Intellectual Property Protection Research Articles

Evolving intellectual property protection for new corn varieties in the United States: An empirical analysis

Evolving intellectual property protection for new corn varieties in the United States: An empirical analysis

Protection of intellectual property rights against unfair trade practices in the European Union

It is indicated that each state must ensure fair competition in its market in order to support economic growth. This provision is also relevant for the European Union, within which the primary importance is to ensure free competition for the further development of a single system of circulation of goods, works and services, promotion of innovation and creativity, job creation and increased competitiveness, as all this is necessary for the EU to compete in global economy. This article provides a general analysis of the correlation and interaction between the provisions of intellectual property law and the provisions of competition law in the European Union (EU). In particular, the author examines the peculiarities of legal regulation of economic competition and intellectual property protection at the EU level, the state of compliance with EU competition law in the process of exercising and protecting intellectual property rights, and the role of court decisions in determining the balance between intellectual property protection and competition law requirements. The author emphasises that despite different objectives, competition law and intellectual property law have a common basis and therefore actively interact, i.e. these two systems are synergistic. The author analyses possible options for the relationship between protection against unfair competition and intellectual property laws, including the means that would reduce the often existing «tension» between them. Due to the need for a common regulatory framework to ensure that laws are in line with dynamic trade practices, the EU’s unfair competition laws are mostly flexible and general in nature. The author identifies the measures currently being taken by the EU to optimise the rules in this area. The author concludes that intellectual property protection, as well as effective antitrust regulation, are the most important legal mechanisms created to ensure economic growth based on the development and expanded use of innovations. The author also examines the measures currently being taken by the EU to optimize the rules in this area. It is concluded that the general trend of further development and improvement of interaction between antitrust and intellectual property legislation in the EU should be, first of all, overcoming regulatory and institutional dispersion.

Digital economy development and regional innovation resilience: mechanism and empirical analysis

ABSTRACT Improving the resilience of innovation systems is a prerequisite for achieving high-level self-reliance and self-improvement in science and technology. This study defines a conceptual framework of innovation resilience. It delves into its theoretical and empirical aspects to thoroughly examine the impact and transmission mechanisms of digital economic development on the resilience of regional innovation systems. The research findings reveal that the digital economy positively impacts regional innovation resilience (RIR), a result that persists even after a series of robustness tests. Second, the digital economy can effectively enhance RIR by expanding the scale of the digital industry, strengthening intellectual property protection, and increasing innovation. Third, there is a threshold effect on the influence of the digital economy on RIR, which becomes more pronounced with the developing digital economy and increasing levels of innovation personnel, funding, and output. The conclusions of this study provide new policy tools to strengthen innovation resilience and promote the optimization of regional innovation policies.

A spatiotemporal chaos based deep learning model watermarking scheme

With deep learning techniques achieving great results in modern industry, the intellectual property (IP) protection for deep learning models has attracted the attention of academics and engineers. However, training a commercially viable deep learning model usually needs professional resources and time. Once a malicious user clones, illegally distributes and uses the model, it can infringe on the model owner's IP and even steal its market share. Among the existing IP protection methods, scholars prefer the black-box watermarking approaches, of which the content of the trigger set and the label are the key part of the watermarking technique. However, most schemes do not consider the security and invisibility of the trigger set, which allows attackers to easily trigger the model by creating a fake trigger set, thereby committing a fraudulent ownership claim attack and claiming the ownership belongs to themselves. To overcome these drawbacks, we proposed a spatiotemporal chaotic data annotation method. Firstly, the unpredictability and acyclicity of chaos make the model resistant to fraudulent ownership claim attacks, statistical inference and other common machine learning attacks; Secondly, the trigger set and parameters are independent of each other, guaranteeing the security of the key; Thirdly, the spatiotemporal chaotic system provides a large key space, which meets the commercialization needs of deep learning models. Theoretical analysis and experimental results show that our scheme has security, practicality and robustness. To further validate the superiority of the proposed method, we also compare it with the Logistic chaotic annotation watermarking-based method, and the results show that our method performs better in terms of robustness, effectiveness, completeness, fidelity, security and practicality.

Special Aspects of Administrative Law Protection of Intellectual Property on the Internet

Special Aspects of Administrative Law Protection of Intellectual Property on the Internet

Return to the United States: Impact of Reshoring Announcements and Reshoring Risks on Market Valuation

With soaring labor and logistics costs in developing countries, supply chain disruptions during the COVID-19 pandemic triggered Western firms to “reshore” some of their offshore operations (performed in-house or outsourced) for certain strategically important products or production processes from foreign countries to their home countries. Although reshoring can create more domestic jobs and reduce supply chain risks, the impact of various external and internal risks associated with reshoring on market reaction remains unclear. This observation motivates us first to conduct a text mining analysis, revealing four important types of reshoring risks inherent to (1) foreign currency fluctuation, (2) intellectual property (IP) protection, (3) reshoring types (in-house, insourced, or outsourcing-to-outsourcing (OTO)), and (4) reshoring location choice (Republican- versus Democrat-led states). We then examine how these risk factors help explain the variations in reshoring’s market valuation based on 281 reshoring initiatives of 132 publicly traded firms in the United States announced between 2009 and 2022. Our empirical analysis reveals that the market reacts more positively to a firm’s reshoring announcement when the firm reshores under a high-currency-fluctuation environment or from countries with weak IP protection. However, the market’s reaction is more negative when the firm’s reshoring announcement entails insourced reshoring operations or when the reshored location is a Democrat- rather than Republican-led state. We do not find a significant market reaction to OTO reshoring. This paper was accepted by Vishal Gaur, operations management. Supplemental Material: The online appendix and data files are available at https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.2022.00599 .

Study on the Limitations of Economic Digitalization and Development Strategies under the New Development Strategy

With the rapid development of the digital economy and the rise of the industrial Internet, China has made significant progress in terms of industrial competitiveness and industrial innovation and development. However, China's capacity for independent technology innovation must be improved. Firstly, China's independent innovation capacity in key core technology areas could be more robust. This mainly manifests in China's reliance on imported technologies and equipment in high-end manufacturing and emerging industries. Although China has made certain technological breakthroughs in specific fields, there is a particular gap between China and the international advanced level. Secondly, the investment in technological research and development of Chinese enterprises must be increased. Although the R&D investment of Chinese enterprises is gradually growing as more attention is paid to scientific and technological innovation, there still needs to be a significant gap compared with developed countries. In particular, the R&D investment of small and medium-sized enterprises is relatively low, resulting in the overall level of independent technological innovation not being high. Again, China needs to strengthen the protection of intellectual property rights. For a long time, the construction of China's intellectual property protection system has been lagging, and the problem of intellectual property infringement is relatively prominent, which has formed a particular obstacle to independent technological innovation. Therefore, studying economic digital development restrictions and development strategies has profound theoretical and practical significance in the new development pattern.

Study on the Limitations of Economic Digitalization and Development Strategies under the New Development Strategy

With the rapid development of the digital economy and the rise of the industrial Internet, China has made significant progress in terms of industrial competitiveness and industrial innovation and development. However, China's capacity for independent technology innovation must be improved. Firstly, China's independent innovation capacity in key core technology areas could be more robust. This mainly manifests in China's reliance on imported technologies and equipment in high-end manufacturing and emerging industries. Although China has made certain technological breakthroughs in specific fields, there is a particular gap between China and the international advanced level. Secondly, the investment in technological research and development of Chinese enterprises must be increased. Although the R&D investment of Chinese enterprises is gradually growing as more attention is paid to scientific and technological innovation, there still needs to be a significant gap compared with developed countries. In particular, the R&D investment of small and medium-sized enterprises is relatively low, resulting in the overall level of independent technological innovation not being high. Again, China needs to strengthen the protection of intellectual property rights. For a long time, the construction of China's intellectual property protection system has been lagging, and the problem of intellectual property infringement is relatively prominent, which has formed a particular obstacle to independent technological innovation. Therefore, studying economic digital development restrictions and development strategies has profound theoretical and practical significance in the new development pattern.

The power of patent transfer: The impact of green technology acquisition on non-residential CO2 emissions under the intervention of government actions

Green technology acquisition solves the mismatch of innovation elements through transactions and realizes the rapid and reasonable allocation of green patents among enterprises with different technology levels. However, whether green technology acquisition can effectively reduce carbon emissions has not yet received the attention it deserves. Based on data of 153 Chinese cities from 2011 to 2019, this paper explores the impact direction and mechanism of green technology acquisition on non-residential CO2 emissions, and analyzes the moderating role of government actions in this process. The study finds that: (1) Green technology acquisition in China has formed a multi-core spatial distribution pattern based on urban agglomerations, among which the Yangtze River Delta, Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei and Pearl River Delta urban agglomerations constitute the main agglomeration areas for green technology acquisition. (2) Green technology acquisition can significantly reduce non-residential CO2 emissions, which is mainly achieved through the cleaner production effect and R&D innovation effect. (3) In terms of government actions, low-carbon advocacy can effectively moderate the mediating role of the cleaner production effect between green technology acquisition and non-residential CO2 emissions, and environmental incentives and environmental penalties can effectively moderate the mediating role of the R&D innovation effect between green technology acquisition and non-residential CO2 emissions, but the moderating paths are different. (4) There is a threshold effect of intellectual property protection in the impact of green technology acquisition on non-residential CO2 emissions. Only when the degree of intellectual property protection exceeds a certain threshold, green technology acquisition can effectively reduce non-residential CO2 emissions. This paper not only explains the key value of green technology for low-carbon development from the perspective of knowledge flow, but also provides a theoretical reference for the rational matching of government actions under the carbon neutrality target.

Study on the Path of Generative Artificial Intelligence Copyright Protection under the Strategy of Intellectual Property Power

Generative AI copyright protection is in response to the inherent requirements of AI development and intellectual property protection. At present, generative AI copyright protection faces problems such as insufficient legal basis for prevention and control mechanisms, unsmooth preventive systems, and poor operation mechanisms. Therefore, to solve the dilemma of generative AI copyright protection, it is necessary to take the principle of risk prevention as the concept, clarify the legal basis for generative AI copyright prevention, reasonably define the scope of generative AI, establish a multi-principal protection system to protect generative AI copyright, introduce diversified ways to help generative AI copyright maintenance, and set up a composite responsibility system to solidify the generative AI copyright protection bottom line, and establish an administrative protection system to protect the copyright protection bottom line. The bottom line of copyright protection is an administrative protection path to help generative artificial intelligence copyright protection efforts to promote the healthy development of the two in the integration.

Gio-Nigeria Economic Relations on the Development of the Nigerian Textile Sector, 2006–2017

The purpose of the study is to investigate how the economic ties between China and Nigeria have affected the growth of Nigeria's textile sector between 2021 and 2023. The study collected data from stakeholders, including policymakers, business owners, and textile industry specialists, using qualitative research methods such as questionnaires, interviews, and documentary reviews. The study's conclusions will provide important light on how the relationship between China and Nigeria has affected the growth of Nigeria's textile sector and will also include useful suggestions for future legislation and company owners. The study found that, especially during the study period, Nigeria's textile sector has developed favorably as a result of the economic ties between China and Nigeria. The partnership has given manufacturers significant opportunities in Nigeria to have access to Chinese resources, money, and technology. New investments, more manufacturing capacity, and access to new markets have resulted from this. Furthermore, new, more effective production methods have been used due to the cooperation between the two nations, improving the productivity and caliber of the textiles produced. Despite the advantages, especially in terms of profit-sharing, intellectual property, and environmental sustainability. The report recommends that both nations should enact more robust policy incentives to promote investment in regional businesses, support the protection of intellectual property, and work to increase the textile industry's environmental sustainability to address these problems. Moreover, the report suggested, among other things, that the two nations work together more closely to exchange resources and knowledge. In its conclusion, the study showed that it has provided valuable opportunities for textile manufacturers to access capital, technology, and resources from China, while also introducing more efficient production methods. However, the economic relationship needs to be further strengthened in terms of policy incentives, intellectual property protection, and environmental sustainability to maximize the benefits of the relationship for both countries. Received: 28 March 2024 / Accepted: 29 June 2024 / Published: 8 July 2024

Copyright protection framework for federated learning models against collusion attacks

Federated learning (FL) models are constructed by multiple participants who provide their training datasets and collaborate in joint training. However, training and deployment processes have encountered various challenges in terms of intellectual property protection, such as illegal theft and data leakage. Existing FL protection frameworks focus on each client independently and verify the model ownership. When they are under collusion attacks (i.e., when multiple clients negotiate to steal together), they cannot accurately identify the clients that have stolen the model. To address this challenge, a novel watermarking protection scheme against collusion attacks for federated learning is proposed in this work. It employs anti-collusion coding to design unique watermark information for each client, which can effectively detect colluders. Furthermore, it utilizes a specific regularized loss function for watermark information embedding along with the incorporation of skip connections to embed the watermark information within each batch normalization layer. The experimental results demonstrated that embedding different watermark information into each client did not affect the accuracy of the original task. The accuracy was approximately 100% when identifying the colluders. The embedding and extraction times for the original task were only 1.53% and 0.29%, respectively. Further, it exhibited high robustness against various common attacks, including fine-tuning, shearing, and collusion attacks.

Can regional innovation policies promote corporate digital transformation? Empirical evidence from China’s national innovation demonstration zones

ABSTRACT Using a sample of A-share listed companies in Shanghai and Shenzhen from 2007 to 2022, this study constructs a multi-period difference-in-differences model with the establishment of national innovation demonstration zones (NIDZs) as a quasi-natural experiment to investigate the effect of a regional innovation policy on corporate digital transformation. The study finds that the government’s NIDZ policy has significantly promoted the digital transformation of enterprises. The policy effect is mainly reflected in promoting the application of the underlying digitalization technology. An analysis of the influence mechanism shows that NIDZs promote corporate digital transformation through innovation-driven government support and financing optimization effects. To promote corporate digital transformation and enhance enterprise value, NIDZs require relatively perfect digital infrastructure, a high level of intellectual property protection, non-state-owned enterprises, low management myopia, and manufacturing enterprises. The government can set up NIDZs and actively use regional innovation policies to promote the digital transformation of enterprises, explicitly solving the challenging issues that enterprises face in the transformation process.

Open Science Publishing for the Drug Repurposing Community

Drug Repurposing Central is an innovative Open Science publishing portal designed to advance the field of drug repurposing. Developed under the REPO4EU Horizon Europe project, this platform features a comprehensive suite of tools and resources to support the dissemination of research, including a dedicated preprint server (DrugRxiv), two diamond open access journals ( Drug Repurposing and Network Medicine), and an interactive research collection. By integrating open peer review, persistent identifiers, machine-readable open licenses, and alternative metrics, Drug Repurposing Central enhances transparency, reproducibility, and accessibility. This portal addresses the balance between Open Science and intellectual property protection, ensuring that research outputs are both openly accessible and potentially patentable. As a beacon of Open Science, Drug Repurposing Central aims to foster collaboration, increase research impact, and drive the development of new treatments, contributing to the global effort to improve healthcare outcomes.

Review on: Public Perception of Biotechnology on Genetically Modified Crops, Bio Policy and Intellectual Property Rights

Public discussion about genetically modified crops is strongly heavily influenced by debates over their risks and benefits. Supporters of biotechnology point to its potential to reduce hunger, prevent malnutrition, treat diseases, and improve overall health and quality of life. However, there is considerable opposition to biotechnology. Some critics argue that it poses risks to human health and the environment, while others oppose it on moral and ethical grounds. The transfer of genes between different species is often criticized as "playing God" or breaking the "Law of Nature." Biosafety on (GM) crops is a rapidly growing field that includes scientific research, ethical issues, and policy and regulatory frameworks to assess and manage risks to human and animal health, including food and feed safety, as well as environmental risks related to modern biotechnology products. Bio-policy refers to the rules, norms, and ethical considerations that govern the development, production, and use of biotechnology products. These policies differ by country and can be influenced by international agreements and organizations. A key international agreement (TRIPS) Agreement, which sets global standards for intellectual property protection. The Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) Agreement requires governments to issue patents in technological sectors, including modern biotechnology, to protect innovations in this field. This ensures that biotechnological advancements, including GM crops, are protected under intellectual property laws, aiding their development and commercialization while addressing ethical and safety concerns.

Strategic Alliances and Firm Innovation in Global Markets in Turkey

Purpose: The aim of the study was to investigate the strategic alliances and firm innovation in global markets in Turkey. Methodology: This study adopted a desk methodology. A desk study research design is commonly known as secondary data collection. This is basically collecting data from existing resources preferably because of its low cost advantage as compared to a field research. Our current study looked into already published studies and reports as the data was easily accessed through online journals and libraries. Findings: Strategic alliances significantly enhance firm innovation in global markets, particularly in Turkey. These partnerships enable firms to access resources and knowledge, driving innovation through joint R&D and technological advancements. In Turkey, alliances with multinational corporations and global partners accelerate technology adoption and best practices, boosting local firms' innovation capabilities and expanding market reach. Despite challenges like cultural differences and regulatory issues, effective alliance management can greatly benefit firms by improving competitiveness and innovation outcomes globally. Unique Contribution to Theory, Practice and Policy: Resource-based view (RBV) theory, transaction cost economics (TCE) theory & social network theory may be used to anchor future studies on strategic alliances and firm innovation in global markets in Turkey. Enhance organizational capabilities in alliance management through training programs and knowledge-sharing platforms that emphasize best practices in partner selection, negotiation, and collaborative innovation. Develop supportive regulatory frameworks that encourage cross-border alliances and facilitate intellectual property protection, thereby reducing legal uncertainties and enhancing trust among international partners.

ISSUES OF ORGANIZATIONAL AND LEGAL SUPPORT FOR THE PROTECTION OF INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY IN ADMINISTRATIVE COURTS

In this article, consistent measures are being implemented in our country to improve the results of intellectual activity and the mechanisms of introducing innovations to economic sectors, to create regional brands, to ensure reliable legal protection of intellectual property, in particular, the specific features of considering cases related to intellectual property protection in administrative courts are highlighted. Also, the article provides suggestions and recommendations on improving the legislation to ensure reliable legal protection of intellectual property in administrative courts.

FEATURES OF INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY PROTECTION IN POLAND

In today's interconnected global economy, the protection of intellectual property (IP) is crucial for fostering innovation and securing the economic interests of creators and inventors. As Poland continues to develop within Europe's dynamic market, understanding its IP protection mechanisms is essential for both domestic and international stakeholders. This article aims to provide a comprehensive analysis of the multifaceted features of intellectual property protection in Poland, assessing its legal underpinnings, recent reforms, and broader economic and cultural impacts. Employing a diverse research methodology, this study combines a detailed literature review, documentary analysis, and comparative studies. The literature review examines existing Polish IP laws, scholarly articles, and international treaties, while the documentary analysis includes reports from Polish governmental agencies and reviews of judicial decisions shaping IP enforcement in Poland. The research highlights Poland’s robust legal framework aligned with EU standards, yet points to challenges in enforcement, particularly regarding digital piracy and judicial inefficiencies. Solutions such as specialized IP courts and enhanced online IP enforcement mechanisms are discussed. The role of various governmental and non-governmental bodies in raising public awareness and facilitating IP education is also emphasized as crucial for improving the overall IP protection landscape. The article suggests that while Poland has established a solid foundation for IP protection, continuous adaptation and improvement are necessary to address emerging challenges effectively. To improve the legal frameworks, invest in technology-driven enforcement tools, and foster a culture of respect for intellectual property among the public. These measures will protect creators' rights and strengthen Poland's reputation as a hub for innovation and creativity within the European Union.

Hampering Originality: IP Laws in the USA in the Milieu of Generative Artificial Intelligence

Artificial Intelligence (AI) is leading to the replacement of human intellect by Generative Artificial Intelligence (GAI), which is to be a new norm for redefining artistic and literary works not subject to human authorship. The IP laws, particularly in the USA, haven't proved to be dynamic enough to adapt to this fast-moving change. The existing IP laws seem unfair when seen through the prism of the rationale behind the protection of intellectual property in the wake of generative artificial intelligence. The article develops the argument that intellectual property laws especially copyright laws need to evolve to protect AI-generated works. Existing laws, don't protect AI-generated works on the pretext that a machine cannot have intellectual property rights. The article advocates and develops a rationale as to why copyright protection for AI authors will be inevitable shortly to safeguard the intellectual rights of human authors.

The Impact of Political Risks on Foreign Companies’ Market Entry Strategies in China

This study explores the challenges faced by multinational companies operating in China, focusing on political risks and entry challenges. The analysis is based on five established companies: IBM (China) Co., Maersk Logistics (China) Co., Ltd., Schneider Electric (China) Co., Ltd., 3M China Limited, and Marriott International (Greater China) Limited. The findings reveal high risks associated with government regulations, cultural differences, intellectual property protection, trade barriers, compliance requirements, and technology/cybersecurity. Political challenges during market entry include concerns about intellectual property theft, piracy, and cyber espionage. In response, a strategic plan is proposed to mitigate these challenges, emphasizing financial cooperation, cultural adaptation, intellectual property management, trade compliance, and cybersecurity readiness. The goals include enhancing corporate image, reducing disputes, increasing market share, and achieving leadership in compliance and cybersecurity. Conclusions highlight the strategic approaches adopted by the analyzed companies and the necessity for careful consideration of regulatory environments. Recommendations include building local partnerships, investing in research and development, implementing sustainability initiatives, and developing comprehensive compliance systems. The proposed strategies aim to help foreign companies navigate the complex Chinese market successfully.