Intensity Of Decay Research Articles

Ураження зубів карієсом у дітей, які проживають на територіях із різним екологічним забрудненням

Studies show that the morbidity of children on caries of the teeth is regional and depends on a number of factors, both local and general. Volyn region is characterized by separate territories exposed to radioactive loading, man-made pollution and relatively clean territories. At the same time, the dental morbidity of children in the region is not suffi ciently highlighted.The aim of the study – to assess the dental caries infrequency in children living in areas with different ecological contamination.Materials and Methods. This publication presents the results of a stomatological examination of 918 children of the Volyn region. Among the surveyed were 611 children living on the territory affected by radioactive contamination due to the accident at the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant (Liubeshiv and Manevychi) and 307 children living on the territory of man-caused loading due to coal emissions (Novovolynsk). The examinations were conducted in age groups 7, 12, 15 years in accordance with WHO guidelines for epidemiological studies. The teeth were damaged by caries according to the following indices: prevalence of caries of teeth (in %), caries intensity according to KFR indices (K - caries, F - fi lled, R - removed tooth).Results and Discussion. The prevalence of dental caries among children of radioactive contaminated areas of Manevychi and Liubeshov is, on average, (86.91±1.95) % and (87.58±1.89) %, and Novovolynsk (93.14±1.45) %, which is a rather high indicator, according to WHO criteria. The analysis of KFR indices showed that the intensity of tooth decay by caries of children of Novovolynsk is (4.60±2.60) tooth, which is signifi cantly lower in relation to children from radiation-contaminated areas (mean KFR=(5.36±3.77) tooth and (4.78±3.42) tooth respectively).Conclusions. The obtained results of tooth decay by caries show insuffi cient level and untimely oral sanitation, and the absence of preventive measures.

Life Breaks In

This essay takes as its framework the concept of entropy, a thermodynamic principle which describes the degree of disorder in a system. As entropy is always increasing, so is the intensity of destruction, decay and chaos in the systems of the modernist text. The essay uncovers the entropic compulsions implicit in Joseph Conrad’s The Secret Agent, and Virginia Woolf’s high-modernist work Mrs Dalloway, using theory and criticism from Georg Simmel to J. Hillis Miller. Some of the traditional aesthetic features of literary modernism – epistemological crises, temporal distortion, and the trauma of industrial modernity – are considered in terms of the advancing thermodynamic theory of the fin-de-siècle. Such theoretical scientific innovation is shown to permeate individual and collective consciousness in the literature of the period. The essay posits the presence of an entropic modernist textuality; vibrations beneath the surface which denote a gradual decline into total disorder.

Stratigraphy, petrophysical characterization and 3D geological modelling of the historical quarry of Nueva Tabarca island (western Mediterranean): Implications on heritage conservation

The historical quarry of the Nueva Tabarca fortress (Mediterranean Sea, SE of Spain) was developed in a complex sedimentary Miocene deposit. Five lithostratigraphic units have been defined, including different lithologies such as breccias and microconglomerates (Unit 1), massive and laminated lithoarenites (Units 1, 3 and 5), calcarenites and biocalcirudites (Units 2 and 4). A complete stratigraphic description of this sequence has been carried out, as well as the petrophysical characterization of the most significant lithologies including the analysis of rock durability as well as hydraulic and mechanical properties. Regarding durability, the softest rocks correspond to those from the Unit 4, whilst samples from Units 2 and 5 are the most durable. Three weathering patterns were observed during the artificial ageing test according to both the velocity and intensity of the sample decay. Each pattern is explained according to water-circulation possibility through the rock, its porous system, and the mechanical strength. Rock weathering in monuments of Nueva Tabarca is quantified and discussed according to the results found in the laboratory. Several decay forms are observed in the building stones (mainly differential erosion, alveolization, and rounding forms). Both 3D photogrammetric and 3D geological model of the historical quarry were elaborated in order to quantify the extracted volume of building stones, differentiating the specific quarried percentage of each lithology. Correlation between the results obtained in the volumetric analysis of the historical quarry and the building stones used in the monuments has been carried out. 3D models were also used for determining the remaining rock volume in the current outcrops. Finally, a set of recommendations for future conservation works of the architectural heritage are proposed after the current availability of the different rock varieties and their petrophysical behaviour.

Особливості перебігу карієсу зубів у дітей із захворюваннями шлунково-кишкового тракту

The chronic diseases of the gastrointestinal tract and frequent exasperation may lead to decreased metabolism and immunologic reactivity that assists to development of tooth decay. The research aim was to study the indexes of prevalence and intensity of tooth decay for children with the diseases of gastrointestinal tract. For the decision of the goаl of the work were inspected 357 children 6‒15 years–old. As a result of undertaken studies there was found that high prevalence (84.31±1.93.%) and intensity (8.96±0.15 tooth) of caries was determined in children with the gastrointestinal tract diseases, with the expressed tendency to complications, with predominating of the subcompensated and decompensated forms of caries that made progress with the increase of age of this group of patients.

The effects of ion temperature on the energy spectra of T + T → 2n + α reaction products

The effects of ion temperature on the energy spectra of products of the T + T → 2n + α reaction are modelled and analysed. A model is derived by assuming that the spectra in the centre of mass (CM) frame for a given reaction energy are known. The model is then applied to two different sets of data for the energy spectra in the CM frame. In both cases, it is shown that varying the ion temperature causes significant changes in the shapes of the n and α spectra. For the n spectrum, the apparent intensity of sequential decay through the ground state of 5He decreases with increasing temperature. For the α spectrum, the sharp edge in the CM frame spectrum near 3.75 MeV caused by the dineutron reaction channel results in a thermally broadened spectrum with a high-energy tail at energies > 4 MeV. Knowledge of such features may help to interpret data from experiments designed to investigate the T + T reaction at low reaction energies.

Influence of inorganic ions and selected emerging contaminants on the degradation of Methylparaben: A sonochemical approach

The study on the possible pathway of hydroxyl radicals mediated sonolytic degradation of paraben in water is reported. Methylparaben (MPB) which is the most utilized of paraben family is selected as a model emerging pollutant. The influence of common anions and some selected emerging contaminants that may coexist in typical water matrix on the degradation pattern is analyzed alongside. Among the anions, carbonate presents a negative influence which is attributed to the competition for OH radical. Some emerging contaminants also showed negative impact on degradation as was clear from HPLC data. The intermediates, analyzed by LC–Q-TOF–MS include hydroxylated and hydrolytic products. Three major steps (aromatic hydroxylation, hydroxylation at the ester chain and hydrolysis) are proposed to involve in the reaction of OH radical with MPB which ultimately leads to mineralization. The intensity of formation and decay of mono and dihydroxy products of MPB in the presence of additives have also been evaluated. COD analysis indicates a percentage reduction of 98% at 90min of sonolysis and further increase in the degradation time resulted complete mineralization, which became evident from the mass spectrometric data. MTT assay revealed considerable decrease in the potential cytotoxicity.

The impact of antiepileptic drugs on the condition of the oral cavity in children and youth affected with epilepsy

Abstract Introduction. Epilepsy is one of the most common neurological disorders. Epileptic patients taking antiepileptic pharmaceuticals often suffer from hypertrophic changes in gums. It is well established that dental hypertrophies within the alveolar tissue appear more often in children and young people being treated for epilepsy than adults. Aim. The aim of the study was to determine the influence of antiepileptic drug therapy on the oral cavity of both children and young people suffering from epilepsy. Material and methods. The investigation consisted of a clinical examination and a questionnaire looking at 107 individuals of both sexes, all aged between 6 and 18. They were all residents of the Lublin region. The study looked at the individuals residing in the Social Care Center in Lublin and patients treated at the Children’s Clinical Hospital in Lublin. The oral analysis included an examination of hard tissues, the state of oral hygiene according to Green and Vermillion (OHI-S), periodontal treatment needs (CPITN), status of gums and mucosal membrane pathological assessment of the oral cavity and determination of developmental disturbances of teeth (intensity of tooth decay expressed as DMFt). Results. The patients who took antiepileptic drugs had greater treatment needs in tissues of periodontium - determined by the value of CPITN index - (1.68±0.60), unlike those subjects who had not taken any medicine (0.96±0.29), (p=0.0001; Z=-3.20). It was stated that the value of the DMFt index had been significantly higher in those subjects who had been taking antiepileptic medicines (6.80±5.16), unlike the subjects not taking medicine (4.65±3.72), (p=0.02; Z=2.40). In subjects taking antiepileptic drugs, the OHI-S index was significantly higher (2.50) unlike those subjects who had not taken any medicine (1.53), (p=0.0001; Z=4.92). Conclusions. The findings demonstrate that the hard dental tissues in children taking antiepileptic drugs require much more care. They have a higher simplified index of oral hygiene and higher index for periodontal treatment needs. Disturbances related to oral mucosal cavity and dental abnormalities occurred more frequently in children ingesting antiepileptic agents

Extratropical cyclone climatology across eastern Canada

ABSTRACTExtratropical cyclone (ETC) tracks across eastern Canada are examined by applying a Lagrangian tracking algorithm to the lower‐tropospheric relative vorticity field of reanalysis data. Both the seasonal cycle and the interannual variability of ETCs are quantified in terms of overall cyclone frequency, intensity, and regions of development and decay. We find that ETCs travelling to eastern Canada tend to develop over the Rockies, the Great Lakes and the US East Coast. The ETCs are most intense over Newfoundland and the North Atlantic Ocean, confirming previous findings. While ETCs at cities along the Atlantic coastline (e.g. St. John's) are dominated by East Coast cyclones (which are intense in winter), those inland (e.g. Toronto) track primarily from the Great Lakes. ETCs that develop over the Gulf of Mexico affect eastern Canada infrequently, but those that do tend to be intense. The interannual variability of the wintertime ETCs is influenced by the El Niño‐Southern Oscillation (ENSO). Significant ENSO‐related variability is found over most regions of southern Canada, except on the east coast. Although ETCs at Toronto are significantly modulated by ENSO, no visible changes are found at St. John's. These ENSO‐related ETC changes are mostly due to the shifts in ETC development regions, with minor changes in the travelling direction of ETCs.

Thirty years of evolution of oral health behaviours and dental caries in urban and rural areas in Poland.

34 years ago, children living in rural areas had almost 2 more teeth affected by decay than those living in cities. Environmental differences are being reduced along with Poland's civilization development. The aim of the study is to assess the extent to which the differences in the intensity of caries and oral health behaviours between the urban rural environment have been reduced have been reduced in the past 3 decades. The data from 9 national surveys of 14,338 children aged 12 years and 5,425 adults aged 35-44 who lived in the city and in the countryside were analysed. Mean number of decayed (D), missing (M) and filled (F) teeth (DMFT) was determined during the examination, as well as oral health behaviours. During the past 3 decades, in the statistical 12-year-old Polish child, tooth decay has been reduced from 7.3 to 3.6 teeth, and the environmental difference between the town and village children is now almost 5 times smaller. A similar trend is observed in children's dental behaviours. Improving the oral health status and levelling of the environmental differences in the population aged 35-44 is much slower than in children. In the last three decades, the level of tooth decay has been reduced by half, but it is still 3 times higher than in other European countries. Environmental differences have been reduced particularly in children. Both the oral health status and urban/rural environment differences in the intensity of tooth decay may be regarded as one of the many measures of Poland's social and civilization development. However, the analysed process is not monotonic; instead, it has some turning points.

Instrument timbre and trait attribution.

An instrument's timbre is one of the determining factors in the decision to play it. Previous studies have shown gender stereotypes of certain instruments, and personality differences among musicians playing specific instruments. The present study was conducted with 2 aims: first, to examine whether nonmusicians hold the same stereotypes of instrumentalists as musicians; second, to examine whether hearing a melody in different instrumental timbres influences trait attribution to the assumed performers. To examine the first question, 26 nonmusicians and 22 musicians (control groups) rated flautists, trumpet players, and violinists on a list of 10 personality traits. Nonmusicians rated trumpet players as less introverted and sensitive than flautists and violinists. Musicians rated trumpet players as tougher than flautists and violinists, and violinists were rated as more egocentric than trumpet players or flautists. In the second phase, 80 participants (experimental groups) rated fictional musicians after hearing the same melody played in the 3 timbres, presented in different orders. Results show that trumpet timbre led to significantly different attributions from flute or violin. Trumpet players were generally rated more extraverted, friendly, tough, and assertive, and less introverted, anxious, sensitive, and shy. Finally, comparisons between control and experimental groups showed significant differences in ratings. Results demonstrate the strong effect of hearing instruments' timbre on trait attribution. However, these effects were different for the different instruments. Whereas nonmusicians do not hold the same stereotypes of instrumentalists as musicians, hearing a melody in the 3 different timbres led to ratings in the direction of gender stereotypes.Keywords: timbre, personality, musical instrument, nonmusiciansTimbre is the attribute of sound that allows the perceptual distinction between different instruments playing the same pitch at the same loudness level. Studies on timbre perception have mostly concentrated on the physical parameters of sound, such as the number and intensity of overtones, or attack and decay, for the recognition of musical instruments (Handel & Erickson, 2004; Iverson, 1995; Iverson & Krumhansl, 1993; Lakatos, 2000; Schel- lenberg, Iverson, & McKinnon, 1999). The present study sought to examine another effect of timbre: its association with personality traits. Previous studies have shown that voice timbre influences likability ratings and is related to personality traits (Spasova, 2011; Weiss & Burkhardt, 2010). The aim of the study was to examine a similar effect with musical instruments. Would the same melody, played in different instrument timbres, influence the attribution of personality traits to the performing musicians in nonmusicians?Sensitivity to timbre is evident from infancy, and children as young as 2 months are able to distinguish between various instru- ments (McDonald & Simons, 1989; Trehub, Endman, & Thorpe, 1990). As children grow older, the sound and feel of different instruments become an important aspect in determining their at- traction to specific musical instruments, and to some degree pre- dicts future involvement with the same instrument (Abeles, 2009; Conway, 2000; Cutietta & Mercadoocasio, 2003; Delzell & Lep- pla, 1992; Fortney, Boyle, & DeCarbo, 1993; Gordon, 1991).The connotations evoked by different instruments' sound qual- ities lead to the endowing of personality traits to the instrument, or the person playing it (Kemp, 1996). The association between an instrument's sound and gender is one important aspect of this phenomenon. Certain instruments, such as drums, bass, tuba, sax- ophone, trumpet, or guitar, are considered more masculine, while others, such as harp, flute, violin, and piano, are seen as more feminine (Abeles, 2009; Cramer, Million, & Perrault, 2002; Gris- wold & Chroback, 1981; S. …

Multiple Auger Decay at Resonant Photo-Excitation in Carbon Thin Films

We use resonant photoemission at the C1s edge to study the electronic structure of HOPG, graphene flakes and monolayer graphene. We find remarkable differences in the profile of the Auger decay channels, which we attribute to an additional multiple-Auger with a three-hole final state. A prerequisite for the appearance of this decay mechanism is the existence of localized excitonic states, which cause the appearance of the multiple Auger decay. We use those effects to identify the existence and the quantity of such defect states within the p*-band regime in carbon thin films, because the intensity of the three-hole Auger decay is varying with the defect density of the carbon films. We find that the appearance of the multiple Auger decay is different for multilayer and monolayer graphene. In particular the interaction of impurities leads to broadening of the C1s core levels. The three-hole Auger decay spectroscopy is a new method to detect such contaminations with a high sensitivity.

Over-mature beech trees (Fagus orientalis Lipsky) and close-to-nature forestry in northern Iran

Oriental Beech is the most important commercial tree species in northern Iran. In recent years wood production companies interested in felling large beech trees for profit have challenged advocates of close-to-nature silviculture who favor conservation. Our study objective was to assess the economic value of over-mature beech trees by relating tree diameter (DBH) to amount of decay. Based on the location of onset of decay, we categorized three types of decay as stump, stem, and crown decay. Trees of greater diameter (age) typically showed greater decay in the stem. Percent of decayed volume, diameter of decayed tissue, and length of decay in tree stems varied between 0.5%–64.3%, 15 cm–75 cm, and 2.0–19.5 m, respectively. With increasing trunk diameter, the proportion of truck decay increased. Red heart and dark red heart constituted 25% and 14.3% of sampled trees, respectively. However, we found no correlation between intensity of stem decay and morphological characteristics of trees. Seedlings were not abundant around the bases of over-mature trees, suggesting that the trees did not contribute to regeneration of the stand. Beech trees of diameter >1 m do not provide valuable round wood for industries and cause to raise wood production costs. We recommend that these trees >1 m DBH should be retained in forest stands because of their low commercial value but high ecological and conservational values such as maintaining biodiversity in forest ecosystems.

On some properties of cascade processes with random intensity

By the example of the asymptotically free theory λϕ63 with random constant λ, the process of cascade multiplication of particles with random intensity of elementary decay is considered. The dependence of the characteristics of the cascade particle multiplicity distribution on the parameters of the probabilistic distribution over the elementary decay intensity is studied.

Effect of decomposition intensity of incorporated chickpea manure on stability and saturated hydraulic conductivity of a clay loam and clay soil

The role of organic matter (OM) in soil aggregation and saturated hydraulic conductivity (Ksat) has long been recognised but their depedence on the intensity of decay is less studied. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of decomposition intensity of incorporated chickpea manure on soil aggregate stability and Ksat. Samples of a clay loam and clay soil were collected from the top 15 cm layer and amended with chickpea green or mature dry manure and incubated at 30°C and ~60% water holding capacity. Decomposition intensity was determined by measuring CO2 evolution using NaOH traps, aggregate stability by wet sieving and Ksat by the constant head method. All determinations were made 3, 7 and 30 days after incubation and the data analysed following the general linear model for a 2 × 3 × 3 factorial in randomised complete block design. Evolution of CO2 in both soils and manure was highest on day 7 compared to day 3 and 30. In both soils >60% of the soil aggregates were macroaggregates >0.5 mm but the relative proportion of microaggregates <0.5 mm increased from ~10 to ~20% in the control and to ~15% in the amended cay loam soil in the day 30 treatments.Decomposition intensity was increased by incorporating chickpea manure which resulted in improved soil aggregate stability and Ksat especially in soil with low clay content. CO2which is a simple product of decomposition may be used as a rapid indicator of soil aggregate stability and water movement in agricultural soils. Key words: Green manure, organic matter, aggregate stability, chickpea, incubation, soil texture.

Physicochemistry of the surface of and exoemission from magnesium oxide

To optimize the processes of obtaining MgO with the highest possible exoemission intensity and time of decay, the influence of dehydration conditions and the subsequent adsorption of active gases (H2, O2, and H2O vapor) on its parameters was investigated. The nature of adsorption centers and exoemission is discussed, based on the results obtained using the latest literature data on dehydration processes, as are the formation of defects on the MgO surface (coloring centers) and their interaction with hydrogen and oxygen. Due to the introduction of exoemissionally active MgO in the manufacturing of plasma displays, the literature data dealing with the exposure of extremely active grains of oxide monocrystals containing exoemission centers (OH-groups) are examined.

Photostimulated exoemission from the surface of magnesia

Photostimulated exoemission (PSE) from magnesia was studied along with the effect of the adsorption of active gases (H2, O2, CO2, and water vapors) on the intensity and kinetics of the emission decay. Based on the literature data, it was shown that PSE was excited from the local surface centers including a pair of low-coordinated ions Mg1c2+-O1c2− and Vs hole centers, which were also active centers of photosorption and photocatalytic oxidation of methane and some other hydrocarbons.

WE-C-210A-03: Recent Advances in Quantitative MR Spectroscopy

In vivo magnetic resonancespectroscopy (MRS) based on protons (1H) but also on phosphorous (31P) or carbon (13C) nuclei aims at noninvasive determination of tissue concentrations of various metabolites and compounds in animals or humans. It therefore enables metabolism to be investigated in vivo and pathological as well as drug or exercise induced changes of the metabolism to be detected. For its use for clinical diagnostics as well as for physiological studies precise quantification of the metabolite concentration is indispensable. Quantitative MRS relies on the fact that the intensity of the free induction decay in the time domain as well as the area underneath a resonance line in the frequency domain are proportional to the number of spins that contribute to the signal and hence also to the tissue concentration of the respective metabolite. Advanced line fitting approaches have been introduced that resolve overlapping resonance lines using prior knowledge of the contributing spin systems and included baseline models and thus enable a precise determination of the intensity of resonance lines. However, additional factors such as volume size, T1 and T2relaxation times, transmit and receive homogeneity or temperature influence the quantification results and need to be corrected for. In addition a reliable reference standard has to be used to convert signal intensities into tissue concentrations in mM. Last but not least statistical measures such as Cramer‐Rao lower bounds (CRLB) or correlation matrices along with the inspection of the spectrum for artifacts can give information about the reliability of the obtained quantification results. After briefly reviewing the basic principle in vivo MRspectroscopy is based on, the current lecture gives an overview about state of the art line fitting approaches, discusses influence factors, possible reference standards and ways to evaluate quantification results. Practical examples are given to illustrate theory and recent developments in quantitative in vivo MRS such as electric reference to assess in vivo concentrations (ERETIC), 2‐dimensional prior knowledge fitting (ProFit) and quantitative metabolite mapping at 7T (FIDLOVS) are included. Learning Objectives: ‐ review basic principles of in vivo MRspectroscopy ‐ understand state of the art fitting methods for in vivo MRspectroscopy ‐ understand which additional factors influence the quantification results ‐ understand how to use reference standards to translate areas into tissue concentrations ‐ understand how to evaluate the quantification precision and reliability

Electron Transfer in Oligothiophene-Bridged Bisporphyrins

Oligothiophene-bridged zinc-tin bisporphyrinates were synthesized. Their absorption spectra have been analyzed in terms of exciton interaction and porphyrin-bridge coupling by through-bond interaction and the steady-state fluorescence spectra in terms of differential Stokes shifts for the electron-donating zinc and the electron-accepting tin porphyrinates. Strong quenching of the fluorescence intensity and acceleration of the fluorescence decay as compared to porphyrinate monomers (ZnTPP, SnTPP) were observed. Both phenomena were traced back to light-induced electron transfer by the occurrence of ion pair absorption bands in picosecond transient absorption spectra. Similar absorption spectra of both chromophores caused always simultaneous excitation and, consequently, two concurrent photoreactions. Combined evaluation of the time-dependent absorption and fluorescence data allowed the estimation of rates for the electron transfer reactions. The found dependence on the separation distance was much smaller than for donor-acceptor systems with saturated spacers. A damping factor of 0.05 was calculated for the charge separation proceeding from the excited state of the zinc porphyrin. The polarity of the solvent had a profound influence on the transfer rates. The charge recombination was 300 times faster in polar tetrahydrofuran than in nonpolar toluene.

Effects of secondary ligand and excitation on the thermally induced and photoinduced valence tautomerism semiquinonate – catecholate

Twelve mixed cobalt dioxolene complexes with various amines or pyridyl secondary ligands were prepared and characterized, two of which exhibit thermal valence tautomeric phase transitions. When these two complexes are excited in situ with a nanosecond Nd:YAG source (532nm) at 10K, the magnetization of their low temperature phases exhibits a combination of heating and photoexcitation effects. Time-dependence on the applied temperature and laser intensity of the thermal decay, concentration saturation and equilibration effects was observed for the photoinduced phase. It is concluded that laser heating effects should be explicitly accounted for when studying the low-temperature photoinduced valence tautomerism.

Water flow through wooden foundation piles: A preliminary study

The process of bacterial wood degradation is not yet fully understood. From recent studies on foundation piles the assumption arose that water flow through wooden piles could be of crucial importance in explaining the intensity and velocity of bacterial decay. In a laboratory experiment we investigated the amount of water that passes through 300-mm-long fresh-cut stems of pine, spruce, larch, Douglas fir, alder, and oak over certain time intervals. The water pathways were traced by using a copper sulphate solution that was stained subsequently. A second laboratory experiment whereby different pressures were applied to the water was performed on spruce and pine only. In addition to axial water flow, radial water flow was also investigated. The results indicated striking differences between the six species. Douglas fir and larch proved to be almost impermeable, whereas huge variations between piles occurred in the other, more permeable species, namely in pine. In general, it became obvious that species that are known to be more susceptible to bacterial decay, such as alder, oak, and especially pine, appeared to be most permeable to water. The second experiment showed that axial water flow through pine and spruce is much—up to 100 times—faster than radial flow. By increasing the pressure in eight steps, up to 185 hPa, water flow increased linearly in both pine and spruce. The results of the two water-flow experiments are discussed in relation to observed patterns in bacterial degradation in the six species, with particular focus on spruce and pine, the most prominent species used in foundation piles. As water flow through foundation piles is strongly related to site hydrology, the impact of site hydrology on pile degradation is also discussed.