Abstract

Traffic congestion has several causes, including insufficient road capacity, unrestricted demand and improper scheduling of traffic signal phases. A great variety of efforts have been made to properly program such phases. Some of them are based on traditional transportation assumptions, and others are adaptive, allowing the system to learn the control law (signal program) from data obtained from different sources. Reinforcement Learning (RL) is a technique commonly used in previous research. However, properly determining the states and the reward is key to obtain good results and to have a real chance to implement it. This paper proposes and implements a traffic signal control system (TSCS), detailing its development stages: (a) Intelligent Transportation System (ITS) architecture design for the TSCS; (b) design and development of a system prototype, including an RL algorithm to minimize the vehicle queue at intersections, and detection and calculation of such queues by adapting a computer vision algorithm; and (c) design and development of system tests to validate operation of the algorithms and the system prototype. Results include the development of the tests for each module (vehicle queue measurement and RL algorithm) and real-time integration tests. Finally, the article presents a system simulation in the context of a medium-sized city in a developing country, showing that the proposed system allowed reduction of vehicle queues by 29%, of waiting time by 50%, and of lost time by 50%, when compared to fixed phase times in traffic signals.

Highlights

  • High vehicle congestion causes around 40% of the world’s population to spend at least one hour on the road every day [1]

  • “Reinforcement Learning (RL)” simulation is used by the recommendation function to obtain the new state in the traffic signals

  • The developed prototype for the traffic signal control systems (TSCS) was based on a suitable Intelligent Transportation System (ITS) architecture, which considered international reference architectures and the context of a city in a developing country

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Summary

Introduction

High vehicle congestion causes around 40% of the world’s population to spend at least one hour on the road every day [1]. According to a report published by the INRIX organization, drivers in Bogotá (Colombia), the city, spend the most time in traffic congestion worldwide [2], losing an average of 191 h in year 2019 due to traffic congestion. Facts such as this underscore the importance of looking for solutions to these traffic problems, especially in developing countries such as Colombia. Traffic signal control is an important and challenging real-world problem, which aims to minimize the travel time of vehicles by coordinating their movements at road intersections [4,5,6,7,8].

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