Skeletal muscle mass index (SMI) was evaluated using bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA). The anterior mid-thigh thickness (MTH) was measured using B mode transverse ultrasound images. Physical functions (isometric knee extension peak torque, handgrip strength, and walking speed) were also measured at three points, i.e. baseline (before operation), ~7 days early after operation, and ~3 months after the training. Results: SMI and MTH decreased significantly from 7 ± 1.1, and 2.5 ± 0.4 cm preoperatively to 6.7 ± 1.0, and 2.2 ± 0.3 cm approximately 1 week after surgery. Approximately 3 months after the training, they increased significantly to 7.6 ± 0.8 and 3 ± 0.4 cm. During the rehabilitation period, hemodynamic deterioration and side effects including subcutaneous hemorrhage were not observed, and all the patients completely finished the study. Conclusions: These results suggest that KAATSU training safely increased muscle mass in patients in the early perioperative period of cardiovascular surgery. KAATSU training appears to be a promising and effective method for cardiac rehabilitation in patients with cardiovascular surgery.

Pulse wave velocity and blood pressure in athletes performing endurance and intense resistance training

Abstract Background There have been contradictory reports regarding the impact of intense resistance exercise on arterial stiffness. We examined the effects of long-term endurance training and intense resistance training on central hemodynamic in athletes compared with healthy sedentary controls. Purpose We hypothesized that young adults participating in endurance sports would have decreased arterial stiffness, whereas those participating in intense resistance sports would have increased arterial stiffness. Methods One hundred thirty participants (20–30 years) including 46 intense resistance trained athletes (IRTA) (weight-lifters), 42 endurance trained athletes (ETA) (long and mid-long distance runners) and 42 sedentary individuals (SED) were investigated by aplanation tonometry and pulse wave analysis; aortic pulse wave velocity (PWV) was measured. Differences were tested by analysis of variance, covariance and multiple linear regressions after adjustment for confounders. The t-test and chi-square test were used to compare the different parameters studied between men and women. The difference between the types of sport in the female subgroup was tested by the Kruskall Wallis test. Quantitative data were expressed as means ±standard deviation or median Results There were no differences among all 3 groups regarding age, height, glucose, cholesterol and triglyceride levels. Anthropometrics were higher in IRTA compared to ETA. Heart rates at rest and augmentation index were lower in trained participants than in sedentary individuals. Brachial and aortic blood pressures were lower in ETA compared to IRTA. Aortic PWV was significantly lower (p&amp;lt;0.05) in ETA (mean ±SD: 5.58±1.00 m/s) compared to IRTA (7.06±0.87 m/s) and SED (7.18±1.06 m/s). The results of the statistical analysis in female subjects in the different groups were comparable to those found in men. A subgroup analysis comparing women and men found comparable results for PWV, but women had higher HR at rest and lower brachial and central blood pressures compared to men. After multiple regression analysis, diastolic blood pressure (DBP) remained the only hemodynamic parameter correlated to PWV, whatever the group. Conclusion Aortic stiffness is influenced by exercise modalities since ETA had better PWV than IRTA in both sexes. DBP is an important determinant and potential mediator of arterial stiffening in young adults. Funding Acknowledgement Type of funding source: Public hospital(s). Main funding source(s): No funding sources

Acute Resistance Exercise Reduces Postprandial Lipemia and Oxidative Stress in Resistance-Trained Men

McAllister, MJ, Steadman, KS, Renteria, LI, Case, MJ, Butawan, MB, Bloomer, RJ, and McCurdy, KW. Acute resistance exercise reduces postprandial lipemia and oxidative stress in resistance-trained men. J Strength Cond Res 36(8): 2139-2146, 2022-Acute ingestion of a high-fat meal (HFM) results in significant increases in postprandial triacylglycerols (TAG) and markers of oxidative stress (OS). Combined aerobic and resistance exercise can attenuate postprandial lipemia; however, it is not clear if acute resistance exercise alone can reduce postprandial OS. The purpose of this study was to determine if acute resistance exercise can attenuate postprandial OS and to compare the effects of moderate versus high-intensity resistance exercise in this regard. Nine ( n = 9) moderately resistance-trained individuals completed 3 testing conditions in a randomized order as follows: (a) rest (no exercise), (b) moderate intensity (3 sets of 10 repetitions at 68% 1 repetition maximum [RM]), and (c) high-intensity resistance exercise (4 sets of 6 repetitions at 85% 1RM). Exercises included barbell back squat, bench press, straight leg deadlift, lat pull-down, upright row, and sit-ups. A HFM was ingested 12 hours after each condition. Blood samples were collected immediately before as well as 2 and 4 hours after ingestion and analyzed for TAG, cholesterol (CHOL), insulin, malondialdehyde (MDA), total nitrate/nitrite (NOx), glutathione (GSH), and advanced oxidation protein products (AOPP). When comparing 4 hour area under curve (AUC) data between conditions, AOPP demonstrated a significantly lower AUC after the moderate-intensity condition compared with resting condition. In addition, resistance exercise resulted in significantly higher plasma NOx concentrations as well as lower TAG and CHOL concentrations after HFM ingestion. Resistance exercise also prevented a decline in GSH that was induced by the HFM. These results demonstrate that acute resistance exercise can attenuate postprandial OS.

Recovery using “float” from high intensity stress on growth hormone-like molecules in resistance trained men

ObjectiveThe purpose of this study was to examine the influence of a novel “floatation-restricted environmental stimulation therapy” (floatation-REST) on growth hormone responses to an intense resistance exercise stress. DesignNine resistance trained men (age: 23.4 ± 2.5 yrs.; height: 175.3 ± 5.4 cm; body mass: 85.3 ± 7.9 kg) completed a balanced, crossover-controlled study design with two identical exercise trials, differing only in post-exercise recovery intervention (i.e., control or floatation-REST). A two-week washout period was used between experimental conditions. Plasma lactate was measured pre-exercise, immediately post-exercise and after the 1 h. recovery interventions. Plasma iGH was measured pre-exercise, immediately-post exercise, and after the recovery intervention, as well as 24 h and 48 h after the exercise test. The bGH-L was measured only at pre-exercise and following each recovery intervention. ResultsFor both experimental conditions, a significant (P ≤ 0.05) increase in lactate concentrations were observed immediately post-exercise (~14 mmol • L-1) and remained slightly elevated after the recovery condition. The same pattern of responses was observed for iGH with no differences from resting values at 24 and 48 h of recovery. The bGH-L showed no exercise-induced changes following recovery with either treatment condition, however concentration values were dramatically lower than ever reported. ConclusionThe use of floatation-REST therapy immediately following intense resistance exercise does not appear to influence anterior pituitary function in highly resistance trained men. However, the lower values of bGH suggest dramatically different molecular processing mechanisms at work in this highly trained population.

The Effect of Resistance Exercise Intensity on Acute Hyperglycemia in Young Adult Males.

The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of resistance exercise (RE) intensity on acute hyperglycemia, in young adult males. Thirteen males (age 23.43 ± 2.18 years, height 175.16 ± 10.44 cm, weight 77.02 ± 8.91 kg, body fat 20 ± 0.03%) participated in three randomized testing sessions, each separated by 96 h. The three testing conditions were: control (CON; induction of hyperglycemia with no-exercise), high (HI; induction of hyperglycemia followed by high-intensity RE: 5 × 4, 90% 1-repetition maximum (1-RM)), and moderate (MO; induction of hyperglycemia followed by low-intensity RE: 3 × 14, 65% 1-RM). In all three testing conditions, participants orally ingested a D100 (100 g/10 oz) glucose beverage at a dosage of 2 g glucose/kg body weight and capillary blood was obtained for plasma glucose and insulin analysis at 0 (fasting), 30, 60, 90 and 120 min, following glucose ingestion. At 30-min post-ingestion in the HI and MO conditions, participants began the respective RE protocols. Acute hyperglycemia was achieved throughout all three 2-h testing conditions; mean 2-h plasma glucose levels during CON (7.1 ± 1.3 mmol∙L−1), MO (7.5 ± 0.6 mmol∙L−1) and HI (8.2 ± 1.9 mmol∙L−1) were all significantly (p < 0.05) greater than mean fasting plasma glucose (5.6 ± 0.46 mmol∙L−1). Plasma glucose and insulin did not differ (p < 0.05) between treatment conditions at any times points over the 120 min, however, 2-h glucose area under the curve in the HI condition was significantly greater (p < 0.05) than CON and MO. In conclusion, this study indicates that hyperglycemia, induced prior to RE, may be exacerbated by high-intensity RE.

The effects of Acute Resistance Exercise Intensity on Pain Perception and Muscle Mechanical Properties of Taekwondo Athletes

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of acute resistance exercise intensity on pain perception, muscle mechanical properties, oxygen saturation (OS) and lactate in taekwondo athletes.METHODS: A total of 21 national and university taekwondo athletes participated in the study. The participants were randomly classified into 70% of one repetition maximum (1 RM) (70% group, n=7), 30% of 1 RM (30% group, n=7), and 30% all-out group of 1 RM (30%A group, n=7). We measured resting pain perception, muscle mechanical properties, lactate, heart rate (HR) and OS, and those were measured immediately after exercise (IAE), 5- and 15-minute after recovery according to exercise intensity.RESULTS: The 70% group showed that heat pain threshold (HPT) became numerically sensitive IAE compared to rest. Pain visual analog scale (VAS) and HR increased significantly IAE compared to rest, and lactate increased significantly IAE, 5- and 15-minute after exercise compared to rest, respectively. Dynamic stiffness (DS) decreased significantly in 15-minute after the exercise compared to IAE. In 30% group case, pain VAS and HR increased significantly IAE compared to rest, and lactate increased significantly IAE, 5- and 15-minute after exercise compared to rest, respectively. DS decreased significantly in 15-minute after the exercise compared to IAE. The 30%A group showed that pain VAS and HR increased significantly IAE compared to rest. Lactate increased significantly IAE, 5-and 15-minute after exercise compared to rest, respectively. DS decreased significantly in immediately and 5-minute after the exercise compared to rest, respectively. Frequency increased IAE compared to rest.CONCLUSIONS: HPT, pain VAS, lactate, HR, and OS were found to be no difference between resistance exercise intensity. The intensity of 1 RM 30% all-out has been shown to contribute to muscle-adaptation effects of resistance exercise by further increasing muscle tension and dynamic stiffness as much as 70% of 1 RM.

Resistance Exercise Intensity Does Not Influence Neurotrophic Factors Response in Equated Volume Schemes.

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effects of 2 different intensities of resistance training (RT) bouts, performed with the equated total load lifted (TLL), on the acute responses of neurotrophic factors (NFs) (brain-derived neurotrophic factor [BDNF]; and nerve growth factor [NGF]), as well as on metabolic (lactate concentration) and hormonal (salivary cortisol concentration) responses. Thirty participants (males, 22.8 ± 2.3 years old, 177 ± 6.8 cm, 75.5 ± 7.9 kg, n = 15; and females, 22.2 ± 1.7 years, 163.7 ± 6.5 cm, 57 ± 7.6 kg, n = 15) performed 2 separate acute RT bouts with one week between trials. One bout consisted of 4 sets of 5 submaximal repetitions at 70% of 1RM and the other of 4 sets of 10 submaximal repetitions at 35% of 1RM for each exercise. Both RT bouts were conducted using the bench press and squat exercises. The TLL in each bout (determined by sets x repetitions x load [kg]) was equated. Serum BDNF, serum NGF, salivary cortisol, and blood lactate concentration were determined pre- and post-RT. No significant pre- to post-exercise increase in neurotrophic factors (p > 0.05; BDNF; effect size = 0.46 and NGF; effect size = 0.48) was observed for either of the RT bouts. A similar increase in blood lactate concentration was observed pre- to post-exercise for both RT bouts (p < 0.05). Cortisol increased similarly for both RT bouts, when compared to the resting day condition (p < 0.05). In conclusion, the results suggest that, despite differences in RT schemes, a similar acute neurotrophic, metabolic and hormonal response was observed when the TLL is equated.

Polyphenol Rich Supplementation On Markers Of Recovery From Intense Resistance Exercise

Polyphenol Rich Supplementation On Markers Of Recovery From Intense Resistance Exercise

Treadmill Walking Increases Percent Of Circulating Monocytes (CD14+) Expressing CX3CR1 In Older Adults

CX3CR1 is a chemokine receptor for the chemokine CX3CL1. Expression of CX3CR1 may influence the inflammatory response of the innate immune system. The PURPOSE: of this study was to examine the relationship between CX3CR1 expression on circulating monocytes with physical activity level and mode of exercise in healthy, older adults. METHODS: Twenty-four healthy older adults (63.0±5.0 years) were recruited for this study. Participants were divided into two groups based on self-reported physical activity level: physically active (PA) and physically inactive (PI). Participants completed a randomized complete crossover trial of 30 minutes moderate-vigorous intensity cardiorespiratory endurance (CRE) or resistance exercise (RE) on two separate visits. Blood samples were collected from each person at rest (PRE), immediately after exercise (POST), and 1-hr recovery after exercise (RECOV). Monocyte cell surface markers were measured by flow cytometry. RESULTS: PA participants (N=12, est. VO2max=45.3±16.8 mL·kg-1·min-1) had a higher estimated VO2max than the physically inactive participants (N=12, est. VO2max=35.0±mL·kg-1·min-1). Percent of circulating monocytes expressing CX3CR1 was higher (p<0.05) in CRE RECOV (92.3%±2.5) than CRE POST (90.1%±2.98). No other differences (p≥0.05) were observed within the PA group between PRE, POST, and RECOV timepoints for the CRE or RE modes of exercise. No differences (p≥0.05) were observed within the PI group for time or mode of exercise. No differences (p≥0.05) were observed between the CRE and RT modes of exercise within the PA group or the PI group at each PRE, POST, and RECOV timepoints. CONCLUSION: Differences in monocyte expression of CX3CR1 were observed between the POST and RECOV stage following a 30-minutes CRE (treadmill) exercise intervention within the PA group. Time differences were observed between PA and PI groups. No other differences in CX3CR1 were observed within PA and PI groups following a 30-minute moderate-vigorous exercise intervention. Further research is needed to determine potential differences if CX3CR1 physical activity status and mode of exercise influence the inflammatory response of an acute exercise bout.

Association Between Systemic Inflammation And Skeletal Muscle Mass Following Exercise In Breast Cancer Survivors

INTRODUCTION: Reductions in skeletal muscle mass contribute to reduced physical function and poorer prognosis among breast cancer survivors (BCS). Elevated pro-inflammatory markers stimulate catabolic pathways in skeletal muscle, and have been associated with muscle loss in overweight individuals and older adults. This evidence suggests that elevated pro-inflammatory markers such as IL-6, TNF-alpha , and C-reactive protein (CRP) may explain subsequent muscle loss in BCS. While we previously found exercise reduces inflammation and increases skeletal muscle mass in overweight or obese BCS, an associative investigation is warranted. PURPOSE: The purpose of this secondary analysis was to determine whether associations between post-exercise inflammatory markers and skeletal muscle mass exist among overweight/obese BCS. METHODS: Sedentary, overweight/obese BCS (BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2; Stages I-III) were randomized to exercise (EX; n=50) and control (CON; n=50) groups. EX participated in a supervised 16-week moderate-vigorous intensity aerobic and resistance exercise intervention. CON was asked to maintain current levels of activity. Appendicular Skeletal Muscle Index (ASMI), calculated as ∑extremity lean mass (kg)/ height (m2), was obtained from a whole-body scan using Dual Energy X-Ray Absorptiometry. CRP, IL-6, and TNF-∝ were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays from fasting blood samples. Pearson’s correlations assessed associations between post-exercise ASMI and inflammatory biomarkers. RESULTS: On average, BCS were 53.5±10.4 years old, postmenopausal (60%), and Hispanic (55%) with a BMI of 33.5±5.5 kg/m2. Post-intervention, EX experienced an increase in ASMI (8.3%; p=0.001), and reductions in CRP (-47.8%; p=0.001) IL-6 (-73.6%; p=0.001) and TNF-∝ (-25.1%; p=0.001). No significant changes were seen in CON (p>0.01). There were significant correlations between ASMI and IL-6 (r=-0.78; p=0.02), CRP (r=-0.91; p=0.01), and TNF-alpha (r=-0.82; p=0.03). CONCLUSIONS: This secondary analysis provides preliminarily evidence to support the relation between changes in skeletal muscle mass and inflammation among BCS, and supports the implementation of exercise to maintain muscle mass during survivorship.

Resistance Exercise With Blood Flow Restriction Under Different Occlusion Pressure On Muscular Performance

PURPOSE: The study compared the effect of low intensity resistance exercise with blood flow restriction (BFR) in the proximal thigh under different occlusion pressure on muscle morphology and function. METHODS: Twenty-seven healthy college students who had no training experience were randomly divided into three groups by different occlusion pressure: 0 mmHg (CON), 120 mmHg (LBFR) and 180 mmHg (HBFR). Before and after 12 weeks training with an inflatable cuff (20% 1RM, half squat, 4 sets, 75 repetitions in total, 3 days a week) in three groups, the muscle thickness (MT) of rectus femoris and medius femoris were assessed by ultrasound for all subjects. The maximal isokinetic torque (ITmax), relative maximal isokinetic torque(R-ITmax) and maximal power (Pmax) were measured at angular velocities of 60°/sec by ISOMED 2000 System in dominant low limb of all subjects. RESULTS: The MT of rectus femoris and medius femoris in LBFR increased after training compared with pre-training (2.12±0.22 vs. 1.99±0.16 cm and 2.01±0.09 vs. 1.82±0.15 cm, p<0.05), as well as in HBFR (2.15±0.16 vs. 1.95±0.19 cm and 2.02±0.19 vs. 1.86±0.14 cm, p<0.01). The ITmax after training were higher than pre-training not only in LBFR (213.00±26.04 vs. 204.56±29.16 Nm, p<0.01), but also in HBFR (217.00±20.13 vs. 190.33±15.71Nm, p<0.01). A significant increase in R-ITmax was noted in LBFR than pre-training (2.87±0.35 vs. 2.74±0.38 Nm/kg, p<0.01), and also in HBFR (2.94±0.26 vs. 2.57±0.20 Nm/kg, p<0.01 ). However, there was no significant increase in Pmax after training in LBFR (124.78±18.93 vs. 119.89±13.32W, p>0.05) or HBFR (122.56±16.44 vs. 120.26±17.43W, p>0.05). There was no significant change in MT, ITmax, R-ITmax and Pmax before and after training in CON (p>0.05). Besides, the MT, ITmax and R-ITmax in LBFR and HBFR had a significant change compared with CON respectively after training (p<0.05). There was no any significant difference in the MT, ITmax, R-ITmax, Pmax between LBFR and HBFR after training (p>0.05). CONCLUSION: BFR training protocols under 120mmHg or 180mmHg pressure are effective in improving muscular morphology and function. But the higher occlusion pressure may not have more benefit in improving muscular performance than the lower occlusion pressure.