Intelligence Activities Research Articles

Empowering Unskilled Production Systems Consultants through On-the-Job Training Support: A Digital Triplet Approach

This study aims to experimentally confirm whether knowledge that has been challenging to transfer through traditional on-the-job training (OJT) can be effectively transferred by introducing a formalized OJT approach that describes the improvement process knowledge of skilled production systems consultants, facilitating imitation by unskilled consultants. We adopted the Digital Triplet (D3) concept, an extension of the authors’ digital twin framework to intelligent activities, aligning with our study objectives. Recognizing the difficulty and inadequacy of knowledge transfer in production systems consulting OJT, we propose an OJT support method integrating a decision-making modeling approach for skilled consultants’ processes based on the Generalized Production Systems Consulting Process Model (GCPM) from prior literature into traditional OJT methods involving self-learning and direct instruction. This method enables the construction of a domain-specific GCPM, formalizing the improvement process flow implemented by skilled consultants and linking it to production improvement expertise and tools. In a case study focused on energy-saving improvement, we constructed and tested a domain-specific GCPM’s efficacy in facilitating the transfer of difficult-to-transfer knowledge. The results indicate that domain-specific GCPM facilitates such knowledge transfer, including specialized improvement, knowledge utilization, rationale, and adaptation to specific cases.

W obliczu klęski Prus – o działaniach władz guberni litewskich na przełomie lat 1806–1807

In the autumn of 1806, in view of the defeat of Prussia in the clash with France and the approach of Napoleon’s army to the borders of Russia, the Russian authorities became concerned about the loyalty of their Polish subjects. The authorities of the Lithuanian governorates took preventive measures to preclude an uprising movement and preserve public peace. In particular, attempts were made to seal the border. More careful attention was paid to the movement of people, and care was taken to ensure that travellers did not bring anti-government writings into Russia. Intelligence activities were intensified to monitor the disposition of the population. Emperor Alexander I ordered that any insurrectionary uprising be vigorously suppressed by the harshest means, including the use of the army. At the same time, the authorities tried to avoid anything that could fuel popular discontent. By the Emperor’s decision, the use of ukases in the courts, which, in the opinion of the Lithuanian nobility, hindered the conduct of judicial proceedings, was stopped. Attempts were made to introduce strict discipline in military units to prevent abuse of the civilian population. A police force was put on alert to put suspicious people arriving from abroad under surveillance. Signals of contact between Lithuanian residents and the French army were investigated.

The Interests of the United States of America in the Persian Gulf Countries and Security Problems

Energy resources play an important role in the process of organizing the national security of a state, which is why establishing control over them is one of the most important goals. That is why the countries of the Persian Gulf are the subject of interest of the leading states of the world, the epicenter of the struggle to secure control over the natural resources of the region. The Persian Gulf is an area of special interest in this direction because it is where the largest reserves of hydrocarbon resources in the world are located today.The Persian Gulf region includes eight states, of which, except for Iran, all countries are Arab (Iraq, Bahrain, Qatar, the United Arab Emirates, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, and Oman). The vast majority of them have the largest deposits of hydrocarbon resources, which determines the great interest in them in the world.Since oil and natural gas have an important place in the modern world economy, the role of countries with these natural resources in world politics is also great. Since the countries of the Persian Gulf have the largest reserves of natural gas and oil in the world, it can be said that the strategic importance of this region will increase in the coming decades.The relevance of the research is also determined by the fact that the successful pursuit of the above-mentioned states' own strategic interests is facilitated by systematic intelligence activities. Along with this, the relevance of the research is defined by the fact that on the international level from a military-political point of view, the region is important due to the possibilities of deployment of military bases in the target states, including through intelligence activities, and to identify the threats expected from them.

The trouble with TESSOC: the coming crisis in British and allied military counterintelligence doctrine

ABSTRACT This article examines the evolution of UK military doctrine on counterintelligence (CI), one of the more consistently troubled aspects of military doctrine in general and intelligence doctrine in particular. We argue that current UK and NATO CI doctrine are in thrall to a deeply problematic defining concept in TESSOC (Terrorism, Espionage, Sabotage, Subversion and Organised Crime) that conflates an intractably diverse assortment of security threats under CI. Furthermore, TESSOC is the latest embodiment of a slow, century-long oscillation between two different basic concepts of CI. The first focuses purely on human threat vectors (referred to here as Human Threat CI or HTCI) while the latter entails a more comprehensive, all-source range of adversary technical and open as well as human source intelligence activities (designated Multidisciplinary CI or MDCI in US doctrine). That oscillation is driven largely by the balance between conventional and asymmetrical operations in defence priorities and recent campaign experience. TESSOC is a legacy of the recent, pre-Russo-Ukraine War emphasis on counterterrorism (CT) and counterinsurgency (COIN) operations. Consequently, UK and allied military counterintelligence doctrine are entering the second quarter of the 21st Century fundamentally ill-equipped to cope with strategic peers and their use of full-spectrum and hybrid strategies.

Work procedure action recognition based on skeleton and video features

In the field of industrial engineering, traditional methods for analyzing manufacturing process actions have limitations such as time-consuming, labor-intensive, and experience-dependent. To address these challenges in action analysis, we propose an intelligent action recognition method based on both skeleton and video features, aiming to replace manual decomposition of action elements. The MediaPipe framework is used for human posture estimation to obtain the skeleton sequence, and the CNN-GRU model is constructed action recognition based on skeleton features. For hand movements involving the use of industrial gloves, an enhanced TimeSformer video understanding model is introduced for action recognition based on video features. This improvement incorporates uniform attention and external attention mechanisms, resulting in enhanced model performance. The final experimental validation for the self-constructed process action dataset shows that the online detection speed of the skeleton action recognition model reaches 25 FPS, and the accuracy of the end-to-end video action recognition model is improved by 10.5 percentage points compared to the base model.

Countering hostile sabotage and reconnaissance groups by the National Police of Ukraine units in the context of martial law

The article is devoted to the study of ways to improve the tactical and special readiness of police officers to counteract sabotage and reconnaissance groups in the border areas and in the areas of active hostilities. The author identifies additional powers of the police under the martial law regime, including the following: conducting joint operations against sabotage and reconnaissance forces of the aggressor (enemy) and paramilitary or armed groups which are not regulated by the laws of Ukraine.
 To address the objectives of the study, the analysis of the sources of international and national law providing for the use of sabotage and reconnaissance groups by the parties to the conflict is carried out, the essence and hierarchical structure of these groups are revealed, and the objects against which the use of sabotage measures is prohibited are identified. The article also provides a list of objects of the warring parties which, according to international humanitarian law, may be subject to damage.
 The organisational features of the basics for defensive combat by the units of the ground forces of certain countries, in particular, the Federal Republic of Germany and the United States of America, are considered. According to the military doctrine of these countries, the purpose of defence is to disrupt the enemy’s offensive actions, inflict maximum losses in manpower and equipment, and gain time to concentrate forces in the chosen direction for the offensive.
 The article describes the signs that can be used to identify members of Russian sabotage and reconnaissance groups. These signs are the following: the execution of certain actions, including conducting intelligence activities, destabilising the situation by committing criminal offences (explosions, murders, assaults, robberies) under the guise of domestic crimes, spreading false information and discrediting the authorities during direct communication with the local population.
 The tactical methods of combating sabotage and reconnaissance groups in the territory of the controlled border area are highlighted. The experience of counter-sabotage measures by the security and defence forces of Ukraine, one of the elements of which is an ambush, is studied. 
 A model of sabotage protection and its use in the educational process of higher education institutions of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Ukraine is proposed, which provides for a comprehensive combination of command and staff exercises with tactical and special exercises in two stages and involvement of cadets in ensuring public safety and order in border settlements.

The Ukraine war and the shift in Russian intelligence priorities

ABSTRACT The war in Ukraine has transformed Russian intelligence activities. It has drawn the bulk of Russian intelligence collection resources, both inside Ukraine and further afield, to focus on war-related, often low-level operational/tactical targets. Even strategic collection is related to the war, especially directed toward bolstering Russia’s global reputation. However, the war has also led to the dismantling of a large portion of Russia’s intelligence apparatus, including both human and signals intelligence, especially in Europe, just when it is needed the most. It has prompted greater scrutiny and international counterintelligence cooperation against Russian intelligence activities than has been seen since the 1980s. Russia’s own actions have drawn those reactions. Nevertheless, Russian intelligence services are resilient and persistent. They learn from mistakes and adapt to changing circumstances.

Possibilities of Using Artificial Intelligence in EU and UN Peacekeeping Activities

Abstract The main purpose of writing this article was to show how disruptive technologies, including artificial intelligence and machine learning, can be used in military operations. We also covered how the UN and other international organisations have begun to regulate this rapidly exploding field from a policy perspective. We presented some of the technologies that use AI and made suggestions for their general military application and how these technologies can be used in peacetime operations. Artificial intelligence and intelligent devices can also bring enormous benefits in the areas of command and control systems, reconnaissance and intelligence activities. We also presented issues and dilemmas related to developments in this direction, such as ethical, liability, security and information protection problems and dilemmas.

인공지능 언플러그드 활동에 대한 국내 문헌 조사

인공지능 언플러그드 활동에 대한 국내 문헌 조사

A partner, not a combatant: the U.S. Congress, intelligence reform, and civil liberties after Vietnam

ABSTRACT In the aftermath of 11 September 2001, scholars and commentators concerned about civil liberties looked back to the 1970s with an air of nostalgia. Back then, they argued, Congress exposed and constrained executive abuses of civil liberties, most notably through the Senate Select Committee to Study Governmental Operations with Respect to Intelligence Activities (the ‘Church Committee’) and the 1978 Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act (FISA); whereas, since 9/11, Congress has largely accepted a variety of constitutionally dubious activities as part of the ‘War on Terror.’ This article argues that these accounts get the history wrong. Drawing on the Church Committee’s hearings and reports, internal executive branch communications, and the legislative history of FISA, it makes three core claims. First, the Church Committee was more valuable as a source of historical documentation rather than real-time exposure. Second, executive officials took crucial steps towards intelligence reform before the Church Committee was established. Third, the two legislative fruits of the Church Committee – FISA and the creation of permanent intelligence committees in Congress – were forged in a cooperative, rather than adversarial interbranch environment. Thus, the post-Vietnam Congress is best described as a partner, rather than a combatant, in the process of intelligence reform.

Аналіз наявних методів та підходів до пошуку пошкодженої автобронетанкової техніки під час технічної розвідки в сучасних арміях світу

The article proposes the definition of directions and opportunities for the use of technical means of information in the performance of the tasks of rear support of troops in armed conflicts that are taking place today.
 Possible areas of application of unmanned aerial vehicles in the technical intelligence system of the National Guard of Ukraine and the Armed Forces of Ukraine are considered. The analysis of various types of unmanned aerial vehicles revealed the peculiarities of their use. The foreign experience of the use and development of unmanned technologies in the field of search and evacuation of damaged armored vehicles was analyzed. Conclusions were obtained regarding the combination of unmanned aerial vehicles with traditional means of technical intelligence, which showed their significant advantages. Prospective areas of application of aircraft in combination with technical intelligence systems of individual units of the National Guard of Ukraine and military units of the Armed Forces of Ukraine during operations and hostilities have been identified. The possibility of combining aviation technologies and means of technical intelligence in armed conflicts of modern armies of the world is also considered.
 Technical intelligence was analyzed from the point of view of the type of intelligence by tasks, forces, means and methods; and also as an organization of intelligence activities based on the use of technical means. The dependence on the nature of signals detected by technical means is shown, one of the types of technical intelligence is photo and infrared intelligence based on the interception of light waves (species intelligence).
 Species intelligence is considered as the collection of intelligence information based on the analysis of a large number of images obtained with the help of photographic, optical-electronic and radar equipment. According to its specificity, intelligence belongs to technical intelligence and includes air and space intelligence. Species reconnaissance uses photographic images taken in the visible range of the electromagnetic spectrum, infrared photography and multispectral photography. Radar images for species reconnaissance are created by equipment of various electromagnetic ranges synthesized in radar equipment. Spectral reconnaissance should be distinguished from electronic reconnaissance using optical-electronic or radar equipment that does not form an image.
 Military experts of developed countries believe that in the modern combat environment, unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) for conducting reconnaissance as a means of technical intelligence can more effectively and quickly solve the tasks of technical intelligence. At the same time, the time required to deliver the received intelligence information to the relevant management bodies is reduced.

Counterintelligence, Artificial Intelligence and National Security: Synergy and Challenges

Counterintelligence (CI) and Artificial Intelligence (AI) represent two distinct yet interconnected domains that play pivotal roles in safeguarding National and International Security. On the first hand, CI involves activities and measures taken to identify, prevent and counter any Intelligence activities of hostile entities, such as spying, sabotage and information gathering. On the other hand, AI refers to the development and use of computer systems that can perform tasks that typically require human intelligence, such as learning, reasoning and problem-solving. Subsequently, in the ever-evolving landscape of global security, the rise of AI has ushered in a new era of CI practices. The present paper delves into the intersection of CI and AI, exploring the profound impact of AI on the CI processes and how it is transforming National Security strategies, highlighting at the same time the fields of mutually influence. Ultimately, underscores the imperative of harnessing AI's potential to strengthen CI efforts in an ever-evolving threat landscape. Plus, it investigates the ethical concerns and privacy implications associated with AI in CI emphasizing the imperative of responsible AI development and deployment. Finally, through comprehensive international case studies, offers insights into how United States, China, Russia and Israel have integrated AI into their Intelligence and CI strategies, shedding light on the diverse approaches and challenges faced by different countries. Summarizing, the paper underscores the potential synergy between AI and CI, while also acknowledging the formidable challenges it presents, such as privacy concerns and adversarial AI. Striking a balance between harnessing AI's power and safeguarding national interests remains a pivotal task for policymakers and intelligence agencies in the ever-evolving landscape of national security.

An Ethical Framework for Economic Intelligence

It can be argued that intelligence activity has ethical value through its important role in detecting, preventing, and countering threats that would cause harm to the political community and its members. What has been relatively overlooked, however, is the potentially (un)ethical role of intelligence in the economic sphere—that is, whether secret intelligence acts of economic espionage and economic covert action can be used against another (potentially aggressive) state’s economy or economic actors as a means of protecting one’s own economic, social, and military security. Economic intelligence works to create a competitive economic or political advantage, but this can cause harm that is more likely to be disproportionate and inflicted on those who have done nothing to warrant it. The harms caused by economic intelligence can be widely spread across society and against those who are unjustified targets. To account for this, additional care needs to be given to questions of proportionality and discrimination.

Problems and Improvement Measures in the Current Counter-terrorism System - Focusing on the Military

The current “Anti-Terrorism Act for the Protection of Citizens and Public Safety” requires that if a terrorist incident occurs within a military facility, a military facility terrorism response headquarters is established and operated to comprehensively handle related situations. The military (軍) has made great progress in the field of counter-terrorism, but since prevention of terrorism is very important, the military's overall counter-terrorism intelligence activities need to be reorganized. At this point, to prevent terrorist acts within military facilities, legal reinforcement is needed to ensure smooth intelligence collection activities for each military intelligence and investigative agency. In particular, to effectively prevent terrorism, the military's intelligence collection system, which has a decentralized structure, must be unified. In addition, in order for the Military Counter-terrorism Intelligence Council to be operated to share counter-terrorism intelligence, considering the urgency of terrorist incidents, a control tower that can analyze and disseminate intelligence 24 hours a day is needed.

Targeting and Microenvironment-Activated Nanoreactor for Diabetic Chronic Wound Healing via Multienzyme Cascade Reactions.

The development of cell-like nanoreactors with the ability to initiate biocatalytic cascades under special conditions holds tremendous potential for therapeutic applications. Herein, conformationally gated nanoreactors that respond to the acidic microenvironment of infected diabetic wounds were developed by cucur[8]bituril (CB[8])-based supramolecular assembly. The bioinspired nanoreactors exhibit not only self-regulated permeability and selectivity to control internal enzyme activities by substance exchange but also distinct binding specificities toward Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria via noncovalent modification with different ligands. The encapsulation of glucose oxidase (GOx), Fe3O4 nanozyme, and l-arginine (l-Arg) into the nanocarriers enables intelligent activation of multienzyme cascade reactions upon glucose (Glu) uptake to produce gluconic acid (GA) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), which is further converted into highly toxic hydroxyl radicals (·OH) for selective antibacterial activity. Moreover, acidic H2O2 promotes the oxidization of l-Arg, leading to the release of nitric oxide (NO). Consequently, this nanoreactor provides a multifunctional and synergistic platform for diabetic chronic wound healing by combining enzyme dynamic therapy with NO gas therapy to combat bacterial infections and inflammation under high blood Glu levels.

The Evolution of Mako Brimob Kelapa Dua Depok Strategy in Security Ahead of the 2024 Elections from the Threat of Terrorism

Indonesia is a democratic country where general elections serve as a fundamental pillar in realizing democratic principles and act as a crucial mechanism ensuring active citizen participation in determining their representatives. Given the significance of the election moment as a pivotal point in Indonesia's political dynamics, it brings about a vulnerable risk of security disturbances, including terrorism threats. Indonesia bears a significant presence of terrorism, ranking third in the Asia-Pacific region according to the Global Terrorism Index 2023. The aim of this research is to elucidate the evolution of security strategies implemented by Mako Brimob Kelapa Dua Depok in facing terrorism threats related to the 2024 elections. The research method employed is qualitative, utilizing theories of security intelligence, social construction, and terrorism concepts. The results indicate that the 2024 General Election in Indonesia is a crucial political event, with a primary focus on anticipating terrorism threats due to the perceived intense political dynamics, increased political polarization, fierce competition among political parties, and extensive use of social media. Forms of terrorism leading up to the election include physical attacks, cyber-attacks, voter intimidation, and potential political conflicts. Security intelligence strategies in facing terrorism have evolved to involve prevention, intervention, and recovery. Strategic steps include establishing specialized intelligence agencies, technological advancements, and inter-agency collaboration. The evolution of security strategies related to the 2024 elections encompasses increased intelligence activities, enhanced intervention capabilities, and preparation for post-terrorism recovery. Special task forces, specialized equipment procurement, and collaboration with various stakeholders demonstrate Mako Brimob's efforts to enhance responses to terrorism threats

Prosecutor's Office Intelligence Actions in Solving Corruption Crimes Through Types of Intelligence Difference

Purpose: To examine and explain the ideal authority of the prosecutor's office in the field of law enforcement intelligence in resolving criminal acts of corruption.
 
 Theoretical reference: three types of Intelligence-State Interaction that tend to occur. The three types of interaction are Political Intelligence, Intelligence Militarization, and Intelligence State.
 
 Method: This type of research uses normative-empirical research, translated into legal research equipped with empirical data.
 
 Result and Conclusion: That Prosecutor's Intelligence is a state intelligence provider with certain differentiation in the field of law enforcement and prevention of criminal acts of corruption in accordance with the principles of national interest and security. The prosecutor's office has intelligence functions, so the prosecutor's office must be able to become a center for intelligence data in resolving criminal acts of corruption, especially at the investigation and prosecution stages, through differentiation types, practically the prosecutor's intelligence actions in resolving criminal acts of corruption are through 5 (five) stages of activity namely planning and direction, collection, processing, analysis and production, dissemination).
 
 Implications of research: To find the ideal prosecutor's authority in the field of law enforcement intelligence as a means of resolving criminal acts of corruption.
 
 Originality/value: enforcement of law enforcement intelligence by prosecutors using an intelligence differentiation type approach.

“Osint” and “consolidated information” in the terminological field of information and analytical activity

The purpose of the study is to reveal the content of the terms “OSINT” and “consolidated information” in the terminological field of information and analytical activity, to identify similarities and differences between them. Research methodology. General scientific research methods of analysis and synthesis were used; the method of comparative analysis to compare the essence of the terms OSINT and consolidated information; the method of content analysis in the study of texts and documents; the hypothetical method to substantiate the synonymity of the terms OSINT and consolidated information. The scientific novelty lies in the identification of analogies between the terms “OSINT” and “consolidated information”, which form a terminological series in the scientific discourse and practical field of information and analytical activities. Conclusions. The terminological field in the scientific discourse and in the field of practical information and analytical activities is characterised by the formation of a synonymous series, which includes the terms “OSINT” and “consolidated information”, which are actually designations of the concept of “information and analytical activities”. An analysis of the content of these terms shows that the difference is that the content of the concept of “consolidated information” does not indicate a specific field of activity, while OSINT retains the relevant connotations in the application of the term in other areas. OSINT in its meaning, regardless of the scope of use in intelligence activities, is a type of information and analytical activity which is gaining active development in the modern information and communication space to perform a wide range of tasks in social practice aimed at searching, collecting and analysing information from open (publicly available) sources which are not classified or restricted

Through a Glass, Darkly: US-Italian Intelligence Cooperation, Covert Operations and the Gladio ‘Stay-Behind’ Programme

ABSTRACT This article studies US-Italian ‘stay-behind’ cooperation between 1943 and 1976, when it was terminated, within the context of US covert anti-communist activities in Italy. The paper first provides an overview of the operational activities jointly conducted by the US and Italian intelligence between 1943 and 1947, while detailing the US penetrations of the Italian intelligence system and the early stages of development of a US covert network. Subsequently, it delineates the proliferation of US covert anti-communist networks in north-east Italy, the rise of S/B cooperation and its institutionalisation in the Gladio agreement, as well as the CIA pressures for ‘offsets’ in exchange for its financial support of the Italian S/B programme. In the third part, after analysing the temporary hiatus in US intelligence covert activities, the paper describes the decline and end of US-Italian S/B cooperation and the stepping up of covert operations by both the CIA and the US military intelligence. It demonstrates that Gladio did not occupy a central role in US covert operations against communism until 1976 and that CIA pressures on the Italian military intelligence represented an opportunistic attempt at maximising the ‘return’ on the financial investment in the Italian S/B programme. The article concludes by summarising the pattern of US intelligence activities in Italy in the period under scrutiny and the role of Gladio, and laying out implications for theory-development in the realm of intelligence cooperation.

Distributed private preserving learning based chaotic encryption framework for cognitive healthcare IoT systems

In the field of cognitive healthcare Internet of Things (CH-IoT), there is a strong demand for reliable and minimally intrusive smart gadgets that consistently acquire, analyse, and obtain the confidential health details of the individual. In fact, CH-IoT is empowered with artificial intelligence (AI) to transmute a fewer operational inputs into actionable, intelligent actions through the digitization of medical healthcare data. However, these systems consume more network complexity, interaction, and overhead costs, while inducing a blend of susceptibility and confidentiality issues. In support of this complexity, these cognitive systems need centralised data collection and to be gathered and analysed, which affects scalability issues and adds fuel to privacy and security breaches. Even though it possesses greater intricacy in its potential application, a substantial factor is maintaining the private preservation of healthcare data against the growing attacks. Thus, this paper presents a distributed privacy-preserving, chaotic encryption-based framework that can be deployed for CH-IoT systems to safeguard sensitive data against message modification, denial of service (DoS), and man-in-the-middle attacks (MIM), guaranteeing privacy and data integrity. The proposed framework integrated the federated learning layered hybrid chaotic encryption strategies by investigating through examination the learning infrastructure of convolutional neural networks (CNN). In the examination, the complete framework was carried out in the Tensorflow Federated Learning Libraries (FLL), and numerous performance metrics such as accuracy, precision, recall, f1-score, transmission efficiency, and overhead ratio were measured and contrasted with the various existing frameworks. For the intensive analysis, formal and informal security experiments were also conducted by NIST (National Institute of Science and Technology). The analytical results illustrate the importance of the proposed framework by achieving better security performance and outperforming the other existing models. Lastly, the proposed framework has more potential than the other existing frameworks and finds its place in real-time healthcare systems, but it needs to be improvised for real-time datasets.