Intelligent Transportation Systems Architecture Research Articles

ETSI ITS: A Comprehensive Overview of the Architecture, Challenges and Issues

Abstract: Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) have attracted the attention of developing nations because of their potential to enhance mobility and road safety, two issues that have become increasingly pressing in recent years. Information and Communication Technology (ICT) has accentuated every industry, and the automobile industry is no exception, allowing vehicles to communicate among themselves and the surrounding infrastructure for information exchange using Vehicle-to-Everything (V2X) communication. Vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V), vehicle- to-infrastructure (V2I), vehicle-to-pedestrian (V2P), and vehicle-to-cloud (V2C) connections are made possible through the use of state-of-the-art networking technology. With EVehicles at the forefront, the vision of an ITS expands further. ITS is anticipated to offer wireless network-based services including vehicle occupant entertainment, traffic flow optimization, and accident prevention. Most nations have been trying to standardize the ITS architecture, and the European Union (EU) has been at the forefront by developing and standardizing the ETSI (European Telecommunications Standards Institute) architecture. As the most mature ITS architecture, this paper thoroughly explains the ETSI architecture in a single document for both the researcher's and newcomers' ease. Additionally, the challenges and issues pertinent to adopting and implementing the ITS ecosystem have also been discussed in detail.

Intelligent Transportation System Technologies, Challenges and Security

Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) first appeared in 1868 with traffic lights. With developing technology, the need to bring a smart approach to transportation applications within the scope of speed and environmental protection has emerged. Protecting ITS infrastructure against cyber attacks has become a matter of reputation for states. It is essential to provide the necessary technological infrastructure for the integrated operation of the systems used in ITS, especially geographical location, communication, and mapping. These technological developments bring cyber attacks, risks, and many dangers that should be avoided, especially on the systems used. This study examines ITS architecture, applications, communication technologies, and new trend technologies in detail. This study includes contributing to studies in the field of ITS and preventing attacks and incidents that may occur in terms of cyber security. The most important cyber attacks that may occur in ITS applications are included. In addition, the minimum security requirements that can be taken in ITS applications and infrastructures against these attacks are included.

РАЗВИТИЕ АРХИТЕКТУРЫ ИНТЕЛЛЕКТУАЛЬНЫХ ТРАНСПОРТНЫХ СИСТЕМ

The paper analyzes the role of a complete architecture of intelligent transport systems (ITS) in ensuring their effectiveness. Many countries or groups of countries have ITS architecture with successful results of its application in practice. It is shown that the ITS architecture is constantly being updated and this is a characteristic trend. The paper proposes new approaches to the formation of the architecture of the integration platform within ITS. The scheme of organisation of data flows in different loops of software tools of the integration platform is developed. It is proposed to separate the control loops proper transport system data and identification data, which describe a partisipant of the ITS (digital object) with the expansion of capabilities in a cooperative ITS. It is possible to organise linked chains of identification of ITS digital objects, to participate in the formation of network structures for ITS work processes, describing the behaviour of digital objects during ITS processes and the behaviour of end users in accordance with the properties of network structures.

ОСОБЕННОСТИ МЕТОДОВ РАЗРАБОТКИ АРХИТЕКТУРЫ ИНТЕЛЛЕКТУАЛЬНЫХ ТРАНСПОРТНЫХ СИСТЕМ В КИТАЙСКОЙ НАРОДНОЙ РЕСПУБЛИКЕ

This paper considers the development steps and key points of China's intelligent transportation system architecture, and, at the same time, explains the transformation between the stages and the integration of the logical architecture, thus forming a data flow diagram of the logical architecture. The physical architecture is formed on the basis of the logical architecture, and provides the basis for the proposed application system with Chinese characteristics.

Edge Intelligence in Intelligent Transportation Systems: A Survey

Edge intelligence (EI) is becoming one of the research hotspots among researchers, which is believed to help empower intelligent transportation systems (ITS). ITS generates a large amount of data at the network edge by millions of devices and sensors. Data-driven artificial intelligence (AI) is at the core of ITS development. By pushing the AI frontier to the network edge, EI enables ITS AI applications to have lower latency, higher security, less pressure on the backbone network and better use edge big data. This paper surveys Edge Intelligence in Intelligent Transportation Systems. We first introduce the challenges ITS faces and explain the motivation of using EI in ITS. We then explore the framework of using EI in ITS, including the EI-based ITS architecture, the data gathering and communication methods, the data processing and service delivery, and the performance indexes. The enabling technologies, such as AI models, the Internet of Things, and Edge Computing technologies used in EI-based ITS, are reviewed intensively. We discuss the edge intelligence applications and research fields in ITS in depth. Typical application scenarios, such as autonomous driving, vehicular edge computing, intelligent vehicular transportation system, unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) in ITS environment, and rail transportation control and management, are explored. The general platforms of EI, the EI training and inference in ITS, as well as the benchmark datasets, are introduced. Finally, we discuss some of the challenges and future directions of using EI in ITS.

A Privacy-Preserving Solution for Intelligent Transportation Systems: Private Driver DNA

The rising connection of vehicles with the road infrastructure enables the creation of data-driven applications to offer drivers customized services. At the same time, these opportunities require innovative solutions to protect the drivers’ privacy in a complex environment like an Intelligent Transportation System (ITS). This need is even more relevant when data are used to retrieve personal behaviors or attitudes. In our work, we propose a privacy-preserving solution, called Private Driver DNA, which designs a possible architecture, allowing drivers of an ITS to receive customized services. The proposed solution is based on the concept of Driver DNA as characterization of driver’s driving style. To assure privacy, we perform the operations directly on sanitized data, using the Order Revealing Encryption (ORE) method. Besides, the proposed solution is integrated with ITS architecture defined in the European project E-Corridor. The result is an effective privacy-preserving architecture for ITS to offer customized products, which can be used to address drivers’ behaviors, for example, to environmental-friendly attitudes or a more safe driving style. We test Private Driver DNA using a synthetic dataset generated with the vehicle simulator CARLA. We compare ORE with another encryption method like Homomorphic Encryption (HE) and some other privacy-preserving schemas. Besides, we quantify privacy gain and data loss utility after the data sanitization process.

Fleet management and control system for developing countries implemented with Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) services

Fleet Management Control Systems (FMCS) monitor vehicles in real-time and help assessing schedule compliance. Transit services in developing countries must improve in aspects such as information about routes, schedules and users; and compliance with traffic regulations, to achieve an increase in their demand. Although a FMCS can deal with these issues, currently implemented systems have some limitations related to communications technology, associated costs, interoperability and standardization. This paper includes the following: 1) The Intelligent Transportation System (ITS) architecture designed for the FMCS; 2) The development of a FMCS prototype for developing countries, considering the proposed architecture, using the Long Range communication technology and Intelligent Transportation Systems services; 3) A validation and testing of the FMCS prototype, using transit vehicles in a city. The developed prototype was successfully tested. The ideal operating parameters of the FMCS in terms of communications technology were identified in one of the four routes used in the tests. The results in such route were validated with additional tests, using the same parameters, and reaching similar operating values. A data set with the information of the performed tests was generated. With the results obtained in the FMCS, a better control of the transit service can be achieved, helping to improve upon the problems identified for developing countries (especially in medium-sized cities) related to route and schedule compliance, speeding, safety, standardization and helpful information for users. Additionally, service operation costs are reduced by using cutting-edge communications technology and promoting interoperability with other mobility services created for these cities.

Akıllı Ulaşım Sistemleri Mimarisi: K-AUS için Öneri

The latest advances in technology and the improvement of decision processes with learning methods based on artificial intelligence have put the word "smart" ahead of all systems that make human life easier. Based on intelligent transportation systems, it is aimed to reduce the damage to the country's economy and the environment while providing technology-based and faster, safer, more accessible, more sustainable and more efficient transportation. The main goal of creating the intelligent transportation systems architecture is to design and implement human-focused, sustainable transportation systems together with cutting-edge technologies such as industry 4.0 technologies, mobile applications, augmented reality, and the internet of things. The transition to the Cooperative Intelligent Transportation Systems (C-ITS) structure by strengthening the infrastructure of intelligent transportation systems is included in the "National Intelligent Transportation Systems Strategy Document and 2020-2023 Action Plan". Intelligent transportation systems architecture needs to be updated according to C-ITS systems that provide interoperability and data integrity. With C-ITS, the aggregate collection of intelligent systems under one roof and the integrity of data will enable sustainable mobility such as monomedical payment in multi-mode transport. Therefore, the main factor in creating the architecture of intelligent transport systems is to create system architecture by making complex systems with data integrity and numerous insignificant idle data into systems that communicate with each other and reach the level of interoperability. In this study, intelligent transportation systems policies in the world have been analyzed and systems that have reached the level of interoperability that will provide the basis of C-ITS and intelligent transportation systems architecture have been proposed.

Design and Development of Intelligent Transportation System (ITS)

The number of people killed in automobile accidents in India is notably higher than the global average. The mortality toll from automobile accidents is especially high in the country's intermediate cities, much exceeding that of the country as a whole and even the country's largest cities. The creation of technical services within the context of so-called Intelligent Transportation Systems is one way that cities and mobility agencies have attempted to address these issues (ITS). Interoperability and integration of services are not possible, entail large costs, and are difficult to deploy because they are not based on an effective ITS design. Due to the lack of an established ITS architecture, it is not being used in the creation of these services. Although there are publications about regional ITS architectural design techniques, no such framework exists that takes into account both the city's specific setting and a wide variety of reference materials. We provide a technique to build an ITS architecture suitable for an intermediate city in a developing nation, with the goal of fostering the growth of mobility services in this sector. We established a straightforward, logical approach by reviewing the relevant paperwork, identifying the best practices, taking into account the scope and context, and so on. In this essay, we show the design process we developed and the outcomes we gained from using it. The developed methodology not only served to facilitate the design of an ITS architecture, but we also believe it may be used as a resource for the growth of ITS architectures in comparable settings. The city's mobility services can be planned and implemented effectively thanks to the ITS architecture that has been developed.

Challenges of physical and digital integration TEN-T networks in Southeast European countries

This paper analyzes the problems of digital and physical integration of the road infrastructure Trans-European Networks Transport (TEN-T) in Southeast Europe and the challenges in its implementation. The specificity of the TEN-T network in Southeast Europe is that it connects EU member states (Croatia, Romania, Bulgaria, Greece) and Western Balkans countries that are not members of the EU (Bosnia and Herzegovina, Serbia, Montenegro, North Macedonia, Kosovo and Albania). The EU member states of Southeast Europe have completed the physical connection of the road infrastructure of the TEN-T network and are implementing the digitization of transport processes by developing intelligent transport systems (ITS) based on a single European framework ITS architecture by implementing the EU Directives and the ITS development action plan. The challenges of physical and digital integration of the TEN-T network of Southeast Europe are reflected in the digital connection of the transport systems of EU member states that have implemented a large number of ITS services based on the European FRAME ITS architecture and the European regulatory framework and standards for the development of ITS with the transport systems of countries of the Western Balkans, which are in the initial phase of ITS development and do not have a regulatory and technical framework for the implementation of ITS harmonized with the EU. The integration of isolated ITS services on the TEN-T network of the Western Balkan countries into a single national ITS system will bring new challenges in terms of their physical and logical upgrading and their harmonization with the regulatory framework and technical standards of the EU. The countries of the Western Balkans face the challenges of developing national ITS architectures, which should be based on the European FRAME ITS architecture to achieve interoperability of ITS services and enable access to the European market of ITS services and equipment. This paper aims to look at the challenges of physical and digital integration of the TEN-T network of South-Eastern European countries and to propose a possible scenario for solving them.

Design and implementation of a safety algorithm on V2V routing protocol

Abstract Vehicle to vehicle (V2V) communications have been widely employed to ameliorate a variety of transportation-related issues in cities, the most significant of which being traffic congestion. The inefficient utilization of resources in vehicle infrastructure is frequently the source of a great deal of traffic congestion. Furthermore, due to its high dynamic nature, incorporating traffic congestion into vehicular traffic decision-making is difficult. In this paper, V2V communications will be implemented as an intelligent transportation systems (ITS) safety mechanism solution to solve these traffic congestion problems. The proposed mechanism is applied over integration between AODV (Ad hoc On-Demand Distance Vector) as one of the best topology-based routing protocols with one of geographic-based routing protocols to overcome OADV limitations. As AODV floods the network with control messages to find a path to the target, and the network is going to host a high volume of control packets. So the proposed method will use Global Positioning System (GPS) coordinates to search the region where a path to the target is likely to be found. As this paper describes the efforts to create a hybrid model that combines a typical reactive routing protocol with a geographic one, there will be two steps to identify the proposed ITS network. In first Phase: Choose the most functioning Geographic routing protocol on the V2V simulation environment. In the second Phase: Integrate this suggested Geographic routing protocol with ADOV protocol to implement ITS architectures. The RIVERBED modulator and NS2 simulator will be utilized to choose the best routing protocol. Based on the paper’s key performance indicators simulation results, Distance-Vector-Based Recovery-Strategy (PBR-DV) geographic routing protocol is selected to integrate with AODV routing protocol. Comparing the proposed method with the independent use of AODV, it demonstrated the effectiveness of the proposed method in overcoming all the problems related to resource scarcity and geographical obstacles.

Fog-based Intelligent Transportation System for Traffic Light Optimization

This paper presents fog-based intelligent transportation systems (ITS) architecture for traffic light optimization. Specifically, each intersection consists of traffic lights equipped with a fog node. The roadside unit (RSU) node is deployed to monitor the traffic condition and transmit it to the fog node. The traffic light center (TLC) is used to collect the traffic condition from the fog nodes of all intersections. In this work, two traffic light optimization problems are addressed where each problem will be processed either on fog node or TLC according to their requirements. First, the high latency for the vehicle to decide the dilemma zone is addressed. In the dilemma zone, the vehicle may hesitate whether to accelerate or decelerate that can lead to traffic accidents if the decision is not taken quickly. This first problem is processed on the fog node since it requires a real-time process to accomplish. Second, the proposed architecture aims each intersection aware of its adjacent traffic condition. Thus, the TLC is used to estimate the total incoming number of vehicles based on the gathered information from all fog nodes of each intersection. The results show that the proposed fog-based ITS architecture has better performance in terms of network latency compared to the existing solution in which relies only on TLC.

Traffic Signal Control System Based on Intelligent Transportation System and Reinforcement Learning

Traffic congestion has several causes, including insufficient road capacity, unrestricted demand and improper scheduling of traffic signal phases. A great variety of efforts have been made to properly program such phases. Some of them are based on traditional transportation assumptions, and others are adaptive, allowing the system to learn the control law (signal program) from data obtained from different sources. Reinforcement Learning (RL) is a technique commonly used in previous research. However, properly determining the states and the reward is key to obtain good results and to have a real chance to implement it. This paper proposes and implements a traffic signal control system (TSCS), detailing its development stages: (a) Intelligent Transportation System (ITS) architecture design for the TSCS; (b) design and development of a system prototype, including an RL algorithm to minimize the vehicle queue at intersections, and detection and calculation of such queues by adapting a computer vision algorithm; and (c) design and development of system tests to validate operation of the algorithms and the system prototype. Results include the development of the tests for each module (vehicle queue measurement and RL algorithm) and real-time integration tests. Finally, the article presents a system simulation in the context of a medium-sized city in a developing country, showing that the proposed system allowed reduction of vehicle queues by 29%, of waiting time by 50%, and of lost time by 50%, when compared to fixed phase times in traffic signals.

Trustworthy Edge Storage Orchestration in Intelligent Transportation Systems Using Reinforcement Learning

A large scale fast-growing data generated in intelligent transportation systems (ITS) has become a ponderous burden on the coordination of heterogeneous transportation networks, which makes the traditional cloud-centric storage architecture no longer satisfy new data analytics requirements. Meanwhile, the lack of storage trust between ITS devices and edge servers could lead to security risks in the data storage process. However, a unified data distributed storage architecture for ITS with intelligent management and trustworthiness is absent in the previous works. To address these challenges, this paper proposes a distributed trustworthy storage architecture with reinforcement learning in ITS, which also promotes edge services. We adopt an intelligent storage scheme to store data dynamically with reinforcement learning based on trustworthiness and popularity, which improves resource scheduling and storage space allocation. Besides, trapdoor hashing based identity authentication protocol is proposed to secure transportation network access. Due to the interaction between cooperative devices, our proposed trust evaluation mechanism is provided with extensibility in the various ITS. Simulation results demonstrate that our proposed distributed trustworthy storage architecture outperforms the compared ones in terms of trustworthiness and efficiency.

Hybrid short-term traffic forecasting architecture and mechanisms for reservation-based Cooperative ITS

Traffic forecasting is a critical challenge for Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS), increasingly enabled by the deepening interconnectedness of intelligent vehicles and traffic infrastructures. In this study, we propose a hybrid short-term forecasting architecture based on the careful consideration and analysis of reservation-based behavior cooperation and the characteristics of Cooperative ITS (C-ITS), especially its future application mode of Service-oriented C-ITS (SoC-ITS). We design several novel models and mechanisms to forecast the behavioral parameters of road vehicles in this architecture, combining a developed artificial neural network method and a statistical technique. Considering the lack of large-scale deployment of C-ITS at present, a new simulator (SoC-ITSS v2.1) is independently designed with two main aims. The first is to establish a massive dataset that is unavailable for current transportation systems, but necessary for back propagation neural network-based forecasting and statistics models. Our second aim is to provide an effective visual verification environment for this proposed mechanism. Using our newly developed simulator, these proposed models and methods are verified under two typical authorization policies (First-Arrival-First-Pass-Multi-Queue for ordinary C-ITS and Highest-Weight-First-Pass-Multi-Queue for SoC-ITS). The experimental results show that this forecasting mechanism can adaptively model traffic situations of both ordinary C-ITS and SoC-ITS, and provide good performance. • A new hybrid short-term forecasting architecture is proposed for Cooperative ITS. • Forecasting models and mechanisms are established on the basis of BPNN and statistics. • A new simulator SoC-ITSS v2.1 is designed where all mechanisms have been implemented. • Via SoC-ITSS v2.1, all proposed mechanisms are verified with a simulated dataset.

Integrated tourism transportation software design: case study of Lombok Island

Lombok Island is a new magnet of touristic destination, where the number of travelers grow by 13% for domestic and 15% annually for international travelers in the last ten years. In spite of this impressive growth in the tourism sector, the public transportation and availability of touristic information remain lacking. The study aims to contribute to address the above challenges, in order to support the marine tourism in Lombok. Following the Intelligent Transportation Systems Architecture, the followings are undertaken, namely identification of users’ need, design of functional and communication architecture, and the design of an application mockup. The analysis shows that the deployment of a mobile application would save considerable time and money for both travelers and transport operators. The introduction of a mobile app would be justified, as its investment is economically feasible, and its benefit cost ratio of 1.8.

Design of a Public Vehicle Tracking Service Using Long-Range (LoRa) and Intelligent Transportation System Architecture

Public transport vehicles are involved in a high percentage of traffic accidents in intermediate cities, mainly due to speeding and lack of control over their routing. In addition, many passengers of these vehicles report poor quality of service. To try to improve this, the authors propose a system to provide a public transport vehicle tracking service with high quality regarding accessibility, safety, and comfort. They developed an ITS architecture for this type of city following a methodology, they constructed a detailed service diagram using the ITS architecture and quality requirements, and finally, they selected the adequate wireless communication technology for the service. They determined that an IoT-based system, with LoRaWAN technology and considering the developed ITS architecture, provides the service with the required characteristics. They also analyzed the use of the proposed service design in the case of an intermediate Colombian city, determining the required components, network, and budget.

User Aspiration and Design of Functional Architecture in Seafarer’s Certification Management

Maritime (kepelautan) is matters related to manning, education, certification, authority, rights and seafarer’s obligations. In marine transportation activities, there are several main instruments that must be in place, namely transportation facilities (ships), transportation facilities providers (shipping companies / government), ship operator service providers (seafarer), certified seafarers / producers of seafarers (training institutions) and infrastructure, such as ports, channels, warehouses, and so on. The relationship between seafarers and seafarer certification (education and training institutions / government) and shipping companies is a concern in this study, especially in relation to the impact of many falsification of seafarer certificates, despite the implementation of an online database certification system that is centralized in Directorate General of Sea Transportation (DJPL). There are 3 (three) major problems that are still popular at this time, for instance unoriginal of seafarer certificates, unpaid seafarers or late receiving wages for more than 1 (one) wage period, and seafarers have a difficult time to find jobs on board. One of the available instruments to solve this problem is the intelligent transport system (ITS) architecture which is liable to be adopted in mapping the aspirations of marine transportation stakeholders, blockchain technology, such as decentralizing (one of the pillars / characteristics of blockchain technology) seafarer certificate database. A cost benefit analysis will be used in this study to obtain how much does it cost to improve the system and to see the benefit of the product.

Blockchain-Based Secure Mist Computing Network Architecture for Intelligent Transportation Systems

Conventional centralized architectures are sufficiently educated to provide high scalability, availability, and low latency and bandwidth usages for the Internet of Things (IoT) network. The exponential increase in volume and number of IoT devices in Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) turns our physical world into the cyber world. Security and privacy in the ITS network have become the main concern. To address these issues and challenges, a secure distributed mist computing network architecture for ITS is proposed by leveraging the features of blockchain technology. In this model, we present IoT user/device registration and authentication algorithms and enable the computing resources at the extreme edge of the network by deploying a smart contract. The proposed model uses an aggregate signature scheme to generate a signature for multiple IoT devices. To evaluate the proposed model, we performed an experimental analysis based on various performance measures. The proposed model gains 81% of lower median latency at local nodes compared to the core model. The result shows that the model performed effectively and a suitable solution for various ITS applications.

Experimental Evaluation of LoRa in Transit Vehicle Tracking Service Based on Intelligent Transportation Systems and IoT

Long-range (LoRa) technology is a low power wide area network (LPWAN) technology that is currently being used for development of Internet of things (IoT)-based solutions. Transit transport, mainly in medium-sized cities where transit vehicles do not have exclusive lanes, is a service that can be improved with a tracking service using technology such as LoRa. Although some proposals exist, there is not enough experimental information to validate the LoRa technology as adequate. This article: (a) evaluates the operation of LoRa technology in a transit vehicle tracking service in a medium-sized city, based on an Intelligent Transportation Systems architecture and IoT; and (b) investigates optimal LoRa technology configuration parameters for the service. Experiments were performed in a semi-controlled environment using LoRa devices and a gateway, by measuring the received packets and the receive signal strength indicator (RSSI) and modifying: (a) distance; (b) number of devices; and (c) the main LoRa transmission parameters. Obtained results show the ideal values of parameters vary considerably with distance and number of devices used. There were very few settings of the experiments in which the RSSI and packet levels were adequate while distance and number of devices were both changed.