Abstract
Frailty is the major expression of accelerated aging and describes a decreased resistance to stressors, and consequently an increased vulnerability to additional diseases in elderly people. The vascular aging related to frail phenotype reflects the high susceptibility for cardiovascular diseases and negative postoperative outcomes after cardiac surgery. Sarcopenia can be considered a biological substrate of physical frailty. Malnutrition and physical inactivity play a key role in the pathogenesis of sarcopenia. We searched on Medline (PubMed) and Scopus for relevant literature published over the last 10 years and analyzed the strong correlation between frailty, sarcopenia and cardiovascular diseases in elderly patient. In our opinion, a right food intake and moderate intensity resistance exercise are mandatory in order to better prepare patients undergoing cardiac operation.
Highlights
The concept of frailty was first evidenced in the 1979 [1] and entered in the common medical language, thanks to recognized value in predicting the risk to many chronic diseases in old population, evidencing the marked differences in the two sexes, with respect to the traditional risk factors for these diseases, and in facilitating the increase of health age-related deficits
Sarcopenia can be considered a biological substrate of physical frailty [6]
Malnutrition plays a key role in the pathogenesis of sarcopenia and frailty
Summary
The concept of frailty was first evidenced in the 1979 [1] and entered in the common medical language, thanks to recognized value in predicting the risk to many chronic diseases in old population, evidencing the marked differences in the two sexes (especially in female people), with respect to the traditional risk factors for these diseases, and in facilitating (or precisely quantifying) the increase of health age-related deficits. Its definition remains uncertain, three researchers have advanced some major proposals: (1) Fried [2] defines frailty as the process that decreases the physiological reserves and results in a major vulnerability to stressors (pathologies, surgery); (2) Rockwood [3] describes it as the result of the presence of adverse variables in old people, including those of cardiovascular nature (i.e., hypertension, heart attack and arrhythmia); (3) Gobbens [4] suggests that damages in the psychosocial sphere of an individual cause some adverse effects to the health. Advances in the field propose frailty as major phenotype of accelerated aging characterized by a multiorgan dysfunction and/or significantly associated with an increased vulnerability to diverse diseases (multimorbidity) in elderly people [5]. We proposed a right food intake in order to better prepare patients undergoing cardiac surgery
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