Intellectual Roots Research Articles

Konsep Industrialisasi dan Transformasi Struktural di Indonesia

Regional economic development is closely related to changes and transformations of economic structures. There are four main aspects of economic development, namely growth, poverty alleviation, economic transformation, and sustainable development from an agrarian to industrial society. In Indonesia, economic development has encouraged growth and changes in economic structure, which are closely related. Structural transformation, namely the transition from the agricultural sector to the industrial or service sector, is a characteristic feature of developing countries. It involves changes in demand, trade, production, and other factors aimed at increasing per capita income and societal welfare. State-controlled industrialization policies have intellectual roots in the 19th century and have been the main strategy in many developing countries, including Indonesia since 1969. This strategy succeeded in shifting the economic focus from the agricultural sector to the industrial and service sectors, which also involved social transformation in addition to transformation. economy. Industrialization is defined as a significant socio-economic change, from a pre-industrial stage with low per capita income to a more advanced industrial stage.

Kardeş Türküler as ‘art action’: The multiple cultural heritages of Anatolia

Abstract This article focuses on Kardeş Türküler, a band that reflects the multiple cultural heritages of Anatolia in its concerts and albums. Kardeş Türküler has taken a unique stance in choosing to express itself from a culturally pluralistic perspective rather than following a single language or identity. Referring to Kardeş Türküler as ‘art action’, and utilising the non-reductive methods of John Street that focus on the two-way interaction between music and politics, I conducted in-depth interviews in 2017, 2020 and 2021 with the core members and the former coach of the group regarding its intellectual roots and internal modus operandi. There are three main reasons for Kardeş Türküler's deep engagement with music as protest: being against the cultural–artistic policies of the Republican period; the political meaning of making multilingual music in Turkiye; and Kardeş Türküler's engagement with post-neoliberal street protests such as the Gezi Park movement.

Alan Fox and the managerial “unitary” frame of reference in unionised companies: context, roots, elaboration and international applicability

PurposeThis study investigates the origins and elaboration of the managerial “unitary” frame of reference associated with Alan Fox, focusing on unionised firms: the industrial relations context, intellectual roots, elaboration, adaptation by other writers, and international applicability.Design/methodology/approachTracing the above requirements through contemporaneous sources.FindingsFox’s designation of the unitary frame needs to be understood in its 1960s’ context, particularly the promotion of “productivity bargaining”, and its furthering through management training and education. Fox’s specific contribution is identified. Subsequent UK writers have underplayed the importance of the legal dimension of managerial authority, especially relevant in the US context, while other extra-economic factors bolster the managerial unitary frame in authoritarian societies such as China.Originality/valueThe use of Fox's neglected 1960s’ writings; tracking how Fox developed the unitary frame concept and how it was funnelled into the narrow parameters of non-unionism by subsequent writers; identifying its applicability beyond the UK (with the USA as a historical example and China as a contemporary one).

Partisan Legal Traditions in the Age of Camden and Mansfield

Abstract The 18th century is often treated by scholars as a period of juristic consensus. This article argues, in contrast, that the late 18th century saw the emergence of rival ‘Patriot’ and ‘Tory’ legal traditions. Through a detailed study of the jurisprudence of Lords Camden and Mansfield—who were both pillars of the law, as well as political and juristic rivals—we show that they differed systematically in their understanding of the common law, and that those differences had a partisan cast: although they were not crude attempts to instrumentalise law to political ends, their political and jurisprudential commitments influenced each other and emerged from the same intellectual roots. We place these differences in the context of the fragmentation of 18th-century Whig politics, and argue that they have important implications for how we understand and make use of the common law tradition in present-day scholarship.

Influence and Untimeliness in Modern Architecture: A Conversation between Eeva-Liisa Pelkonen and Amanda Reeser Lawrence

A conversation between Eeva-Liisa Pelkonen and Amanda Reeser Lawrence recorded on November 13, 2023 at the Yale School of Architecture. The conversation focuses on their shared interest in twentieth-century American architecture culture, including architectural pedagogy marked by the use of architectural precedents as a generative design tool and the rise of art historical formalism as a dominant method of teaching architectural history. During the discussions the authors unpacked the key concepts and intellectual roots of their respective projects, “untimeliness” and the “usable past” (Pelkonen) and “influence” and “anachronism” (Lawrence) and shared notes on how they approach history teaching in a design school setting so as to make it an integral part of architectural thought.

Gustav Schmoller and the Idea of a Social Market Economy: A Precursor to Ordoliberalism?

Abstract Despite the trenchantly formulated attempts of early ordoliberals to distance themselves from Gustav Schmoller, his research program can undoubtedly be identified as one of the numerous intellectual influences of their economic and sociopolitical ideas. In this article we dispel prominent misconceptions regarding Schmoller’s work and explain why the most fitting understanding of his approach today is contextual economics. We establish six characteristics of ordoliberalism that were already essential in Schmoller’s work, and which show great continuity in the tradition of German-speaking political economy. In this context, there is little more emblematic than the idea of the Social Market Economy as an “irenic formula”. We argue that the basic thought of social irenicism is also the essential leitmotif in Schmoller’s progressive conception of an economic order, which we call, by analogy with Müller-Armack, a Sittliche Marktwirtschaft [Ethical Market Economy]. For a better and more reflective self-understanding, a modern economics of order [Ordnungsökonomik] would be well advised to develop a heightened awareness of its own intellectual roots.

From Ludendorff to Lenin? World War I and the Origins of Soviet Economic Planning

The planned economy was a defining element of the Bolshevik dictatorship. In contrast to scholars who have located its intellectual roots in the classic texts of nineteenth-century Marxism, this essay situates the origins of economic planning in World War I. The text analyses the link between war and planning in Russian and German thought. In doing so, we argue that the Bolsheviks’ positive assessment of the techniques of wartime mobilisation, influenced by the work of German economist Rudolf Hilferding, was foundational to their vision of organising the economy through the state.

Neo-Zionism's Vision for the Issue of the Jewishness of the State in Israel

Objectives: The purpose of the present paper is to analyze Neo-Zionism’s vision for the issue of the Jewishness of the state in Israel by tracing the foundations of this trend, the factors that helped crystalizing it in Israeli state, and the impact of that on the state’s identity. Methods: The paper is based on two approaches: the historical approach and the analytical approach, the first helps in tracing the intellectual roots of Neo-Zionism trend, while the second helps in dividing the phenomenon in question in order to identify its causes, analyze its vision's results, and explain its impact on the identity of the Israeli state. Results: The Neo-Zionism trend presented a set of coherent values and ideas towards the issue of the Jewish state. In reality, Neo-Zionism was able to achieve the following: Firstly, the idolization of its visions. Secondly, the legitimization of its ideological visions. Thirdly, the legalization of its ideology and political approach. Although the trend presented a coherent intellectual perspective on the nature of the identity of the Israeli state, its religious vision led to a deepening of the identity crisis in Israeli society and created a new crisis between the nature of the identity of the state and the democratic system in Israel. Conclusions: the study recommends more research on the opposing visions to values and ideas of Neo-Zionism trend (left and Arab parties), and the alliances they can achieve in the face of the expansion of the Neo-Zionism.

The Geopolitical Shaping of Digital ID in Asia: Ten Years of Digital Asia

Abstract This article draws attention to a missing dimension in the analysis of digital ID: its geopolitical shaping. After a brief reflection on theory in digital Asia, it presents the most common approach to digital ID as involving judgments about its positive and negative impacts and potential regulatory fixes. While recognizing the utility of this approach, the article presents a complementary framing of digital ID systems focused not on their effects, but on the influences that shape them. It argues that in many Asian countries in the global South, digital ID systems can be influenced by a combination of: technological struggle between the US and China; a desire to open new markets for digital service companies; and the development potential of economic and financial inclusion. After revealing the intellectual roots of the ‘geopolitical shaping’ frame in three adjacent literatures, it concludes by pointing the way to new avenues of empirical enquiry.

Notes toward a Semeiotic of Art

Although Charles Peirce only rarely applied his semeiotic principles to art, his ideas are highly informative for contemplating the exchange of qualitative meaningin the iconic signs constitutive of art. Reflecting on Peirce’s theory of the icon, three hypo-iconic sub-types, the formative role of the sign-interpretant, and the metaphysical “qualisignificance” of a universe “perfused with signs”, I provide some theoretical notes toward sketching a semeiotic of art. Further illustrative of a Peircean semeiotic of art is the American painting of the Hudson River School and the modern poetry of Wallace Stevens that progressively advance its insights in their own beautiful signs. These philosophers and artists have intellectual roots in Emerson’s transcendentalism with its Neoplatonic legacy, and together form a unique American strand of aesthetics.

Writing Capitalism into Iran through the International

“Writing capitalism into Iran” arguably requires addressing a prior theoretical question regarding the origins and development of capitalism. This is because many of the existing analyses of Iran's experience of capitalist modernity tend to uncritically deploy classical Marxist theories of capitalist development. This literature's analytical problems, especially its recurrent recourse to exceptionalism, cannot be solved at the empirical or analytical level but rather at its intellectual roots in classical Marxism (see Samiee in this roundtable forum). This observation has been central to my research program. What follows is an extremely condensed genealogy of this research program and some of its analytical implications for Iranian studies.

The Charisma Machine: The Life, Death, and Legacy of One Laptop per Child by Morgan G. Ames

Reviewed by: The Charisma Machine: The Life, Death, and Legacy of One Laptop per Child by Morgan G. Ames Daniel Lövheim (bio) The Charisma Machine: The Life, Death, and Legacy of One Laptop per Child By Morgan G. Ames. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2019. Pp. 309. Global digitalization, connectivity, and the vision of "computers for all" are examples of how narratives of technology and education can be combined to invoke powerful and far-reaching promises of social change in contemporary society. In The Charisma Machine, Morgan G. Ames gives a fascinating case study of these visions. Launched in 2005 and developed at the MIT Media Lab, the One Laptop per Child (OLPC) project built on the idea of giving all children across the Global South a computer of their own. It was led by Professor Nicholas Negroponte, who during that year toured the world stage and promised that the laptop was to be cheap but at the same time cute, powerful, and robust. Furthermore, his message was that the project not only had the possibilities to connect poor and rural areas with the rest of the world or to stimulate young kids to become programmers. It also held the potential, Negroponte claimed, to end poverty, save the environment, and create peace. The Charisma Machine sets out to follow the OLPC project from the beginning to its deployment in South America, with a special focus on Paraguay, where the author spent seven months as an observer. Ames uses different sources and methods in her study, from speeches, public mailing lists, and discussion boards to ethnographic fieldwork and interviews. The first part of the book traces the intellectual roots of the OLPC back to the 1960s and another influential professor at MIT, Seymour Papert, who was among the first to express visions of one computer per child. Papert's own learning theory, called constructionism, built on the idea of children as active learners in knowledge construction processes. Another important part of the OLPC's background was the hacker culture ethos of MIT, which from its early years had hailed passionate and playful attitudes to computers and programming. Both Papert's learning theory and the hackers' ethos relied, the author claims, on particular social imaginaries of childhood and technology that were invested into the OLPC project—imaginaries of a creative, boyish, and rebellious persona that in many ways was able to teach itself and thus leapfrog traditional ways of learning. In her analysis of both the utopian promises of the laptop's potential and the way it was planned and designed through the ideas of social imaginaries of childhood, Ames uses the concept "charismatic technology"—a term inspired by both Max Weber and the science and technology studies field to describe how objects, not only humans, can be seen as charismatic and having an agency. The charisma, she explains, lies not in what kind of object it is but in the promises that it invokes. The author does a good job at contributing to [End Page 608] existing research on computer-driven (educational) utopianism but also at placing the story of OLPC within a longer tradition of charismatic objects. In a historical perspective that involves the last two hundred years, the laptop becomes yet another part of a tradition in which new technologies—railroads, radio, the internet—have been understood as groundbreaking and as creators of new paths to freedom and (male) individualism. In the remaining chapters of the book, the author presents how the OLPC—which never really became the global success that the developers had hoped—along with its charisma, was exported to Paraguay, where it met with administrators, teachers, children, and parents of a completely different context than the one in which it was designed and developed. Ames convincingly shows that the project encountered obstacles of both a technical and social nature that together painted a different picture than the enthusiastic visions of reduced poverty and playful learning. Breakage and software problems were one aspect, language barriers formed another, as did gendered and socioeconomic factors. The findings demonstrate that even if some children did try to use the laptops in the hacker-inspired way that Negroponte and his team...

The narratives and aesthetics of the civilizational state in the ‘new’ India

Abstract The term ‘civilizational state’ is used by emerging powers, including India, to mark themselves as distinct from the Westphalian states. This article addresses the following questions: why does India invoke this term despite its association with illiberal states? What ideological foundations and resources inform this narrative? And how does the ‘new’ India envision its role in international politics? Using an interpretive analysis of select texts and imagery, the article delineates the intellectual roots and aesthetic resources deployed by ‘new’ India to bring forth a civilizational state narrative which has become an important tool of power projection at both domestic and international levels. It argues that the recent shift from ‘civilization’ to ‘civilizational state’ draws its intellectual roots from early Hindutva idealogues. It is based on a conflict-ridden/homogenous understanding of civilization, making it ambivalent towards an inclusive/plural civilizational narrative articulated and nurtured by the nationalists. Internationally, the civilizational state narrative is geared towards reinforcing ‘new’ India's claim to be in the league of great powers; projecting itself as a power with a difference. Being the world's largest democracy helps in reinforcing this narrative, but signs of a shift towards a homogenous civilizational narrative will have wider implications for India's role in international politics.

Digital “x”—Charting a Path for Digital-Themed Research

We live in a time when digital technologies reshape most aspects of business and social life. This challenges received assumptions about modes of operation in organizations. As a result, scholars and practitioners increasingly use the label “digital” to signify that something has changed to the extent that a plethora of long-established management concepts are expressed in a new formulaic form of “digital x,” and x can stand for innovation, strategy, transformation, infrastructure, etc. In the information systems discipline and beyond, “digital” has emerged as an oft-used conceptual label to characterize age-long phenomena hitherto described by the IT (or x) label. There is a sense among academic and practitioner communities that digital and IT are not mere synonyms, but beyond the hype, something fundamentally different is being signaled when the “digital” label is invoked. This paper traces the intellectual roots and foundations of the growing use of “digital” as a conceptual label, identifies when the label use is warranted as well as outlines implications that the moniker holds for future scholarship, policy, and practice. In particular, the paper offers actionable guidance that enables more reflective use of the term “digital” as we move forward.

Cryptoeconomics as governance: an intellectual history from “Crypto Anarchy” to “Cryptoeconomics”

Existing scholarship on cryptoeconomics describes this field as a new and emergent phenomenon. In this paper, I claim that crypto anarchists and cryptoeconomists design and build decentralised networks as governance systems according to the common principles of cryptography, economics, and engineering, and thus, cryptoeconomics is not new but has historical intellectual roots in the political ideology of Crypto Anarchy. Cryptoeconomics is a multidisciplinary field of study concerned with the design of decentralised systems that facilitate the coordination of multiple actors. Practitioners of crypteoconomics, known as “cryptoeconomists,” employ engineering and economic methods to create institutional infrastructure for social coordination. Crypto Anarchy is a political ideology that emphasises autonomy and anonymity and the practice of self-organising through technical means largely attributed to a counter-cultural subgroup known as the “cypherpunks”. I demonstrate the link between Crypto Anarchy and cryptoeconomics through the analysis of empirical evidence from primary archival sources, secondary sources, and academic literature. The implication of these findings is a deeper understanding of what the creation of cryptoeconomic systems does in enabling a political economy of distributed, autonomous coordination. What cryptoeconomists did not adopt and perpetuate is a value for anonymity, which is where the social outcomes of Crypto Anarchy and cryptoeconomics diverge.

“Meditation madness”: meditation’s popularity, popular religion and unsupervised religion

ABSTRACT Publications have used pathologizing language when reporting a boom in the popularity of meditation practices: a ‘meditation madness’. I argue that analysing the intellectual roots of the category ‘popular religion’ improves our understanding of debates about the status of meditation and its potential adverse effects. My analyses first provide historical context for portrayals of religiocultural activities of ‘the masses’ as irrational and dangerous. But European ideas about ‘the popular’ are also foundational to the very construction of ‘meditation’ in its current dominant forms. Buddhist studies scholars today critique a new ‘popular Buddhism in the West’ precisely because it, in turn, denigrates common Asian Buddhist practices as ‘popular religion’ dross obscuring the true essence of Buddhism (as transmitted through modern(ist) meditation forms). I find that responses to the popularity of meditation may evoke old dichotomies of popular/elite religion, but they often ultimately express concrete, practical anxieties about the recent rapid spread of therapeutic meditation practices. Psychologists studying ‘meditation sickness’, for example, may be less concerned about ‘unofficial’ than ‘unsupervised religion’. They warn that ‘meditation mania’ risks actually rendering meditators manic, that, without guidance from responsible educated (if not elite) teachers, uninformed meditators can, indeed, experience episodes of mania and other difficulties.

THE MULTIDISCIPLINARY HISTORIES OF ACTIVE AGING IN POLAND

Abstract In contemporary Poland, Universities of the Third Age are the most visible institutional forms of active aging. These lifelong-learning institutions that are specifically for retirees often cultivate ideals of independence through workshops and classes that teach new, and potentially transformative, skills and hobbies (Kobylarek, 2018). Universities of the Third Age in Poland emerged out of the fields of andragogy, pedagogy, and social work, fields that have regional intellectual roots in the late 19th/early 20th-century presocialist era, and are based on radically different ideals of personhood, relationality, and care than those of the contemporary postsocialist neoliberal era (Robbins, 2021). This paper analyzes 1) historical data from institutional archives of two Universities of the Third Age in Poland, and 2) secondary sources on histories of andragogy, pedagogy, and social work, to create a locally grounded intellectual history of active aging in central and eastern Europe. The Polish case offers an opportunity to think across divergent political-economic eras, in which assumptions about the value of a person to society have shifted. By tracing how the fields of andragogy, pedagogy, and social work have shaped active aging in Poland, this paper finds that 1) dichotomies of East/West, socialist/capitalist, and individual/collective are insufficient to explain the history of contemporary practices of active aging, and 2) intellectual history can reveal complex relations between political-economic change, and ideals and practices of aging. These findings have implications for advancing gerontological theories of 1) active aging in cross-cultural contexts, and 2) how active aging relates to sociopolitical change.

Scholarly Networks, Gender Sociology, and Knowledge Production in Aegean Survey and Eastern Mediterranean Archaeology

Scholarly Networks, Gender Sociology, and Knowledge Production in Aegean Survey and Eastern Mediterranean Archaeology

From Anthropocentrism to Ecocide: Charlotte Mew's ‘The Trees Are Down’ and Tal’at Tahir's ‘Ghadri Nooh’

Abstract Ecocriticism is a contemporary postmodern theory that deals with the relationship between humans and the physical world as reflected in literature. This article is a comparative study between Charlotte Mew's poem ‘The Trees Are Down’ (the 1920s) and Tal’at Tahir's ‘Ghadri Nooh’ (Noah's Treachery). Mew's poem – written in English – portrays the relationship between humans and nonhumans; it in-depth criticizes human deforestation and the destruction of nature. Meanwhile, Tahir's poem – written in Kurdish – is a piece of criticism of human failure and the dark psyche that stand against nature and the performative acts of other creatures. Both poems act as a didactic tool in ways they severely criticize humans, portray a better and more careful treatment of nature, and hail environmental and authentic ethical paradigms. Therefore, the poems represent a platform on which the intellectual roots of ecocriticism are reflected and mirrored. Even though both poems are stemmed from perspectives of two different cultures and two different ages, they evenly depict nature's experiences of exposure to domination, discrimination and silencing. The paper thus investigates “The Trees Are Down” and ‘Ghadri Nooh’ to show that the literary domains – as depicted in the poems – are an embodiment of ecocritical literary arguments through which the texts play a critical area in employing the ethical standards and moral obligations humans should abide by in respecting and protecting nature. Keywords: Ecocriticism, Anthropocentrism, Humans, Physical World, Nature, Ecopoetry and Ecocide

On Conspiracy Thinking: Conspiracist Ideology as a Modern Phenomenon

<p>Conspiracism is a well‐known topos in the history of humankind. Cassius Dio wrote about it as did anti‐Judaic authors in the Middle Ages. Nevertheless, from the dawn of modernity until today, we have faced the rise of a new phenomenon. Pretty much on the eve of the French Revolution, conspiracists began to tell anti‐Catholic and anti‐masonic narratives down to the last detail. Jews, later on, became a recurring foe in those anti‐modernist narratives. Conspiracism managed successfully to incorporate other forms of anti‐modernism to form a fairly new form of thinking that I call “conspiracist ideology.” While Enlightenment was the setting in which this amalgamation could take place, conspiracist ideology and its intellectual roots were characterized by a deep rejection of enlightenment thinking. The dialectical nature of conspiracist ideology is what makes it interesting from a historical perspective, in particular for the history of ideas.</p>