Intense Relationship Research Articles

A new insight into largely defocused HAADF-STEM imaging and visualization of strain field

A crystalline bilayer specimen with a semi-coherent interface can generate moiré fringes in the high-angle annular-dark field scanning transmission electron microscopy (HAADF-STEM) imaging. Moreover, when the probe is significantly defocused, this specimen can produce largely defocused probe (LDP)-STEM patterns. Although the electron channeling effect serves as the fundamental principles for HAADF-STEM imaging, its connection to the emergence of LDP-STEM patterns remains unclear. The missing link lies in identifying the location of the imaged region. To address this issue, we examined the strain field in three-dimensional space and its interaction with the convergent electron beam, taking the PbZrO3/SrTiO3 (PZO/STO) heterostructure as an example. We discovered a new intensity relationship for LDP-STEM patterns in the PZO/STO heterostructure, which can be well explained by our theory. We also found that, generated by imaging the strain zone, these patterns revealed information that might be obscured in traditional high resolution STEM images, showing a unique advantage in characterizing the strain field. Furthermore, we provided discussions on visualizing the strain field, including the misfit dislocation network and array. Our research offers a novel perspective on the LDP-STEM imaging and clarifies the approach to characterizing the strain field.

Grating-Integrated Gold Nanograsses Encapsulated with ZIF-8: A Quantitative and Ultrasensitive Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering Substrate.

We proposed and demonstrated highly sensitive hybrid surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) substrates, which are grating-integrated gold nanograsses (GIGN) that are tip-selectively encapsulated by ZIF-8 nanospheres (GIGN/tip-ZIF). This unique structure is realized through the tip-selective modification of GIGN by polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP), and then, the tips of the GIGN were encapsulated by ZIF-8 nanospheres. The ZIF-8 nanospheres can adsorb analyte molecules, resulting in the spatial overlap between the analyte molecules and the "hotspots" on the tips of GIGN. Such a unique GIGN/tip-ZIF hybrid SERS substrate exhibits high sensitivity and quantitative detection ability. The detection limits can reach as low as 10-11 M, and the relative standard deviation is 5.59% for 4-aminothiophenol (4-ATP). In a wide range of concentrations from 10-5 to 10-11 M, the SERS intensity and concentration relationship can be fitted as a sigmoidal curve with R2 = 0.988. These indicate that the GIGN/tip-ZIF hybrid SERS substrates have broad applications in detecting toxic and harmful substances in food safety, disease diagnosis, and environmental monitoring.

Effects of Planarization of the Triphenylamine Unit on the Electronic and Transport Properties of Triarylamine-Fluorene Copolymers in Both Doped and Undoped Forms.

Triarylamine-alt-fluorene (TAF) copolymers are widely used for hole injection and transport in organic electronics. Despite suggestions to planarize the triphenylamine moiety, little research has been conducted. Here, we report a comprehensive investigation of the effects of planarization on the electronic and transport properties of a model TAF polymer semiconductor core. We compared the conventional twisted-propeller N-4-methoxyphenyl-N,N-diphenylamine-4',4″-diyl (TA) unit and its planarized bridged analogue (bTA) where adjacent o,o'-positions are linked by 1,1-dimethylmethylene. We studied both polyelectrolyte and non-polyelectrolyte forms of this core in both doped and undoped states. We found that planarization leads to an unprecedented trap-free transport of holes, and a pronounced enhancement of their mobility in the undoped state though less so in the doped state. Planarization also induces a slight reduction in the ionization energy of the undoped polymer, consequently lowering the work function of the doped polymer. This is accompanied by small spectral shifts: a red shift in the first absorption band of the undoped polymer and a blue shift in the first absorption band of the polaron. Furthermore, this study unveils new fundamental features of TAF polymers: (i) Doping induces the formation of three polaron bands within the subgap. (ii) Absorption of both neutral and polaron segments exhibit a linear intensity relationship with doping level. (iii) Electrical conductivity reaches a maximum at the half-doped state, varying as σ ∼ (x (1 - x))3 for 0.1 ≲ x ≲ 0.9, where x is the doping level. Finally, we demonstrate the successful integration of these self-compensated hole-doped TAF polymers as efficient hole injection layers in organic semiconductor diodes.

COVID-19 stress, Facebook use intensity and coping strategies of Filipino students: an analysis of data collected during a pandemic

The COVID-19 pandemic has been associated with significant levels of stress worldwide. For students, certain levels of distress due to the uncertainties of the pandemic, leading to the use of online resources and social media for information, entertainment and social connection. As there is evidence that show both positive and detrimental effects of social media, clarifying its relationship with COVID-19 stress is essential. Furthermore, coping styles, which incorporate the means by which individuals respond to stress, may alter such a relationship given the plethora of reasons of using social media intensely. Hence, this study explored the relationship between COVID-19 stress and Facebook use intensity among college students in relation to the Differential Susceptibility to Media Effects Model (Valkenburg and Peter in J Commun 63(2):221 243, 2013). The regression analysis of responses from 220 college students indicated a strong positive relationship. Furthermore, a moderation analysis showed that Approach and Avoidant coping styles, when taken on their own, do not significantly moderate the relationship. However, the interaction of both coping styles significantly moderates the relationship of COVID-19 Stress and Facebook intensity. This confirms the contention that since social media use is highly subjective on an individual’s motives, coping through social media use also involves a combination of different types of coping.

Python Indian Weather Radar Toolkit (pyiwr): An open-source Python library for processing, analyzing and visualizing weather radar data

The Python Indian Weather Radar Toolkit, abbreviated as "pyiwr", is an open-source Python library tailored for the purpose of handling data from the Indian Doppler Weather Radar (DWR). This paper provides a comprehensive overview of the pyiwr, which serves as a toolkit to read, analyze, process, and visualize weather radar data. Apart from this, the toolkit offers a range of robust functions implementing various algorithms covering several aspects of the radar data processing and quality control that facilitate the manipulation and analysis of weather radar data. To demonstrate the practical applicability of pyiwr, various case studies are presented, focusing on processing raw reflectivity data (clutter correction), Quantitative Precipitation Estimation (QPE) using Z-R relationship and time-series analysis of reflectivity and rain intensity, both spatially as well as at a specific location, during various meteorological events. This module enhances the accessibility and compatibility of radar data, enabling researchers, weather forecasters, and hydrologists to efficiently work with DWR data (particularly Indian DWR) that fosters advancements in weather radar research and applications. The open availability of pyiwr's source code on GitHub ensures that researchers and practitioners can not only access the toolkit but also contribute to its ongoing development.

Gastrointestinal parasitic helminths of bats from a cave in Luzon Island, Philippines.

Bats are often associated with several zoonotic diseases, including helminth infections. Despite their potential detrimental effects on both human and bat populations, information on helminth parasites of Philippine bats remains scarce. Here, we identify gastrointestinal helminths parasitizing bats collected from a cave complex in Cavinti, Laguna Province, Philippines, determine their prevalence (P) and mean intensity (MI), and investigate relationship of helminth prevalence and intensity with bat host characteristics including sex, diet, age, and roosting habit. We isolated 581 individuals of helminths representing six taxa (three trematodes, two nematodes, one cestode) from the gastrointestinal tract of sampled bats. Helminths were observed in 82 out of 172 bats captured (P = 47.67%), with Miniopteruspaululus having the highest infection rate (P = 91.3%) and highest MI (18 ± 4.5/infected bat). Helminths parasitizing endemic bat species from the Philippines, such as Rhinolophus rufus, Rhinolophus inops, Hipposideros pygmaeus, and Ptenochirus jagori were reported here for the first time. We provide new host records for other helminth species and report the presence of two parasites, Plagiorchis sp. and Toxocara sp., known for their zoonotic potential. These data will contribute to efforts in identifying parasites and diseases harbored by bats in the country and develop additional conservation measures for bats.

A Long-Term Power Supply Risk Evaluation Method for China Regional Power System Based on Probabilistic Production Simulation

To qualify the risk of extreme weather events for power supply security during the long-term power system transformation process, this paper proposes a risk probability evaluation method based on probabilistic production simulation. Firstly, the internal relationship of extreme weather intensity and duration is depicted using the copula function, and the influences of extreme weather on power security are described using the guaranteed power output ability coefficient, which can provide the extreme scenario basis for probabilistic production simulation. Then, a probabilistic production simulation method is proposed, which includes a typical-year scenario and extreme weather events. Meanwhile, an index system is proposed to qualify the power security level, which applies the loss of load expectation (LOLE) and time of loss of load expectation (TOLE) under different scenarios and other indices to reveal the long-term power security trend. Finally, the long-term power supply risks for the Yunnan provincial power system are analyzed using the proposed method, validating that the proposed method is capable of characterizing the influences of extreme weather on power security. The security level of different long-term power transformation schemes is evaluated.

Aspects of psychological training of volleyball players of different ages

Background and purpose In the course of many years of training, volleyball athletes face a number of difficulties, such as intense workloads, competition, team relationships, and crisis situations in the athlete's life. Therefore, psychological training should be an integral part of athletes' activities. Objective: to carry out a comparative characterization of psychological preparation of volleyball players of different ages and to give recommendations for improvement of game performance. Material and methods The study involved 15 athletes (aged 13-16 years) and 13 athletes (aged 20-28 years) from Šumperk, Czech Republic. Volleyball players of the Czech club TJ Šumperk. Methods: analysis of scientific literature, questionnaires, method mathematical statistics. Results Based on the analysis, it can be said that psychological preparation in the training and competitive activities of young athletes should differ from adult athletes in many aspects, taking into account the peculiarities of adolescent development. Significant differences were found between the study groups; young athletes have more pronounced individual differences in psychological development, so adolescents need more attention to motivation, confidence, emotional stability, and reaction to stressful situations in the game. The psychological preparation of adult players after a certain game and competitive practice begins to be based on the experience of their own well-being and interaction with teammates. Analyzing the reaction to successes and failures, understanding the emotional state of the players in the team, and the general atmosphere of the team helps to adapt your own behavior to different situations within and outside the team. Conclusions Psychological training plays a key role in creating optimal conditions for effective performance of athletes in volleyball, so the coach needs to take into account the mental state of volleyball players

Estimation of Cost and Income of Onion Production: A Case Study of Ballia District of Eastern Uttar Pradesh, India

The system of India’s economy predominantly depends on agriculture. It is contains attractive good qualities of calories. The present research study on entitled “Estimation of Cost and Income of Onion Production: A Case Study of Ballia District of Eastern Uttar Pradesh This research article focused on the following specific objectives are (1) To work out the cropping intensity, costs-return and input-output relationship of onion cultivation in the district and second objectives (2) To find out the constraints in production of onion confronted by Farmers. Multistage stages sampling technique were used for selection of respondent. Primary data was collected by personal interview methods with the use of pre structured and pre listed schedule questionnaire. Finally 100 farmers were selected randomly from four selected villages. The data were related to the Rabi season in the agriculture cropping year 2021-22. Overall average costs of cultivation of respondent were found per hectare to be Rs. 111493.95. The higher costs of cultivation were observed on medium farms to Rs.118430.40 fallowed by small farms and marginal as Rs.109070.72 and Rs.106980.72 per hectare respectively. Per quintal cost of production and ratio of cost of Input –output analysis were calculated cost A1 toC1, C2 and C3 basis.

A high-robustness radial intensity-orientated mode decomposition with reliable noise elimination

Mode decomposition (MD) provides profound evidence to reveal the internal modal transmission mechanism. However, the indelible noise has always been the main stubborn hindrance in practical MD. In the complex superposition case with a large number of modes, the traditional MD is not capable enough to distinguish the real modal intensity and the annoying noise, sustaining an unacceptable accuracy and fluctuation. This paper proposes a radial intensity-orientated MD (RIO-MD) method with reliable noise elimination. Our approach focuses on the inherent modal radial features in Polar coordinates, getting rid of the traditional two-dimensional image processing in Cartesian ones. The RIO-MD introduces the inherent radial intensity relationship into MD for better extracting mode coefficients. Based on the expectable real radial modal intensity, the RIO-MD enables to recognize and extraction of the three kinds of stubborn noise, including interference pattern noise, device noise, and random noise. The RIO-MD works well in mode decomposition case. The values of correlation coefficients (C) between the experimental and reconstructed image are higher than 93%. The mean square error (MSE) is lower than 3 × 10−3. Both the C and MSE keep stable, with the standard deviation 30 times lower than the other widely used methods, demonstrating the high-robustness of the RIO-MD. Due to the reliable noise recognition, the RIO-MD shows great possibility in mode number expansion.

Stimuli-responsive photoluminescent and structural properties of MIL-53(Al) MOF for sensing applications

Metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) are an intriguing group of porous materials due to their potential influence on the development of indispensable technologies like luminescent sensors and solid-state light devices, luminescent multifunctional nanomaterials. In this research work we explored MIL-53(Al), an exceptional class of MOF that, along with guest adsorption, undergoes structural transitions exhibiting breathing behavior between narrow pore and large pore under temperature and mechanical stress. Therefore, we opted for the time resolved luminescence and FT-Raman spectroscopy to investigate the mechanochromic and thermochromic response of this material under external stimuli. Intriguingly, when subjected to temperature changes, MIL-53(Al) exhibited a ratiometric fluorescence behavior related to the reversible relationship of photoluminescence emission intensity with respect to temperature. Moreover, under higher mechanical stress MIL-53(Al) displayed turn-on behavior in emission intensity, hence offering a thrilling avenue for the application in mechanically deformed-based luminescent sensors and ratiometric fluorescence temperature sensors.

Exploring morphological similarity and randomness in Alzheimer’s disease using adjacent grey matter voxel-based structural analysis

BackgroundAlzheimer’s disease is characterized by large-scale structural changes in a specific pattern. Recent studies developed morphological similarity networks constructed by brain regions similar in structural features to represent brain structural organization. However, few studies have used local morphological properties to explore inter-regional structural similarity in Alzheimer’s disease.MethodsHere, we sourced T1-weighted MRI images of 342 cognitively normal participants and 276 individuals with Alzheimer’s disease from the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative database. The relationships of grey matter intensity between adjacent voxels were defined and converted to the structural pattern indices. We conducted the information-based similarity method to evaluate the structural similarity of structural pattern organization between brain regions. Besides, we examined the structural randomness on brain regions. Finally, the relationship between the structural randomness and cognitive performance of individuals with Alzheimer’s disease was assessed by stepwise regression.ResultsCompared to cognitively normal participants, individuals with Alzheimer’s disease showed significant structural pattern changes in the bilateral posterior cingulate gyrus, hippocampus, and olfactory cortex. Additionally, individuals with Alzheimer’s disease showed that the bilateral insula had decreased inter-regional structural similarity with frontal regions, while the bilateral hippocampus had increased inter-regional structural similarity with temporal and subcortical regions. For the structural randomness, we found significant decreases in the temporal and subcortical areas and significant increases in the occipital and frontal regions. The regression analysis showed that the structural randomness of five brain regions was correlated with the Mini-Mental State Examination scores of individuals with Alzheimer’s disease.ConclusionsOur study suggested that individuals with Alzheimer’s disease alter micro-structural patterns and morphological similarity with the insula and hippocampus. Structural randomness of individuals with Alzheimer’s disease changed in temporal, frontal, and occipital brain regions. Morphological similarity and randomness provide valuable insight into brain structural organization in Alzheimer’s disease.

Smoking Intensity is Associated With Progressive Optic Nerve Head Vessel Density Loss in Glaucoma.

A lifetime history of greater smoking consumption was associated with faster vessel density loss over time. Smoking intensity should be considered when assessing the risk of glaucoma progression, as well as its management. To investigate the relationship of smoking and smoking intensity, with the rate of optic nerve head (ONH) whole image capillary density (wiCD) loss in primary open angle glaucoma (POAG) and glaucoma suspect patients. In this longitudinal study, patients with POAG who had at least 2 years of follow-up and optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) performed at a minimum of 4 visits were selected for study. The smoking intensity was calculated as the pack-year at the baseline OCTA. Univariable and multivariable linear mixed models were used to determine the effect of each parameter on the rates of wiCD loss over time. Nonlinear least-squares estimation with piecewise regression model was used to investigate the cutoff point for the relationship between wiCD loss and smoking intensity. One hundred sixty-four eyes (69 glaucoma suspect and 95 POAG) of 110 patients were included with a mean (95% CI) follow-up of 4.0 (3.9 to 4.1) years. Of the 110 patients, 50 (45.5%) had a reported history of smoking. Greater smoking intensity was associated with faster wiCD loss [-0.11 (-0.23 to 0.00)] %/year per 10 pack-year higher; P =0.048) after adjusting for covariates. The wiCD thinning became significantly faster when smoking intensity was greater than 22.2 pack-years. Smoking had no effect on the rate of wiCD thinning in patients who smoked <22.2 pack-years during their lifetime. A history of greater smoking consumption was associated with faster vessel density loss, suggesting smoking intensity as a potential risk factor for glaucoma.

An estimation method for switching points of multimode spatiotemporal data based on SFSTAR

Various traditional methods, including statistical and spatial map-based approaches, are employed to model spatiotemporal data. However, the lack of explicit descriptions of spatial and temporal dependencies leads to unnecessarily intensive and uninterpretable relationships among the variables. To address this problem, space–time autoregressive moving average (STARMA)-type models that can depict temporal and spatial dependencies in a parametric manner are adopted in this study. However, such models may not be applicable to unlabeled multimode spatiotemporal data. In this study, we propose a switching flexible space–time autoregressive (SFSTAR) model to describe multimode spatiotemporal data. Considering the coupling between the parameter estimation of each mode and determination of the switching points, an estimation method is proposed to identify the mode switching points to partition the multimode data into different segments. First, the proposed estimation method identifies the number of segments by locating the transition regions that enclose the switching points based on the spatiotemporal feature extraction proposed herein. Second, with the estimated number of segments that is actually the number modes and the constraints on the locations of the switching points given by the transition regions, the proposed method jointly estimates the switching points and the SFSTAR model parameters in each mode through Bayesian optimization. The effectiveness of the proposed method is evaluated using a numerical example and a fiber optic temperature measurement dataset.

New Measurement in the Diagnosis of Critical Illness Myopathy: Stimulus Intensity and Compound Muscle Action Potential Duration Relationship (P1-11.013)

New Measurement in the Diagnosis of Critical Illness Myopathy: Stimulus Intensity and Compound Muscle Action Potential Duration Relationship (P1-11.013)

A research on the effect of plasma spectrum collection device on LIBS spectral intensity

Only a small amount of spectral information is collected because the collection solid angle of the optical fiber probe and lens is very limited when collecting spectral information. To overcome this limitation, this study presents a novel method for acquiring plasma spectral information from various spatial directions. A parabolic-shaped plasma spectral collection device (PSCD) is employed to effectively collect more spectral information into the spectrometer, thereby enhancing the overall spectral intensity. The research objects in this study were soil samples containing different concentrations of heavy metals Pb, Cr, and Cd. The results indicate that the PSCD significantly enhances the spectral signal, with an enhancement rate of up to 45%. Moreover, the signal-to-noise ratio also increases by as much as 36%. Simultaneously, when compared to the absence of a device, it is found that there is no significant variation in plasma temperature when the PSCD is utilized. This observation eliminates the impact of the spatial effect caused by the PSCD on the spectral intensity. Consequently, a concentration-spectral intensity relationship curve is established under the PSCD. The results revealed that the linear fitting R 2 for Pb, Cr, and Cd increased by 0.011, 0.001, and 0.054, respectively. Additionally, the limit of detection (LOD) decreased by 0.361 ppm, 0.901 ppm, and 0.602 ppm, respectively. These findings indicate that the spectral enhancement rate elevates with the increase in heavy metal concentration. Hence, the PSCD can effectively enhance the spectral intensity and reduce the detection limit of heavy metals in soil.

Sexuality in patients treated for borderline personality disorder at the Arrazi psychiatric hospital in Salé

IntroductionBorderline personality disorder is a severe mental disorder characterized by generalized instability of emotional regulation of interpersonal relationships and self-image, and marked impulsivity. Several features of this disorder are likely to be associated with problematic sexual health, such as impulsivity (impulsive sexual behavior), identity disorders (unstable sexual identity) and unstable and intense interpersonal relationships. In addition, childhood sexual abuse and violence are common in people’s histories.ObjectivesAssessing sexuality in patients followed for borderline personality disorder at Arrazi Salé psychiatric hospital.MethodsThis is a descriptive cross-sectional study using a questionnaire including socio-demographic criteria with a questionnaire on sexual behavior in female patients followed for borderline personality disorder at the Arrazi Salé psychiatric hospital. Inclusion criteria: women over 18 years of age diagnosed with borderline personality disorder. Exclusion criteria: psychosis, intellectual disability.ResultsWe collected 45 patients with borderline personality disorder. The average age was 22, 80% were single, 58% unemployed, 46% had dropped out of high school. The majority of participants were using psychoactive substances. 25% had attempted suicide. 83% were victims of childhood sexual abuse. The majority were significantly more likely to engage in sexual activity at a younger age than their peers. Over 60% had never used contraception 10% had their first pregnancy at a younger age, with termination. 15% have had genital infections. 53% were attracted to both sexes, and over 66% had more than one sexual partner. Over 73% did not experience sexual satisfaction (sexual satisfaction scale less than 10).ConclusionsThe results indicate that sexuality in patients with borderline personality disorder is present early in the course of the disorder, often at a young age, with significant physical, mental and social consequences. Primary care mental health, sexual health and sexual assault services need to be attentive to the clinical diagnosis of this personality disorder, as the nature of the disorder represents both a risk factor and a health threat.Disclosure of InterestNone Declared

«Normality was the problem!» Femminismi e Commoning nella riproduzione sociale della città

The research is part of the intense relationship between feminisms and commoning, with the general aim of reflecting on the real and potential role of women in the experiences of mutualism that nourish forms of collective life and paths of re-appropriation of spaces, practices and rights in urban scenarios. A gendered vision is consistent with the theoretical foundations of commoning, a phenomenon perceived as an alternative to individualism and capitalist isolation, insofar as it is capable of giving voice to a new debate on a fairer and more effective management of resources and spaces. Through a critical reading of the literature on social reproduction, a vision of common reproduction is proposed with the ultimate aim of contributing to the debate on the need to generate new theories and urban models more consistent with current social challenges.

Manoeuvring Among Institutions and Pandemic Restrictions: When the Fantasy of Parenting After Divorce or Breakup and the Respective Emotions Matter

ABSTRACTUnderstanding social factors that affected how people interpreted the meanings of COVID‐19 measures is important in postpandemic times. This study applies perspectives from research on emotions as one of the possible explanations and focuses on how institutions and their measures are perceived in the context of individual emotional situations. The aim of the study is to understand how parents with joint or shared custody arrangements in Czechia understood COVID‐19–related state interventions and how they dealt with those interventions in their lives. Analysing 16 interviews with these parents, who are considered a potentially vulnerable group, and their interplay with pandemic public policy, the paper suggests the importance of parenting fantasy. The term ‘fantasy’ builds on Illouz's scholarship and reflects individual sense‐making (ideas or practices) based on close and intense personal relationships related to parenting. This paper claims that the existence of this fantasy (in the form of a fulfilled parenting fantasy) or its non‐existence (in the form of a disruption of parenting, called a negative relationship by Illouz) codetermined how these parents dealt with the pandemic measures—whether (and how strongly) they conformed to them or whether they perceived (or used) them as a threat.

The relationship of pain intensity and opioid craving with delayed methadone dose: A preliminary study of individuals with opioid use disorder.

Despite a strong theoretical link between opioid craving and pain, little is known about the temporal relationship between pain and craving and the acute experience of pain in the context of methadone treatment. Using a cross-over design, the current study evaluated the time course of pain and craving and objective experience of pain as a function of the last methadone dose. Participants (n = 20) presented for the study in the morning and either received methadone dose as scheduled or delayed dose until the afternoon. During the 4-h study visit, participants completed a series of tasks, including repeated assessment of pain and craving at 0, +40, +70, +130, +160 and +240 min and a cold pressor test (CPT) at +15 and +220 min. Separate mixed model results demonstrated no effect of dosing condition on craving; however, there was a significant dosing condition by time interaction (F(5,209) = 3.38, P = .006) such that pain increased over time in the delayed methadone condition but decreased in time in the scheduled methadone condition. A mixed model predicting self-reported pain revealed a three-way interaction between dosing condition, craving and time (F(5,197) = 2.39, P = .039) explained by a positive association between craving and pain at each time point (except 240 min) in delayed condition (P-range = .004-.0001). A separate mixed model on CPT data indicated a significant condition by time interaction such that pain threshold decreased in the delayed, but not scheduled, condition (F(1,57) = 4.01, P = .050). These preliminary findings highlight the potential for increased risks after even a short delay in receiving a methadone dose.