Intelligent Display Research Articles

The impact of CeO2 nanospheres doping on the electro-optical properties of progressive driving triple-layer PDLC devices

ABSTRACT In this manuscript, the triple-layer PDLC device with progressive driving function was prepared by integrating three single-layer PDLCs with different electro-optical properties. In comparison with conventional single-layer PDLC, triple-layer PDLC is capable of achieving controllable transmittance by regulating the applied voltage under low-voltage conditions. The optimal ratio and polymerisation conditions were explored by introducing oleic acid modified CeO2 nanospheres and adjusting the polymerisation temperature as well as the UV light intensity. It was found that the polymer network morphology was affected by CeO2 nanospheres content, polymerisation temperature, and UV intensity, which led to changes in the electro-optical properties of the triple-layer PDLC. The samples obtained under the optimal ratio and process conditions exhibited a 77% acceleration in rise response time (ton) compared to the original conditions, while still maintaining excellent progressive driving performance. Its potential for application in the field of intelligent display windows has been significantly enhanced by these advantages.

Structural Engineering for Efficient Transparent Vacuum-Deposited Perovskite Light-Emitting Diodes toward Intelligent Display.

Perovskite light-emitting diodes (PeLEDs) have attracted significant interest in next-generation intelligent displays. Vacuum deposition is a promising method for integrating PeLEDs into intelligent displays due to its high manufacturability and easy pixelation, as proven in industrial organic light-emitting diode production. However, achieving spatially confined grains with optimized crystal remains challenging in vacuum-deposited perovskite. Here, a trisource coevaporation strategy is proposed to introduce MABr to form the MAxCs1-xPbBr3 structure with carriers' spatial confinement and defect suppression as well. This approach enables PeLEDs to contain excellent external quantum efficiency (EQE), which is nearly 10-fold as the untreated device. Based on this, we realize the first reported vacuum-deposited transparent PeLEDs with double-sided emission and an amazing maximum EQE of 7.6% by replacing Al with an optimized Ag:Mg electrode. These transparent PeLEDs are integrated into a bifunctional intelligent display device with both accurate heart rate detection and imaging display, which exhibit bright patterned emission and accurate heart rate detection.

Programmable meta-holography dynamics enabled by grating-modulation

Towards next-generation intelligent display devices, it is urgent to find a cheap and convenient dynamic optical control method. Conventional gratings are widely used as cheap diffractive elements due to their effective optical control capabilities. However, they are limited within multi-function or complex optical modulation due to the lack of accurate control of the amplitude/phase at pixel-level. Here, a metasurface-assisted grating-modulation system is originally proposed to achieve switchable multi-fold meta-holographic dynamics. By incorporating metasurfaces with traditional gratings and tuning their relative coupling positions, the modulation system gains the optical modulation capability to realize complex optical functionalities. Specifically, by varying the grating periods/positions relative to the metasurface, 2–8 holographic image channels are programmed to be dynamically exhibited and switched. The proposed metasurface-assisted grating-modulation approach enjoys cost-effective convenience, strong encoding freedom, and facile operation, which promises programmable optical displays, optical sensors, optical information encryption/storage, etc.

Cellulose nanocrystals-based optical organohydrogel fiber with customizable iridescent colors for strain and humidity response

Stimuli-responsive optical hydrogels are widely used in various fields including environmental sensing, optical encryption, and intelligent display manufacturing. However, these hydrogels are susceptible to water losses when exposed to air, leading to structural damage, significantly shortened service lives, and compromised durability. This study presents mechanically robust, environmentally stable, and multi-stimuli responsive optical organohydrogel fibers with customizable iridescent colors. These fibers are fabricated by incorporating tunicate cellulose nanocrystals, alginate, and acrylamide in a glycerol-water binary system. The synthesized fibers exhibit high strength (1.38 MPa), moisture retention capabilities, and elastic properties. Furthermore, a sensor based on these fibers demonstrates high- and low-temperature resistance along with stimuli-responsive characteristics, effectively detecting changes in environmental humidity and strains. Moreover, the fiber sensor demonstrates continuous, repeatable, and quantitatively predictable moisture discoloration responses across a humidity range of 11 % and 98 %. During strain sensing, the optical-organohydrogel-based sensor demonstrates a large working strain (50 %) and excellent cycling stability, underscoring its potential for effectively monitoring a wide range of intricate human motions. Overall, the synthesized fibers and their simple fabrication method can elicit new avenues for numerous related applications including the large-scale implementation of advanced wearable technology.

Simulation of gradient period polarization volume gratings for augmented reality displays

Augmented reality (AR) displays are gaining attention as next-generation intelligent display technologies. Diffractive waveguide technologies are progressively becoming the AR display industry's preferred option. Gradient period polarization volume holographic gratings (PVGs), which are considered to have the potential to expand the field of view (FOV) of waveguide display systems due to their wide bandwidth diffraction characteristics, have been proposed as coupling elements for diffraction waveguide systems in recent years. Here, what we believe to be a novel modeling method for gradient period PVGs is proposed by incorporating grating stacking and scattering analysis utilizing rigorous coupled-wave analysis (RCWA) theory. The diffraction efficiency and polarization response were extensively explored using this simulation model. In addition, a dual-layer full-color diffractive waveguide imaging simulation using proposed gradient period PVGs is accomplished in Zemax software using a self-compiled dynamic link library (DLL), achieving a 53° diagonal FOV at a 16:9 aspect ratio. This work furthers the development of PVGs by providing unique ideas for the field of view design of AR display.

Toward Intelligent Display with Neuromorphic Technology.

In the era of the Internet and the Internet of Things, display technology has evolved significantly toward full-scene display and realistic display. Incorporating "intelligence" into displays is a crucial technical approach to meet the demands of this development. Traditional display technology relies on distributed hardware systems to achieve intelligent displays but encounters challenges stemming from the physical separation of sensing, processing, and light-emitting modules. The high energy consumption and data transformation delays limited the development of intelligence display, breaking the physical separation is crucial to overcoming the bottlenecks of intelligence display technology. Inspired by the biological neural system, neuromorphic technology with all-in-one features is widely employed across various fields. It proves effective in reducing system power consumption, facilitating frequent data transformation, and enabling cross-scene integration. Neuromorphic technology shows great potential to overcome display technology bottlenecks, realizing the full-scene display and realistic display with high efficiency and low power consumption. This review offers a comprehensive summary of recent advancements in the application of neuromorphic technology in displays, with a focus on interoperability. This work delves into its state-of-the-art designs and potential future developments aimed at revolutionizing display technology.

Flexible multiple-stimulus-responsive photonic films based on layer-by-layer assembly of cellulose nanocrystals and deep eutectic solvents

Photonic crystal materials responding to environmental stimuli are important in sensors, intelligent detection, and anti-counterfeiting. However, traditional photonic materials usually lack tunable color and sufficient color suppleness, hindering their practical applications. Here, we report a facile strategy to achieve mechanical and color-tunable photonic films by doping deep eutectic solvents (DES) into cellulose nanocrystals (CNC) using layer-by-layer assembly. The amount of DES and several assembly layers were vital in determining the structure color and mechanical and response properties in the CNC photonic films. The experimental results revealed that DES could endow CNC suspension systems with high zeta potential, high viscoelasticity, and low transmittance. The tiny DES compensated for the insufficient flexibility of the CNC film, resulting in a wide color range, high solvent discrimination ability, and multi-color at several view angles. Moreover, photonic crystal film also played an important role in intelligent display and could be applied to traffic reflective signs to remind pedestrians and drivers of road safety and as smart labels for indoor humidity detection. These characteristics of the CNC photonic films could provide a promising strategy for developing advanced intelligent sensors, detection, and anti-counterfeiting materials.

Applications of inverse opal photonic crystal hydrogels in the preparation of acid-base color-changing materials.

Hydrogels are three-dimensional (3D) crosslinked network hydrophilic polymers that have structures similar to that of biological protein tissue and can quickly absorb a large amount of water. Opal photonic crystals (OPCs) are a kind of photonic band gap material formed by the periodic arrangement of 3D media, and inverse opal photonic crystals (IOPCs) are their inverse structure. Inverse opal photonic crystal hydrogels (IOPCHs) can produce corresponding visual color responses to a change in acid or alkali in an external humid environment, which has wide applications in chemical sensing, anti-counterfeiting, medical detection, intelligent display, and other fields, and the field has developed rapidly in recent years. In this paper, the research progress on fast acid-base response IOPCHs (pH-IOPCHs) is comprehensively described from the perspective of material synthesis. The technical bottleneck of enhancing the performance of acid-base-responsive IOPCHs and the current practical application limitations are summarized, and the development prospects of acid-base-responsive IOPCHs are described. These comprehensive analyses are expected to provide new ideas for solving problems in the preparation and application of pH-IOPCHs.

Multi-Dimensional Light-Emitting Meta-Display: Photoluminescence and Pumping Light Multiplexing.

The advent of intelligent display devices has given rise to diverse and complex demands for miniature light-emitting devices. Light-emitting metasurfaces have emerged as a practical and efficient means of achieving precise light modulation. However, their practicality is limited by certain constraints. First, there is a need for further exploration of the ability to manipulate both pumping and emitting light simultaneously. Second, there is currently no encoding freedom in multi-dimensional emitting light. To address these concerns, using meta-atoms is proposed to encode both fluorescence and pumping light independently, and expand the encoding freedom with different incident wavevector directions. A light-emitting metasurface with quad-fold multiplex encoding meta-displays, including dual scattering images and dual fluorescence images, is further demonstrated. This design strategy not only manipulates both pumping and fluorescence light but also broadens encoding freedom for comprehensive multi-functionality. This can pave the way for multiplexing optical displays, information storage, and next-generation wearable displays.

Controllable fluorescent switch based on ferrocene derivatives with AIE-active tetraphenylethene moiety

Stimuli-responsive supramolecular materials have attracted much attention because of their controllable microstructure and luminescence behavior. In this study, the fluorescent molecule ((1E)-1-((4-(1,2,2-triphenylvinyl)benzylidene)hydrazineylide-ne)ethyl)ferrocene (FcMe-TPE) with aggregation-induced emission (AIE) property and redox activity was synthesized. The morphology as well as fluorescence behavior could be modulated by changing solvent, adding oxidant or applying voltage, and the translation mechanism was explored in detail by means of density functional theory (DFT). Based on the presence of competitive hydrogen bonding, FcMe-TPE assemblies showed different aggregate behaviors and properties under different water contents (fw). As fw increased from 20% to 60%, the morphology of assemblies could be transformed from 2D sheet to elliptical crystal structure, then the precipitation gradually disappeared for the further increase of fw. At the same time, the addition of oxidant as well as the application of voltage could also cause changes in the fluorescence intensity of the assemblies. When the voltage increased from 0 V to 3 V, the fluorescence intensity increased and reached the maximum value at 1 V. Based on this property, the electrofluorochromic (EFC) device with low trigger voltage was made. This work provides a feasible strategy for controllable self-assembly and the fabrication of multiple fluorescence switches, which has potential practical application in the field of advanced anti-counterfeiting, intelligent display and information encryption.

Humanoid Intelligent Display Platform for Audiovisual Interaction and Sound Identification

HighlightsA humanoid intelligent display platform (HIDP) is created using stretchable and resilient ionotronic materials, and can be applicable in extreme environments and complex mechanical stimulations.HIDP links sound amplitude and brightness through machine learning for audiovisual interaction.HIDP identifies and displays animal species and corresponding frequencies in real-time.

Dynamic Color-Switching of Hydrogel Micropillar Array under Ethanol Vapor for Optical Encryption.

Responsive structural colors from artificially engineered micro/nanostructures are critical to the development of anti-counterfeiting, optical encryption, and intelligent display. Herein, the responsive structural color of hydrogel micropillar array is demonstrated under the external stimulus of ethanol vapor. Micropillar arrays with full color are fabricated via femtosecond laser direct writing by controlling the height and diameter of the micropillars according to the FDTD simulation. Color-switching of the micropillar arrays is achieved in <1s due to the formation of liquid film among micropillars. More importantly, the structural color blueshift of the micropillar arrays is sensitive to the micropillar diameter, instead of the micropillar height. The micropillar array with a diameter of 772nm takes 400ms to complete blueshift under ethanol vapor, while that with a diameter of 522nm blueshifts at 2400ms. Microscale patterns are realized by employing the size-dependent color-switching of designed micropillar arrays under ethanol vapor. Moreover, Morse code and directional blueshift of structural colors are realized in the micropillar arrays. The advantages of controllable color-switching of the hydrogel micropillar array would be prospective in the areas of optical encryption, dynamic display, and anti-counterfeiting.

Online Intelligent Display Platform for English Teaching Communicative Awareness in Vocational Colleges Based on Multi-Dimensional Cross-Cultural Data Information Mapping Algorithm

Online Intelligent Display Platform for English Teaching Communicative Awareness in Vocational Colleges Based on Multi-Dimensional Cross-Cultural Data Information Mapping Algorithm

Ultralong excimer phosphorescence by the self‐assembly and confinement of terpyridine derivatives in polymeric matrices

AbstractUltralong organic room temperature phosphorescence (RTP) is attracting increasing attention due to its fascinating optical phenomena and wide applications. Among various RTP, excimer phosphorescence is of fundamental significance, but it remains a considerable challenge to achieve flexible, multicolor and large‐area excimer RTP materials, which should greatly advance the understanding and development of organic light‐emitting devices. Herein, we present ultralong excimer RTP films by the self‐assembly and confinement of terpyridine (Tpy) derivatives in polymeric matrices. Strikingly, the self‐assembly of Tpy derivatives induces the formation of excimer complexes, thus immensely minimizing singlet‐triplet splitting energy (ΔEST) to promote the intersystem crossing process. Furthermore, the confinement by multiple hydrogen bonding interactions as well as the compact aggregation of phosphors jointly suppresses the nonradiative transitions, leading to long‐lived excimer RTP (τ = 543.9 ms, 19,000‐fold improvements over the powder). On account of the outstanding afterglow performance and color‐tunability of RTP materials, flexible and large‐area films were fabricated for intelligent display, anticounterfeiting, and time‐resolved information encryption.

Study on Printable Inorganic Alternating Current Electroluminescence Devices based on Different Electrode Structures

Traditional bottom light emitting devices are commonly limited by the light transmittance of the substrate and electrode, while the recent emerging inorganic alternating current electroluminescence (ACEL) devices, which manifest excellent application prospects in the field of flexible display are mainly prepared by directly mixing thermosetting resin and powder materials. Here, the electrode layer, dielectric layer and light-emitting layer based on different electrode structures, were printed in different orders and structures by the inking technology. Printable inorganic ACEL devices with bottom-emission structure (BES), top-emission structure (TES) and planar electrode structure (PES) were successfully obtained. The measurements of luminescent properties of printable ACEL with different electrode structures under different voltages by spectrometer indicated that BES-ACEL had the best brightness. Besides, TES-ACEL and PES-ACEL have the outstanding advantages of no substrate limitation and interaction characteristics, respectively. Therefore, this work opens up the new path for ACEL devices towards application in the fields of printing and packaging, interactive and intelligent display.

In Situ Fabrication of Benzoquinone Crystal Layer on the Surface of Nest-Structural Ionohydrogel for Flexible "All-in-One" Supercapattery.

Flexible energy-storage devices lay the foundation for a convenient, advanced, fossil fuel-free society. However, the fabrication of flexible energy-storage devices remains a tremendous challenge due to the intrinsic dissimilarities between electrode and electrolyte. In this study, a strategy is proposed for fabricating a flexible electrode and electrolyte entirely inside a matrix. First, a nest-structural and redox-active ionohydrogel with excellent stretchability (up to 3000%) and conductivity (167.9 mS cm-1 ) is designed using a hydrated ionic liquid (HIL) solvent and chemical foaming strategy. The nest-structure ionohydrogel provides sufficient "highways" and "service area", and the cation in HIL facilitates the reaction, transportation, and deposition of benzoquinone. Subsequently, in situ, a novel benzoquinone crystal-gel interface (CGI) is in situ fabricated on the surface of the ionohydrogel through electrochemical deposition of benzoquinone. Thus, an integrated CGI-gel platform is successfully achieved with a middle body as an electrolyte and the surficial redox-active CGI membrane for electrochemical energy conversion and storage. Based on the CGI-gel platform, an extreme simple and effective "stick-to-use" strategy is proposed for constructing flexible energy-storage devices and then a series of flexible supercapatteries are fabricated with high stretchability and capacitance (5222.1 mF cm-2 at 600% strain), low self-discharge and interfacial resistance and a wearable, self-power and intelligent display.

Retracted: Optimization of Intelligent Display Mode of Museum Cultural Relics Based on Intelligent Wireless Sensor Network

Retracted: Optimization of Intelligent Display Mode of Museum Cultural Relics Based on Intelligent Wireless Sensor Network

Toward Water-Immersion Programmable Meta-Display.

Heading toward next-generation intelligent display, dynamic control capability for meta-devices is critical for real world applications. Beyond the conventional electrical/optical/mechanical/thermal tuning methods, liquid immersion recently has emerged as a facile tuning mechanism which is easily accessible (especially water) and practically implementable for large tuning area. However, due to the longstanding and critical drawback of lacking independent-encoding capability, the state-of-art immersion approach remains incapable of pixel-level programmable switching. Here a water-immersion tuning scheme with pixel-scale programmability for dynamic meta-displays is proposed. Tunable meta-pixels can be engineered to construct spectral selective patterns at prior-/post- immersion states, such that a metasurface enables pixel-level transforming animations for dynamic multifield meta-displays, including near-field dual-nanoprints and far-field dual-holographic displays. The proposed water-immersion programmable approach for meta-display, benefitting from its large tuning area, facile operation and strong repeatability, may find a revolutionary path toward next-generation intelligent display with practical applications in dynamic display/encryption, information anticounterfeit/storage, and optical sensors.

Fully GaN Monolithic Integrated Light Emitting Triode‐on‐Bipolar Junction Transistor Device Drivable with Small Current Signals and Its Frequency Response Characteristic: A Modeling and Simulation Study

Intelligent display with multifunctional integration is becoming the frontier and focus of current research on novel display technology. How to realize the single chip integration of lighting with other functions such as switching and driving remain the technical and scientific problems that are desiderated to solve. This article proposes a novel idea of a light‐emitting triode (LET), in which light‐emitting diode (LED) and bipolar junction transistor (BJT) are vertically integrated on a single GaN chip with the same GaN processing. The photoelectrical performances of this “LED on BJT” structure are investigated using finite element simulation. It is verified that LET with electrical–optical modulation and amplification capabilities could be achieved simultaneously. By optimizing the device structure and the doping concentrations of each epitaxial layers, the LET can be operated at a low modulation current injection in the range of tens of microamperes. Therefore, the LET is expected to be directly driven by IC circuits without additional amplifier circuits. Meanwhile, the LET cut‐off frequency can reach more than 80 MHz, allowing the applications of pulse width modulation (PWM) driving and visible light communications.

Visible light-driven indium-gallium-zinc-oxide optoelectronic synaptic transistor with defect engineering for neuromorphic computing system and artificial intelligence

There has been considerable interest in the development of optoelectronic synaptic transistors with synaptic functions and neural computations. These neuromorphic devices exhibit high-efficiency energy consumption and fast operation by imitating biological neural computation methods. Here, a simple defect engineering method for oxide semiconductors is proposed so that indium‑gallium‑zinc-oxide (IGZO) optoelectronic synaptic transistors can have synaptic behavior even in the long-wavelength-visible-light region, in which it is difficult to stimulate the conventional oxide semiconductor. Two additional defective layers (the defective interface layer and light absorption layer) are controlled to generate defects that improve the synaptic function and visible-light absorption. The IGZO optoelectronic synaptic transistor with defect engineering shows the peak of photo-induced postsynaptic current (PSC) of 17.04 nA and maximum gain of 24.67 with 25 optical pulses and a 198% paired-pulse facilitation (PPF) index under red-light illumination at a 635-nm wavelength. Furthermore, learning and forgetting were mimicked by optical and electrical signals, as demonstrated in a “Pavlov's dog” experiment. These results demonstrate that IGZO optoelectronic synaptic transistors can be used in various optical applications driven by a wide range of visible light, such as artificial eyes or intelligent display products.