Intellectual Perspective Research Articles

Organic Intellectuals in the Prison: Reports from the Flying University on Philosophy as Public Practice

The Flying University, a prison education and reentry program that brings university students inside the prison for mutual and collaborative study, convenes with the assumed understanding that incarcerated peoples bear rich critical perspectives on the state of our communities as well as a philosophical potential to muster the resources necessary to heal communities in the wake of historical violence and transgenerational trauma. Rather than bringing incarcerated students into the purview of academic philosophy, the Flying University reverses these roles by recognizing that incarcerated peoples engage in daily philosophical scrutiny about a whole range of topics that traditional academic philosophy too often fails to comprehend with any depth. The Flying University enacts precollege philosophy as public practice by facilitating semester-long seminars that bring professional philosophers and university students into the prison—not so they can teach prisoners but listen to them. The guiding critical assumption of this practice follows Antonio Gramsci’s argument that what distinguishes “philosophers” from their opposite has less to do with intellectual activity and perspective and more to do with social status and credentials. A genuinely restorative philosophical praxis must solicit, within our community dialogues, the stories and voices of our incarcerated neighbors as “organic intellectuals.”

Pengaruh Kemampuan Menghafal al-Qur’anTerhadap Konsentrasi Belajar Siswa Madrasah Ibtidaiyah Muhammadiyah 6 Ponorogo

Education is important for human existence because it broadens intellectual and spiritual perspectives. Education is very important not only for physical growth and development or human body, but also for spiritual growth and development. Education must start from a young age, because it can be used as a way of life until one reaches old age. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of the students' ability to memorize the Qur'an at MI Muhammadiyah 6 Ponorogo on students' learning concentration. The research method used is quantitative, with a population of 96 students and a sample of 30 students who apply the memorization of the Qur'an. Data collection is done by using the technique of distributing questionnaires and documentation. The data were then analyzed using Descriptive Statistics and Prerequisite Analysis. The results showed that there was a positive and significant influence between the ability to memorize the Qur'an and the learning concentration of grade IV, V and VI students at MI Muhammadiyah 6 Ponorogo. This can be seen from the constant value of 16.987 and the regression coefficient value of the memorization ability of 0.755. With the regression equation, namely Y = 16.987 + 0.755X, it is known that the coefficient of determination of 34.6% is determined by the ability to memorize the Qur'an.

Pemikiran Gus Dur dalam Kehidupan Pluralitas Masyarakat Indonesia

Abstract: Abdurrahman Wahid or often known as Gus Dur, is a nationalist thinker, writer and kyai in Indonesia. His ideas and thoughts have given a glimmer of light to some Indonesian Muslims about the importance of respecting and living tolerance. In his intellectual perspective, the basic foundation for building a pluralistic Indonesia is based on a national cultural and ideological foundation, none other than Pancasila. Because these two foundations build on the history of nationalism, both personally and collectively. Grounding Islam as one of Gus Dur's noble nawacitas to unite the values ​​and norms of religious spirituality, namely the beauty of religion. In this article the author uses a biographical approach. The concept of historical writing: data, facts, sources and methods. With several approaches, concepts and methodologies of historical research, this writing uses a literature review or literature study with several primary and secondary historical sources from Gus Dur's works as well as several other writers who discuss Gus Dur and scientific journals. Gus Dur's thinking is a thought based on pluralism-humanism, Pancasila, Islamic indigenization and Islamic cosmopolitanism.

Attitude Analysis Against Traditional and Complementary Medicine: An Application Specific to Covid-19

Background: In the ages when modern medicine did not exist yet, people developed some methods to treat their diseases with their own efforts. These treatment methods consist of empirical applications based on experience and knowledge developed in the light of centuries of experience and transferred from generation to generation. Although it lost its old effect and wide application area with the development of modern medicine, folk medicine still exists today. Aim: Examining the attitudes and behaviors of people towards modern and traditional medicine practices by taking demographic and individual differences as reference during the Covid-19 epidemic. The data set of this study was obtained through a questionnaire applied on 396 individuals living in Erzurum city center in 2021. Reliability Analysis and Confirmatory Factor Analysis (RACFA), Chi-square test, independent sample t test and ANOVA test were used within the scope of the study. Results: As the access to modern medicine increases and the learning styles of generations differ, the application dimension of traditional and complementary medicine (TCM) weakens. On the other hand, the level of satisfaction with modern medicine also changes in parallel with expectations. The significant relationships between the variables in the study findings focus on questions related to modern medicine. A significant relationship was found between the intellectual perspective to traditional and complementary medicine sub-dimension and the presence of people who had Covid-19 in the close circle of the participants. Conclusion: It has been determined that individuals see traditional and complementary medicine as complementary rather than an alternative to modern medicine, and although they have above-average theoretical knowledge, their application aspects are weak. Keywords: Traditional and Complementary Medicine, Folk Medicine, Covid-19, Attitude Analysis

Attitude Analysis Against Traditional and Complementary Medicine: An Application Specific to Covid-19

Background: In the ages when modern medicine did not exist yet, people developed some methods to treat their diseases with their own efforts. These treatment methods consist of empirical applications based on experience and knowledge developed in the light of centuries of experience and transferred from generation to generation. Although it lost its old effect and wide application area with the development of modern medicine, folk medicine still exists today. Aim: Examining the attitudes and behaviors of people towards modern and traditional medicine practices by taking demographic and individual differences as reference during the Covid-19 epidemic. The data set of this study was obtained through a questionnaire applied on 396 individuals living in Erzurum city center in 2021. Reliability Analysis and Confirmatory Factor Analysis (RACFA), Chi-square test, independent sample t test and ANOVA test were used within the scope of the study. Results: As the access to modern medicine increases and the learning styles of generations differ, the application dimension of traditional and complementary medicine (TCM) weakens. On the other hand, the level of satisfaction with modern medicine also changes in parallel with expectations. The significant relationships between the variables in the study findings focus on questions related to modern medicine. A significant relationship was found between the intellectual perspective to traditional and complementary medicine sub-dimension and the presence of people who had Covid-19 in the close circle of the participants. Conclusion: It has been determined that individuals see traditional and complementary medicine as complementary rather than an alternative to modern medicine, and although they have above-average theoretical knowledge, their application aspects are weak. Keywords: Traditional and Complementary Medicine, Folk Medicine, Covid-19, Attitude Analysis

Introduction

Introduction

Journalling in the Currents of Yin and Yang: Adrift in the Chinese Academic Job Market

ABSTRACT Stress in academia comes in many forms, including, among other things, rejection. Of the many types of rejection that we face most regularly, job rejection is one of the most devastating. Over time, I have turned to journalling to help persevere in the face of the fear and frustration of failure. This self-preservation strategy draws upon the theory of Yijing (The Classic of Changes), an old Chinese philosophy that explains the laws of interactions between individuals and the universe—specifically, when and how to respond to opportunities and failures in the real world. To test how well Yijing has helped me to cope with career setbacks, this article draws on the core values of the philosophy to examine the trajectory of my personal growth from 2018 to 2020. The article also shows how autoethnography and journalling have helped me to navigate my way out of my career crisis. Three questions emerged from my personal experience: (1) How is Yijing able to help me reflect upon the ups and downs of an academic career? (2) How can self-reflection through journalling orient us through the precarious stages of our academic life? (3) In what ways might the knowledge of Yijing expand our intellectual and personal perspectives?

Hindu-Muslim Religious Encounters during the Delhi Sultanate Period

This article is an analytical reconsideration of the nature of the theological and cultural relationship that existed between Muslims and the Hindus in the Delhi Sultanate. It further aims at an examination of the religious attitudes of both communities towards each other. Historical links between Islam and Hinduism in the Indian subcontinent are extended into the very ancient past. Both religions have shared a long history that goes back to the early days of Islam. Religious interaction between Islam and Hinduism is a complex and multidimensional theme. It has its significance in the present world and in fact, it not only involves religious and theological issues but also many current socio-political and anthropological themes like race, gender, nation, and majority-minority relations are linked with the shared past of both communities in the Indian subcontinent. In this article, I explore the nature of the religious or theological interactions between both communities i.e., how Hindus generally and Brahmans particularly perceived and interpreted Islam and Muslims as newcomers to their land and what were the Muslim theological and intellectual perspectives on Indian traditions generally and on Hindus particularly.

Keywords, Structures of Feeling, and the Novel

Keywords, Structures of Feeling, and the Novel

:Exceptional Crime in Early Modern Spain: Taxonomic and Intellectual Perspectives

:<i>Exceptional Crime in Early Modern Spain: Taxonomic and Intellectual Perspectives</i>

Dichotomies in Understanding of Peace in Nepal

In Nepal, the decade long armed conflict between 1996 and 2006 has become the buzz word in most social sciences literatures. Since 2007, ‘peace’ has emerged as essential component of the academic courses and training manuals. Against this backdrop, this paper focuses on the understanding of “Peace” in local context of Nepal. This paper compares the various definitions of peace from western and eastern intellectual perspectives, examines the literatures on how they depict Nepal’s peace process, and includes a brief history of peace studies as discipline in Nepal. Methodologically, this is a reflection based paper evolved from qualitative eclectic approach. The researcher has used axial coding and domain analysis. This paper concludes that the epistemological roots of conflict and peace studies are under-researched in Nepali context. The influence of Maoist armed conflict is very dominant in peace studies literatures which have missed to produce the comparative-historic indigenous writings on Nepal.

Exceptional Crime in Early Modern Spain. Taxonomic and Intellectual Perspectives by Elena del Río Parra

Exceptional Crime in Early Modern Spain. Taxonomic and Intellectual Perspectives by Elena del Río Parra

2020 ACC/AHA Guideline for the Management of Patients With Valvular Heart Disease: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Joint Committee on Clinical Practice Guidelines.

2020 ACC/AHA Guideline for the Management of Patients With Valvular Heart Disease: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Joint Committee on Clinical Practice Guidelines.

Intellectual treatment of the normative notion 'sustainability'

While the prevailing conceptualisations on sustainability exhibit fragmentary, selective nature of the concepts, an appropriate intellectual treatment of sustainability would instead require an integrated, non-reductionist nature of enquiry that can produce understandings on the entirety of reality as the problems of sustainability exist only on the totality of reality. Despite the selective nature of the reductionist, fragmented nature of enquiries appears to be unproblematic for addressing particular fragments of reality, this approach becomes inadequate and normative - regardless of how analytical or operative it could be - when there is a need to study the entirety of reality. Drawing on the difference between a normative essence and a fundamental intellectual perspective on sustainability, this research establishes the necessity of discovering the knowledge avenue of the scholarship of sustainability instead of imaginatively describing a normative-speculation-based treatment of it. It, thus, creates the intellectual basis for the discovery of the scholarship of sustainability.

Alfano, Mark. Nietzsche’s Moral Psychology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2019. Pp. 314. $99.99 (cloth).

Alfano, Mark. <i>Nietzsche’s Moral Psychology</i>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2019. Pp. 314. $99.99 (cloth).

An exposition of the relationship of the romanticism to the postmodernism

Bu çalışma kapsamında romantizm ve postmodernizm kavramlarının genel bir tanımı yapılarak her ikisi arasındaki düşünsel ve sanatsal bağlantılar aydınlatılmaya çalışılmıştır. Bu bağlamda çalışma, karşılaştırmalı bir kavram analizi niteliği taşımaktadır. Düşünsel açıdan her iki kavram da öncelikli olarak Aydınlanmacı modernite eleştirisiyle ırasallaşır. Yazına mutlak anlamda özgürlük tanımaları, sanatla yaşam arasındaki keskin sınırları muğlaklaştırma girişimleri bakımından da sanata bakışları dikkat çekici ölçüde birbirleriyle örtüşür. 1790’ların ikinci yarısında Almanya’da doğan Romantik yazın akımı, 1800’lü yılların başında tüm Kıta Avrupa’sını etkisi altına alarak yaklaşık kırk yıllık uzun bir sürece hâkim olur. Özgürlükçü ve anarşist tutumuyla öne çıkan Romantik akım, 1789 Fransız Devrimi’nin yarattığı özgürlük ve demokrasi ruhunun yazın ve sanat alanına yansıması olarak okunabilir. Fantezi/ düş, duygu, sonsuzluk özlemi ve şiir anahtar kavramlarıyla ırasallaşan Romantizm, modernizmin düşünsel temellerini oluşturan Aydınlanma’nın katı ve indirgemeci usçuluğuna (rasyonalizm) bir tepki niteliği taşır. Postmodernizmse, Aydınlıklar Avrupası’nın “Heil! Heil!-Duçe! Duçe!” haykırışlarıyla devasa kitleleler halinde karanlıklara koştuğu II. Dünya Savaşı sonrasında uyanan yeni bir tinsel bilinci, modernizmin temellerini kökten biçimde sorunsallaştıran bir özdüşünümsellik sürecini ifade eder. Romantizmden iki yüzyıl kadar sonra ortaya çıkan postmodernizm, Romantiklerin başlattığı modernite eleştirisini her anlamda en uç noktasına taşımış ve onların yazını yaşamla bütünleştirerek her tür sınırlandırma ve sınıflandırmadan özgürleştirme istemini bizzat kılgıya geçirmişlerdir. Bu bağlamda postmodernizmin post-romantik olduğu savlanabilir ki, bu çalışmanın temel amacı; postmodernizmin romantizmle arasındaki bu derin bağlantıları açığa çıkarmaktır.

História do eurocentrismo na história intelectual

O presente artigo procura realizar um balanço teórico e historiográfico sobre o conceito de eurocentrismo a partir de cinco perspectivas intelectuais de diferentes espaços geográficos e tempos: a crítica à Global History desenvolvida por Perla Pacheco; o pós-colonialismo indiano, representado pelos Subaltern Studies e em autores como Dipesh Chakrabarty e Sanjay Seth, além dos formuladores do pensamento terceiro-mundista no contexto pós-colonial, como Robert Young; o decolonialismo latino-americano de Anibal Quijano e Enrique Dussel; e, por fim, os estudos vinculados à tradição marxista que aqui enquadramos no espectro das teorias do desenvolvimento/subdesenvolvimento propostas por Andre Gunder Frank e Samir Amin. O balanço das perspectivas intelectuais em questão tem como objetivo apontar suas semelhanças e contrastes. Tanto do ponto de vista teórico quanto metodológico, procurou-se também observar os diferentes sentidos semânticos produzidos por tais intelectuais para o conceito em questão. Foi possível constatar duas correntes que produzem uma crítica ao eurocentrismo: uma com ênfase no aspecto cultural, vinculado às teorias do sujeito e dos “lugares de fala”; e a segunda, uma crítica holística ao eurocentrismo como fenômeno, pautada na análise macroscópica da história, tendo como objetivo ressignificar a ideia de globalidade e universalidade. Nesse sentido, o trabalho desenvolvido procurou traçar uma narrativa sobre a reflexão do conceito de eurocentrismo e seus diferentes usos ao longo do tempo.

Decolonial AI: Decolonial Theory as Sociotechnical Foresight in Artificial Intelligence

This paper explores the important role of critical science, and in particular of post-colonial and decolonial theories, in understanding and shaping the ongoing advances in artificial intelligence. Artificial intelligence (AI) is viewed as amongst the technological advances that will reshape modern societies and their relations. While the design and deployment of systems that continually adapt holds the promise of far-reaching positive change, they simultaneously pose significant risks, especially to already vulnerable peoples. Values and power are central to this discussion. Decolonial theories use historical hindsight to explain patterns of power that shape our intellectual, political, economic, and social world. By embedding a decolonial critical approach within its technical practice, AI communities can develop foresight and tactics that can better align research and technology development with established ethical principles, centring vulnerable peoples who continue to bear the brunt of negative impacts of innovation and scientific progress. We highlight problematic applications that are instances of coloniality, and using a decolonial lens, submit three tactics that can form a decolonial field of artificial intelligence: creating a critical technical practice of AI, seeking reverse tutelage and reverse pedagogies, and the renewal of affective and political communities. The years ahead will usher in a wave of new scientific breakthroughs and technologies driven by AI research, making it incumbent upon AI communities to strengthen the social contract through ethical foresight and the multiplicity of intellectual perspectives available to us, ultimately supporting future technologies that enable greater well-being, with the goal of beneficence and justice for all.

On how Herodotus’s “Historia” became “History”

Since the latter half of the twentieth century, many Western scholars have questioned the veracity of Herodotus’s historical record from the angle of writing style, narrative model, the use of sources, and purpose of writing. They further deny Herodotus’s identity as a historian and the continuity between classical historiography and modern historiography. In response to these many criticisms and challenges, many scholars have also written in defense of Herodotus’s reputation as a historian. This article is written in the context of these two strands of scholarly thought in Herodotean studies. The article tries to comprehensively evaluate, from an intellectual history perspective, the philosophical background in which Herodotus produced his works, his cultural context, his writing model, and narrative logic. The writing genre started by Herodotus was a new model of understanding for ancient Greeks substantially connected to later “historiography” in terms of its influence.

Between Relativism and Design: The Limits of Hume's Secularity

Challenging the common image of Hume as a thoroughly secular philosopher, I argue that Hume occasionally relied on the design argument to defend the objectivity of values. Hume acknowledged that rejecting design might open the door to aesthetic, ethical, and epistemic relativism. To avoid this prospect, he allowed himself to repurpose the language of providential naturalists like Hutcheson and claim that “nature,” rather than God, has attuned our faculties to objective standards of morals, beauty, and truth. Historians of philosophy have treated such passages as merely figurative, as they conflict with fundamental principles in Hume's philosophy. I argue instead, from an intellectual historical perspective, that Hume nonetheless expects the passages to be read literally, since only the literal reading helps his case against relativism. Rather than recasting Hume as a defender of design, however, I argue that his appeals to design were less an integral part of his philosophy than a provisional compromise, a response to intractable tensions in the history of secularism.