World Of Intelligence Research Articles

The Future of Biotech in an Artificially Intelligent World

Genetic Engineering & Biotechnology NewsVol. 42, No. 1 Artificial IntelligenceThe Future of Biotech in an Artificially Intelligent WorldBiotech hopes to benefit from protein structure prediction, pattern recognition, and support for iterative developmentDan Samorodnitsky, PhDDan Samorodnitsky, PhDSearch for more papers by this authorPublished Online:6 Jan 2022https://doi.org/10.1089/gen.42.01.09AboutSectionsView articleView Full TextPDF/EPUB Permissions & CitationsPermissionsDownload CitationsTrack CitationsAdd to favorites Back To Publication ShareShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditEmail View articleFiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Volume 42Issue 1Jan 2022 Information© 2022 by GEN PublishingTo cite this article:Dan Samorodnitsky, PhD.The Future of Biotech in an Artificially Intelligent World.Genetic Engineering & Biotechnology News.Jan 2022.26-27, 29.http://doi.org/10.1089/gen.42.01.09Published in Volume: 42 Issue 1: January 6, 2022PDF download

Machine Learning to Calculate Heparin Dose in COVID-19 Patients with Active Cancer.

To realize a machine learning (ML) model to estimate the dose of low molecular weight heparin to be administered, preventing thromboembolism events in COVID-19 patients with active cancer. Methods: We used a dataset comprising 131 patients with active cancer and COVID-19. We considered five ML models: logistic regression, decision tree, random forest, support vector machine and Gaussian naive Bayes. We decided to implement the logistic regression model for our study. A model with 19 variables was analyzed. Data were randomly split into training (70%) and testing (30%) sets. Model performance was assessed by confusion matrix metrics on the testing data for each model as positive predictive value, sensitivity and F1-score. Results: We showed that the five selected models outperformed classical statistical methods of predictive validity and logistic regression was the most effective, being able to classify with an accuracy of 81%. The most relevant result was finding a patient-proof where python function was able to obtain the exact dose of low weight molecular heparin to be administered and thereby to prevent the occurrence of VTE. Conclusions: The world of machine learning and artificial intelligence is constantly developing. The identification of a specific LMWH dose for preventing VTE in very high-risk populations, such as the COVID-19 and active cancer population, might improve with the use of new training ML-based algorithms. Larger studies are needed to confirm our exploratory results.

Performance Analysis Internet of Things Based on Sensor and Data Analytics

The Internet of Things (IoT) is a transformative development. Sensors are known in scientific science as a prospective field. IoT sensors are used successfully to develop an intelligent world in different IoT implementations. To make a familiar operating image, ubiquitous sensing abilities provide shared knowledge. IoT systems can fail if one of the sensors stops working due to any failure, which causes serious living problems to some families. Thus, the problem consists of predicting when the subsequent loss will occur. A two-phase approach is proposed. First, an exploration of the provided data will take place. The purpose of such analysis is threefold: (1) to get familiar with the data, (2) to assess the quality of data and decide which methodology to employ accordingly, (3) to determine the features of interest. This research will serve as the basis for further theoretical work in the same field in the prospect. Analyzing these sensor-derived data is an important task that can find valuable latent information in addition to the data itself. Since the Internet of Things includes some sensors, the measurement data obtained by these sensors are multi-type data, often including information from the time series. Depending on the configuration flow rate, vibration, impeller speed, and even temperature, the sensors with solid correlation can be closely correlated with some delay involved. Data ranges investigation was done before correlation check. Results indicate that our procedure is accurate for the machine's regular, damaged, and recovering state.

Digital Microscale Electrochemical Energy Storage Devices for a Fully Connected and Intelligent World

With the evolving digital era represented by 5G and Internet of Things technologies, microscale electronic terminals will enter every aspect of our daily lives. Meanwhile, they put forward all-around digital requirements for microscale electrochemical energy storage devices (MEESDs), including customizable implementation and precise description, to accurately match these terminals in various scenarios. In this Focus Review, we summarize the current status and latest progress of MEESDs from diverse aspects of key materials, device structures, fabrication processes, functional properties, and system integration in detail. On this basis, existing challenges and future research directions for MEESDs, including evaluation standards, analysis methods, and machine learning, are discussed in brief, through which we can expect to accelerate the development of digital MEESDs as an underlying energy foundation for a fully connected and intelligent world.

THE CONCEPT OF THE SOUL IN PLATO AND IN PATRISTIC THOUGHT

This article is focuses on Plato's conception of the soul, through which man as a psycho-physical being, lives with the perspective of immortality. The pre-existence and immortality of the soul is in fact the basis of Platonic philosophy. Plato presents the existence of the soul in the Phaidon Dialogue starting from the hypothesis that something called the soul has existence in the form of pre-existence and post-existence and has an intelligible nature, similar to the structure of Eidos (Ideas). The second part of the research considers the transition from ontology to metaphysics, focused on a different perspective given the patristic thinking in which man is created in his divine image, as a personal being composed of body and soul, a synthesis of the intelligible world with the material.

A Holistic Quality Assurance Approach for Machine Learning Applications in Cyber-Physical Production Systems

With the trend of increasing sensors implementation in production systems and comprehensive networking, essential preconditions are becoming required to be established for the successful application of data-driven methods of equipment monitoring, process optimization, and other relevant automation tasks. As a protocol, these tasks should be performed by engineers. Engineers usually do not have enough experience with data mining or machine learning techniques and are often skeptical about the world of artificial intelligence (AI). Quality assurance of AI results and transparency throughout the IT chain are essential for the acceptance and low-risk dissemination of AI applications in production and automation technology. This article presents a conceptual method of the stepwise and level-wise control and improvement of data quality as one of the most important sources of AI failures. The appropriate process model (V-model for quality assurance) forms the basis for this.

AIoT Used for COVID-19 Pandemic Prevention and Control.

The pandemic of COVID-19 is continuing to wreak havoc in 2021, with at least 170 million victims around the world. Healthcare systems are overwhelmed by the large-scale virus infection. Luckily, Internet of Things (IoT) is one of the most effective paradigms in the intelligent world, in which the technology of artificial intelligence (AI), like cloud computing and big data analysis, is playing a vital role in preventing the spread of the pandemic of COVID-19. AI and 5G technologies are advancing by leaps and bounds, further strengthening the intelligence and connectivity of IoT applications, and conventional IoT has been gradually upgraded to be more powerful AI + IoT (AIoT). For example, in terms of remote screening and diagnosis of COVID-19 patients, AI technology based on machine learning and deep learning has recently upgraded medical equipment significantly and has reshaped the workflow with minimal contact with patients, so medical specialists can make clinical decisions more efficiently, providing the best protection not only to patients but also to specialists themselves. This paper reviews the latest progress made in combating COVID-19 with both IoT and AI and also provides comprehensive details on how to combat the pandemic of COVID-19 as well as the technologies that may be applied in the future.

LITERARY REALISM IN THE SHAPING OF SLOVAK CULTURE

Aim. The aim of the study is to clarify the internal complexity of the Slovak literary realist discourse and its diverse relations to the heterogeneous artistic, cultural and ideological discourses of the last third of the 19th century. Attention is focused on the appropriation and adaptation of stimuli from other social systems, as well as on the specific literary operations that modify literary realism as an artistic discourse constructing an intelligible world in a cultural sense. Methods. As a theoretical concept, realism is defined as a type of representation or representation technique associated with a set of textual conventions, complex referential and self-referential figures. As a literary-historical discourse and event situated in a particular moment of history, realism is governed by period-specific principles (operating in the mechanism of culture) of selection, evaluating and connecting the phenomena of reality. Only with this dichotomy the multiplicity of paradoxes, syncretism and heterogeneous character of Slovak literary realism can be captured. The theory of social systems (N. Luhmann) allows for a more complex view of realist literature as an autopoietic system in the context of modern society as a system of communications differentiated into a network of separate social subsystems interrelated by the medium of language. Finally, the theory of fictional worlds proposes selective and formative operations that explicate the construction of realist fictional world and the stratification of its functions (B. Fořt). Results. Among the configurational relations of Slovak literary realism, the concept of ideal realism is highlighted as a model of literary aesthetics that flexibly interacted with the discourse of national revival to provide an adequate expression of contemporary Slovak cultural and national interests. Two literary-aesthetic modifications of ideal realism (creative and voluntarist, originated by Svetozár Hurban Vajanský, and deterministic, represented in the prose works of Martin Kukučín) are analysed in detail in order to show the inner complexity of the literary-realist discourse and to manifest its semantic multidimensionality in the 1880s.

Life as an Intelligence Test: Intelligence, Education, and Behavioral Genetics.

Using the large datasets available with new gene sequencing and biobank projects, behavioral geneticists are developing tools that attempt to predict individual intelligence based on genetics. These predictive tools are meant to enable a 'precision education' that will transform society. These technological developments have not changed the fundamental aims of a program with a long history. Behavioral genetics is continuous with previous attempts to match personal characteristics to heredity, such as sociobiology and evolutionary psychology, and threatens racial and other forms of bias. From these older paradigms, it inherits an understanding of intelligence as informational processing shaped by mechanistic and computational metaphors as well as a view of society and education organized around competition. Because of these influences, these models misdescribe fundamental aspects of human engagement with the world and disregard other concepts of intelligence, which creates problems for the precision education that researchers hope to construct using genetic knowledge.

Escaping the Western Cosm-Ethical Hegemony: The Importance of Cultural Diversity in the Ethical Assessment of Artificial Intelligence

The world of Artificial intelligence (AI) is struggling to set standards that would be globally applied. In this struggle, ethics is extensively summoned to regulate the development and use of AI systems, but also to promote vested interests. The potential benefits associated with AI are such that many actors, public and private, have entered a race for AI dominance led by the United States and China. In this context some actors, such as the European Union, are slowly taking over AI regulation and setting the limits regarding what is ethically acceptable and what is not. Aware of the power of norms, the West has slowly spread its normative influence all around the world, releasing hundreds of documents pertaining to ethical principles, and denying the reality of a world made of a diversity of ethical stances. To impose its own views on ethics applied to AI, the West has developed an ethical narrative transforming ethics into cosm-ethics, that is mere make up through communication. This paper aims at opening a debate on the reality of ethics applied to AI. It contextualizes the subject in a wider setting of race for AI dominance, stressing the Western ethical hegemony over AI established through a pseudo ethical narrative. To illustrate these points, it focuses on the case of the European Union, to eventually stress the urgent need for cultural pluralism in the field of ethics applied to AI.

GUIDED HYBRID GENETIC ALGORITHM FOR SOLVING GLOBAL OPTIMIZATION PROBLEMS

Context. One of the leading problems in the world of artificial intelligence is the optimization of complex systems, which is often represented as a nonlinear function that needs to be minimized. Such functions can be multimodal, non-differentiable, and even set as a black box. Building effective methods for solving global optimization problems raises great interest among scientists. Objective. Development of a new hybrid genetic algorithm for solving global optimization problems, which is faster than existing analogues. Methods. One of the crucial challenges for hybrid methods in solving nonlinear global optimization problems is the rational use of local search, as its application is accompanied by quite expensive computational costs. This paper proposes a new GBOHGA hybrid genetic algorithm that reproduces guided local search and combines two successful modifications of genetic algorithms. The first one is BOHGA that establishes a qualitative balance between local and global search. The second one is HGDN that prevents reexploration of the previously explored areas of a search space. In addition, a modified bump-function and an adaptive scheme for determining one of its parameters – the radius of the “deflation” of the objective function in the vicinity of the already found local minimum – were presented to accelerate the algorithm. Results. GBOHGA performance compared to other known stochastic search heuristics on a set of 33 test functions in 5 and 25dimensional spaces. The results of computational experiments indicate the competitiveness of GBOHGA, especially in problems with multimodal functions and a large number of variables. Conclusions. The new GBOHGA hybrid algorithm, developed on the basis of the integration of guided local search ideas and BOHGA and HGDN algorithms, allows to save significant computing resources and speed up the solution process of the global optimization problem. It should be used to solve global optimization problems that arise in engineering design, solving organizational and management problems, especially when the mathematical model of the problem is complex and multidimensional.

Jean Piaget’s Genetic Epistemology as a Theory of Knowledge Based on Epigenesis

This article aims to highlight Jean Piaget’s theory of knowledge and situate it in this context since its beginnings in Ancient Greece where, in Plato, we already find this seminal idea: knowledge is acquired in successive and upward moments (dialektikê), starting from an opinion on the sensible world (doxa) towards the épistêmê of the intelligible world, the world of Ideas or concepts. Piaget’s Theory of Knowledge, we believe, was determined by four moments: 1) his research as a malacologist under the guidance of Godet and Raymond, 2) the acquaintance with Kant’s philosophy at age of 21, 3) his internship at the Binet/Simon laboratory, 4) his studies on the Limnaea Stagnalis. His core idea: it is possible for human beings to attain the necessary and universal knowledge due to the exchange processes of their organisms with the environment, which give rise to the epigenetic ontogenesis of their specific organic mental structures, framed for the specific act of knowing. Epigenetic ontogenesis begins with the infans first actions in the world, from the very moment of birth. Around two years of age, these actions will be represented and organized in groups linked to empirical experience, until the brain be able to perform the operations of the Abelian Group. The physiological development ends here, and the logico-mathematical knowledge becomes possible.

Ten key ICT challenges in the post-Shannon era

Considering the vision of building a fully connected, intelligent world, this paper investigates the technological challenges and proposes ten key challenges that the information and communications technologies (ICT) industry is facing from the perspectives of the generation, transmission, and processing of information. These challenges cover the subjects of information theory, operational research, control theory, computational theory, and artificial intelligence. The paper first discusses the backgrounds of these ten challenges and their definitions, and offers the literature reviews of the current research. Then, it presents the potential methods for solving these problems as well as the future research directions. Finally, the paper introduces the opportunities for making theoretical breakthroughs in order to solve these problems, including the following: Transcending the Shannon information theory to build a framework of semantic information theory; building a theoretical framework to improve the explainability of deep neural networks; overcoming the challenges of the traditional queuing theory and optimization theory related to solving networking problems, and developing new theories such as network queuing theory and network optimization theory; and overcoming the constraints of power consumption and complexity to build a theoretical framework for approximate computing.

Intelligence, Policy, and the Mandate: A Third Form of Strategic Failure

There is a popular aphorism in the intelligence world that ‘there are only intelligence failures and policy successes’ (Jervis, 2010, p. 157). It is an observation with telling resonances on many d...

Интеллект и интеллектуальные практики в цифровизирующемся мире: обзор Пятой международной научной конференции «Междисциплинарность в современном социально-гуманитарном знании – 2020»

Objective: to familiarize a wide range of the Journal readers with the results of the “Interdisciplinarity-2020” conference and the new ideas and research results presented in the reports of Russian and foreign scientists focused on the problem of intelligence in the digital world. Methods: a systematic approach to the cognition of social phenomena has determined the use of the following research methods: analysis, synthesis, comparison, structural and functional methods, content analysis.Results: the content of the main reports presented at the international scientific event is described (by G. B. Kleiner, D. V. Ushakov, R. M. Nureyev, E. V. Balatsky, S. G. Kirdina-Chandler and other researchers), which analyze various aspects of the functioning and development of intelligence in the digital world, the types and levels of intelligence, and the impact on socio-economic processes. The speakers presented various views on the processes of digital transformation of the economy and society, including the analysis of the main risks of implementing a digital project in Russia in terms of its impact on economic growth in the context of global political and economic trends. The thesis is formulated about the inevitability of the transition to a new type of economy - the intellectual economy, in which knowledge is the subject, and intelligence is the means of labor. Speakers from interdisciplinary positions hightlighted a number of urgent fundamental scientific problems that need to be solved: the creation of intellectual economy institutions; the change of the legal environment; the formation of a legal system that ensures the functioning of intellectualized sociotechnical systems. The complex of problems and tasks in the field of higher education aimed at the formation of intellectual competencies for the digital world is considered, the role and position of universities in the modern world are assessed. Scientific novelty: interdisciplinarity as one of the current trends in the development of scientific knowledge about man, nature and society is aimed at overcoming the fragmentation of disciplinary knowledge to ensure the effectiveness, consistency and harmony of social management and design. The novelty of the problems discussed at the conference was due to a special focus - “Intelligence in the digital world: influence, management, development”. Intelligence is considered as the main means of achieving social goals at both macro-, meso- and microsocial levels. The reports presented in the article are focused on a comprehensive analysis of the key factors of socio-economic and humanitarian development, the most important of which today are knowledge and intelligence. The scientific novelty of the discussed problems lies in the totality of the object, subject and research methods: a comprehensive analysis of intelligence in the modern digital world; expansion of the semantic content of this concept; the analysis of the phenomena of various types of intelligence interweaving (natural, artificial, social), based on an interdisciplinary approach; and uniting the efforts of economists, sociologists, linguists, philosophers, lawyers, historians, as well as representatives of technical branches of knowledge.Practical significance: the main provisions and conclusions of the review can be used in scientific and educational activities to improve the level and quality of information interaction when implementing interdisciplinary practices of the academic community, to identify and disseminate the best practices of interdisciplinary research, as well as to improve the management and planning of innovation activities of academic organizations, evaluation and expertise of research activities.

Flexible pressure sensors with microstructures

AbstractMicrostructured flexible pressure sensors featured with good mechanical properties, boosting a variety of sophisticated application scenarios, including electronic skin (e‐skin), soft robotics, wearable electronics, etc. This review is very focusing on the recent research progress of microstructured flexible pressure sensors. For better understanding the corresponding devices, different mechanisms, materials, preparation methods are briefly introduced at the beginning. And with highlighting the significance of microstructure for device performance, the microstructures of different configurations (e.g., pyramid, pillar, hemisphere) are introduced and discussed in detail through analyzing the influence of configuration characteristics and material properties. Finally, according to the existing problems in the application, the research directions of flexible pressure sensor are prospected. Currently, catering to the explosive and ineluctable growth of this intelligent world, considerable microstructured flexible pressure sensors have emerged but their development is still at very first stage. In this review, some guidelines and tunable methods are suggested for the microstructured flexible pressure sensors of wide practical use in the future.

A new energy aware cluster head selection for LEACH in wireless sensor networks

Internet of Things (IoTs) as a new network pattern for the intelligent world usually uses wireless sensor networks (WSNs) as a perception layer which consisted of numerous number of sensor nodes scattered in the environment to gather intended information. The selected information then is sent to a base station (BS) to be sent to cloud server for further processing. Since the energy of sensor nodes is limited, the most significant challenge in these networks is reducing the energy consumption of the network. It is proved that dividing the network to clusters can significantly reduce the energy consumption. One of the most popular clustering protocols in WSNs is the Low-Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy (LEACH). In this protocol, cluster heads (CHs) are selected randomly which results in poor performance in real scenarios. In this article, a new energy aware CH selection algorithm is proposed which selects CHs based on the residual energy, the position and centrality of nodes. It uses a variable range upon which the centrality and the number of neighbours of each node are calculated. Simulation results show that the proposed algorithm outperforms LEACH, Multi-hope Routing with LEACH (MR-LEACH) and Enhanced Multi-hop LEACH (EM-LEACH) in terms of reducing energy consumption, increasing network lifetime and improving network reliability.

The Spy Power, Technological Innovations, and the Human Dimensions of Intelligence: Recent Presidential Abuse of America’s Secret Agencies

The purpose of national security intelligence is to provide policy officials with an advantage in the making of effective policy, based on the collection and analysis of accurate information from around the world that can help to illuminate a decision. Foreknowledge is invaluable in the service of a nation’s security; and, in the gathering of useful information, technological innovations in the world of intelligence can result in a stronger shield to protect citizens against the many dangers that lurk across the continents in this uncertain and hostile world. Despite all the marvels of modern espionage tradecraft, the governments that rely on them must still deal with the human side of intelligence activities. Unfortunately, arrogance, shortsightedness, laziness, frenetic schedules, and the corrosive influences of power (among other flaws) often lead policy officials to ignore or warp the advantages they could accrue from advanced intelligence spycraft, if they would only use these sources and methods properly. This article examines some of the problems that imperfect human behavior has created for intelligence in the United States at the highest levels of government over the past two decades.

Matéria e forma das representações na Dissertação de 1770

O trabalho visa propor algumas observações sobre a questão da matéria e forma das representações na Dissertação sobre forma e princípios do mundo sensível e do mundo inteligível. Após uma rápida reconstrução das principais etapas mediante as quais a questão é abordada por Kant nas décadas de 50 e 60, a análise focará nos primeiros parágrafos da Dissertação de 1770, no intuito de frisar, em especial, o papel da qualidade da sensação.

Freedom and Responsibility in Neoplatonist Thought by Ursula Coope

Reviewed by: Freedom and Responsibility in Neoplatonist Thought by Ursula Coope Carl S. O'Brien Ursula Coope. Freedom and Responsibility in Neoplatonist Thought. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2020. Pp. xii + 288. Cloth, $70.00. Ursula Coope's volume sets out to answer the question of why "true freedom" necessitates "freedom from bodies" according to the Neoplatonists. As a result, while the title suggests a work on ethics, the volume handles such questions within a broader metaphysical framework. Coope admirably traces the initially separate treatments of freedom and responsibility in earlier thinkers before examining how they merge into twin aspects of a related discussion. The handling of Plato's concept of freedom in the first chapter outlines a series of relevant issues, rather than evaluating their relative significance (17), since the primary focus is on the subsequent tradition. The title is somewhat misleading since much of the volume is concerned with the Neoplatonic background, rather than with Neoplatonism itself, with detailed treatment of both the Stoic Epictetus and the Peripatetic Alexander of Aphrodisias. However, this is essential for the development of Coope's thesis, which attributes a "perfectionist" concept of freedom (one linking freedom with moral progress) to Plotinus, similar to Epictetus and contrary to Alexander. This involves analyzing the extent to which actions depend upon us (45–52). Such Stoic-influenced elements are linked with those one might perhaps consider more typically Neoplatonic, such as the role of the Intellect in attaining virtue and freedom, since ignorance and emotional suffering represent obstacles to freedom (59). In its treatment of freedom and the One, chapter 5 also deals with an obviously Neoplatonic theme, reinforced by the discussion of the One's transcendent nature (73–75) and the difficulty of predicating anything of the One (77–92). Coope presents freedom then as a fundamental influence on Neoplatonic metaphysics, since everything under the One, in light of its dependence upon the One, cannot be free (94–95). The One's freedom is consequently part of the motivation for achieving mystical union with it. Viewed from this perspective, chapters 5 and 6 are essentially summaries of Plotinian metaphysics, but oriented toward the perspective of freedom and responsibility, intertwined with an explanation of why freedom should be considered valuable (96). The discussion of the soul's self-determination in the latter parts of chapter 6 (e.g. 103–6) forms a useful contribution to the focus on Plotinus and the self that is at the forefront of much recent scholarship. The relationship of the World Soul to the individual human soul is lent an interesting perspective by the combined framework of freedom and responsibility. The human soul's temporary nonbodiliness and consequent period in the intelligible world is a kind of freedom, although it also raises the question of freedom in the context of dependence upon a larger whole (146), while the degree to which our responsibility is potentially limited by Providence is also handled (151–59). These topics have been extensively and frequently treated before, but the orientation toward freedom and responsibility adds a certain freshness to the discussion here. For example, Coope considers the manner in which human souls can be regarded as a component of Providence and relates this to the whole-part discussion by representing Providence as "a kind of derivative unity" (157). Plotinus's interpretation of the myth of Er as the point at which the soul can be regarded as responsible for its current life serves as a springboard for consideration of the later tradition. In order to maintain our responsibility for our actions, Proclus presents [End Page 679] each soul's choice of life as a genuine one, even if this is placed under the control of Providence (178), but the extent to which the soul's failures are the result of its ignorance ensures that the ultimate degree of the soul's responsibility remains problematic. Chapter 10 examines why humans are held responsible for their actions while plants and animals are not; evidently, humans have the resources to become moral (due to the undescended intellectual part in Plotinus's system). This then segues into a treatment of some central questions of Neoplatonic metaphysics: the origin of evil...