Intellectual Disability In Children Research Articles

Attitudes of Turkish Parents Toward Sex Education of Their Intellectual Disability Children

Background: Legal regulations in Turkey state that it is a fundamental right for children with intellectual disability to receive sex education. However, such education is highly limited due to the negative attitudes of these children’s parents. Therefore, the main aim of this study is to evaluate the attitudes of Turkish parents toward the sexual education of their intellectually disabled children. Methods: This quantitative study used the survey method on 311 parents who have children with intellectual disabilities. Data collection was carried out using a Likert-type scale questionnaire developed by the author. Socio-demographic variables were attained, and the data collected were analyzed. Results: Most of the parents (85%) believe that their children need support for sexual education, but cannot improve themselves to teach such subject without undergoing such education as well. However, the parents appear to have positive attitudes toward sexual education for their intellectually disabled children and believe that it can be provided adequately. Conclusions: Turkish parents have positive attitudes toward sex education for their children intellectual disability children. Therefore, adequate information about sex education might be needed from the professionals to empower the parents.

English Language Learning for Mild Intellectual Disability Students During Pandemic

The participation of mild intellectual disability children in school is important because it is a crucial problem of how intellectual disability people can get a job, become independent people, and can live without depending on others. This study intends to analyze the ability of mild intellectual disability students in social interaction and determine their ability to use language in one of the special needs schools in Bandung. This study used a qualitative approach with a case study design. The participants are mild intellectual disability students, English teachers, and school principals in SLB Wartawan in Bandung. The instruments used in this study were observation guidelines, filed notes, and interview guidelines. The data shows that two students categorize “poor”, ten students categorize “fair, and four students categorize “good” in having social interaction. It can be concluded that most students have a fair category in social interaction. Moreover, the data also reveal that from 16 students, four students categorize “poor”, nine students categorize "fair", and three students categorize "good" in their language ability to communicate with others in the classroom. It can be concluded that most mild intellectual disability students have a fair category in their language ability. The result of observation, fieldnotes and interview also show the activity of English language learning for mild intellectual disability students through blended learning during the pandemic.

EP139: Spatial transcriptomic approaches for characterizing childhood intellectual disability

The genetic characterization of childhood intellectual disability (ID) as a form of developmental delay has undergone extensive study. Genome sequencing (GS) and exome sequencing (ES) have emerged as the standard test of choice for diagnostic uses as a result of evidence based studies. The American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics recently issued clinical guidelines where GS/ES was recommended in first-tier testing confirmation of suspected intellectual disability. This abstract proposes the application of spatial transcriptomic methods to reveal gene expression patterns and cellular and tissue environments in diagnosed pediatric patients with intellectual disability towards establishing potential medically actionable findings for these patients. A review will be performed using keywords “intellectual disability”, AND “whole transcriptomic” and “whole exome sequencing” and “whole genome sequencing” AND “intellectual disability” and “signaling pathways” AND “intellectual disability” and “cellular and tissue heterogeneity” AND “intellectual disability” and “gene expression” AND “intellectual disability” as inclusion criteria to propose a set of standards and methods for spatial transcriptomic approaches for revealing tissue and cellular heterogeneity and gene expression patterns for characterizing childhood intellectual disability. “Single cell sequencing” is also included in the search methods. “Epilepsy” and “autism spectrum disorder” were excluded search criteria. ID is a medical disorder characterized by reduction in cognitive and intellectual function and impaired social adaptation, affecting 1-3% of the worldwide population. No pharmacological therapies are currently available. Approximately 1000 genes have been discovered in ID indicating significant genetic heterogeneity. A significant level of genetic heterogeneity has been demonstrated in ID. In a whole transcriptomic analysis using RNA-Seq in consanguineous families with ID, it was found that SHTN1 was down-regulated while FGFR2 gene was upregulated. Gene expression alterations were also observed in genes affecting neuronal and actin cytoskeletal function in ID families. The Rho GTPase signaling pathway was associated with ID being implicated in the actin-rich nature of dendritic spines, reflecting impaired cytoskeleton remodeling and impacting cell processes such as neuronal migration and synaptic plasticity. Variants in the Rho GTPase family are significant in that they are key regulators of actin dynamics and organization. Systems biology approaches such as spatial transcriptomics focus on the overall interconnected network of individual genes and spatial distribution of mRNA molecules and allow for the revealing of cellular heterogeneity in tissues and the subcellular distribution of transcripts in conditions such as childhood ID. Individual cell functioning is only sufficiently explained in the context of identifying their exact locations and spatial transcriptomics methods connect gene expression to the spatial organization of cells. Techniques include fluorescent in situ hybridization, in situ sequencing and in silico approaches and could be applied to understanding more profoundly the cellular and tissue behavior of ID and suggesting a spatially-informed model of the condition. This is particularly significant since the actin cytoskeleton and molecular pathways such as tyrosine kinase pathways and GTPase signaling have been observed in ID. I will describe how these techniques could potentially apply to ID, and propose a set of spatial transcriptomics approaches to generate insight into the aberrant signaling pathways, cellular networks, tissue heterogeneity and gene expression patterns for this condition, and what information could potentially result of as a result of these methods, which may constitute a new contribution to the literature on ID. Spatial transcriptomics gives the ability to researchers to comprehend the spatial component of cell-to-cell signaling networks that are implicated in neurobiological disorders such as ID.

DEVELOPMENT OF EATING ABILITY IN MODERATE INTELECTUALLY DISABLED CHILDREN AT WISMA GONDOSULI 8 BHAKTI LUHUR ORPHANAGE, MALANG

In everyday life, humans need food, therefore everyone must have eating skills, including children with moderate intellectual disability. This research is focused on children with moderate intellectual disability with the inability to eat independently . This study aims to describe: the ability to develop self-feeding in children with moderate intellectual disability. This research is a qualitative descriptive study. The research subjects are two intellectually disabled children in grade 2 SDLB who live in Bhakti Luhur Orphanage, Malang. Data collection was carried out by observation (participant) because the researcher lived with the children and the data was documented. The steps of data analysis used descriptive qualitative analysis, namely presenting data in narrative form. The results showed that the ability to develop self-feeding in moderate intellectual disabled children was still in the moderate category because it still needed further assistance and training. Suggestions for companions to remain patient and diligent in training the abilities of moderate intellectual disabled children to train them repeatedly in the same way until children have eating skills.

Health-related quality of life of intellectually disabled children attending a special school in Puducherry-A cross-sectional study.

Health-related quality of life (HRQOL) is a measure of an individual's psychosocial, emotional, and physical well-being. Around 1 in 20 children are less than 15 years of age and are living with a moderate-to-severe form of disability. Thus, our study aims to determine the HRQOL of intellectual disabled (ID) children attending a special school in Puducherry and to determine the socio-demographic factors influencing the level of HRQOL. A cross-sectional analytical study was conducted among 350 ID children attending a selected special school in Puducherry over 1 year. By the universal sampling method, all the caregivers of ID children were recruited and the parent proxy form of Pediatric Quality of life Inventory scale version 4.0 (PedsQL ver 4.0) was used to assess the level of HRQOL of ID children. The data were analyzed using the Statistical Package for Social Science version 16.0 (SPSS ver. 16.0) and the statistical significance was set at P value <0.05. Among the 350 respondents, a majority of the caregivers were mothers (78.9%) and 65.7% were homemakers by occupation. Most of the respondents were from the nuclear family (77.7%) and 55.1% were from urban areas. The mean age of ID children was 12 (±3.8) years; 61.2% were males and 40.8% of the children had a moderate form of ID. The HRQOL of ID children is found to be lower. The factors influencing the lower HRQOL were age, the intelligent quotient (IQ) of ID children, and type of marriage of the caregivers.

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Background of the study:Consanguineous marriages are potentially preventable cause of intellectual disability in children. There is limited literature on the clinical profile of children with IDD born to parents of consanguineous marriage from Indian population.Aim:To study the clinical profile of children with intellectual disability born to consanguineously married coupleMethodology:Children with IDD born to consanguineously married parents attending DIMHANS OPD services were evaluated. The study was designed as a cross-sectional, descriptive study. Participants were of either sex between 5-16 years whose parents consented for the study. The socio demographic details were collected using a predesigned Performa. VSMS was used to assess IQ, MINIKID, CBCL, CARS, and CRS for co morbidities and MODIFIED WALDROPS SCALE for minor physical anomalies. The details were tabulated and analysed using descriptive statistical methods.Results:Out of 41 participants, 51.2% were males and 48.8% were females. 90.2% were from rural background. 48.8% were born to 2nd degree consanguineously married parents. Mean age of presentation to us 11.61 years and mean IQ was 44.27. 36.6%, 48.8%, 12.2% and 2.4% were mild, moderate, severe and profound IDD respectively. 5 children were diagnosed with ADHD, 2 had autism 1 had depression and 1 had conduct disorder.Conclusion:Consanguineous marriages are common in Indian population, study of clinical profile helps us identifying range of intellectual disability and profile of behavioural problems.

Stakeholder informed development of the Emotion Awareness and Skills Enhancement team-based program (EASE-Teams).

Emotion dysregulation (ED) impacts mental health symptoms and well-being in autistic individuals. In prior work, we developed the Emotion Awareness and Skills Enhancement (EASE) to improve emotion dysregulation with autistic adolescents (aged 12-17). The study team partnered with autistic individuals, their caregivers, and expert clinicians to adapt EASE for autistic adolescents and adults with co-occurring intellectual disability and autistic elementary-aged children, groups that often benefit from caregiver support in treatment. In three phases, we (1) gathered caregiver and expert feedback to adapt the original EASE program for autistic adults with intellectual disability, (2) revised the treatment after using it with six autistic adults with intellectual disability, and (3) tested the newly developed caregiver-client team-based treatment, called EASE-Teams, in a small group of 10 autistic individuals with and without intellectual disability (aged 7-25). Families found EASE-Teams to be acceptable and helpful. We found improvements in emotion dysregulation and mental health symptoms for autistic participants. Caregivers reported less stress from their child's dysregulation after participating. These results show that EASE-Teams can be appropriate for different developmental and cognitive needs. Future studies will need to test the benefits of the treatment in community clinics.

EEG changes and their relationship with intellectual disability in children with autism spectrum disorders in a tertiary care hospital

Background: Autism in children is frequently associated with Intellectual disability (ID) and epilepsy. It is known that lower IQinfluences epilepsy rates; however, electroencephalographic (EEG) findings in different grades of intellectual functioning are less well studied. Objectives: This study aimed to evaluate the EEG findings and their association with the degrees of ID in children with autism. Methods: Fifty-two children, diagnosed with autism according to the DSM-IV-TR criteria, aged between 2 to 12 years, were included in the study. Participants were recruited from outpatient clinic in the Institute for Paediatric Neurodisorder and Autism (IPNA) in Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University (BSMMU), Dhaka, Bangladesh. All of them were subjected to physical and neurological examination. Intelligence quotients (IQ) were measured in all the participants. Psychometric tests Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development, Third edition (BSID III) or Weschler Intelligence Scale for Patients-Revised (WISC-R) were used for evaluating IQ. EEG recordings were done in all the participants. Results: The frequency of EEG abnormalities were observed in 51.9% participants. Among these abnormalities, 36.5% were epileptiform and 15.4% were non-epileptiform. Majority of the focal discharges, in this study were from temporal and frontal ((50% and 40% of focal discharge). Among generalized abnormalities, 89% were symmetrical spike-wave complexes. EEG abnormalities were associated with epilepsy in 66.7% of participants. ID was present in 84.6% and of them, 77% had moderate to severe ID. Mild, moderate or severe ID did not show significant association with EEG abnormalities (p&gt;0.05). However, patients with moderate to severe ID (IQ &lt;50) had a higher rate of EEG abnormalities compared to those without ID or mild ID (81.5% versus 18.5%) (P=0.03). Conclusion: Relatively large number of children with autism and ID had EEG abnormalities and there was a significant association with moderate to severe ID (IQ &lt;50) and EEG abnormalities.

Efektivitas Permainan Tradisional Dakon untuk Meningkatkan Kemampuan Berhitung pada Anak Tunagrahita

The ability to count is one of the useful abilities for intellectual disability children in everyday life. Fun and easy numeracy skills methods can be a means to improve numeracy skills in intellectual disability children. The dakon game applied in this study can be a means to improve numeracy skills in intellectual disability children because in the dakon game, children are trained to count using kecik dakon seeds in solving arithmetic problems. This study aims to test the effectiveness of traditional dakon games to improve the numeracy skills of intellectual disability children. This research is an experimental study that uses a one group pretest-posttest design. In this study involved three students with intellectual disability children. The results of the analysis with the Shapiro Wilk statistical test showed that the traditional dakon game was effective to improve numeracy skills in intellectual disability children.

Congenital Hypothyroidism.

Congenital hypothyroidism (CH) is a disorder of thyroid hormone deficiency which develops secondary to incomplete thyroid development or inadequate thyroid hormone production. State-mandated newborn screening throughout the United States has increased the detection rate of CH, allowing for early intervention. Although the overall mortality rate of CH is low, delayed or omitted treatment can lead to devastating neurocognitive outcomes. As such, CH is regarded as the leading cause of preventable intellectual disability in children. Early identification, facilitated by astute neonatal nursing and medical care, is contingent upon an active working knowledge of the disease process and awareness of the limitations of the newborn screen.

The Use of The Drill Method to Improve Learning Outcomes Ability to Wear A Button Shirt on students with Intellectual Disabilities

The purpose of this study was to obtain an overview of the use of the drill method to improve the ability of learning outcomes to wear button-down shirts in students with intellectual disabilities children. The method used in this research is Classroom Action Research (CAR) using the drill method. The subjects in this study were four students of class VII at Sekolah Luar Biasa Asih C Manunggal Bandung Indonesia. The results showed that the use of the drill method can improve the ability of learning outcomes to wear button-down shirts in intellectual disabilities children, this happens because the method used is the drill method. This assessment has an impact on students' abilities based on the results of quantitative data calculations, there is an increase in the ability to wear button-down shirts, the use of the drill method can be applied to improve the ability to wear button-down shirts in students with intellectual disabilities, which can be used by teachers in the learning process.

The Effect of Combined Core Stability and Coordination Exercises on the Motor Skills of Intellectual Disability With DCD

Purpose: Developmental Coordination Disorder (DCD) is common among intellectual disability children that can worsen motor problems, especially motor skills. The purpose of the study was to examine the effect of combining core stability exercises with coordination exercises on motor proficiency of intellectual disability children with DCD. Methods: The population was boys with intellectual disability and DCD studying in Golestan School of Tabriz randomly that were divided into two groups of 15 subjects in the experimental group and 15 in the control group. Motor skills were evaluated using the Bruininks-Oseretsky Test of Motor Proficiency-Short Form in the pre- and post-test. The experimental group performed three sessions (every week) of 60 minutes of combined core stability with coordination training for eight weeks. SPSS v. 21, dependent t-test, and analysis of covariance at the significance level of P&lt;0.05 were used for statistical analysis. Results: Comparing the means of the two groups showed a positive significant difference in running speed and agility (P=0.001), balance (P=0.001), two-way coordination (P=0.001), strength (P=0.001), upper limb coordination (P=0.001), response speed (P=0.001), speed motor vision control (P=0.001), upper limb agility (P=0.001), and the overall gross and fine motor skills scores (P=0.001) and the combined score of the short scale (P=0.001). Conclusion: The results indicated that combining core stability with a coordination training program can be used to enhance the motor skills of DCD children with intellectual disabilities. Thus, sports coaches and experts, and specialists in other related fields are recommended to use these exercises to enhance the gross and fine motor skills of students with intellectual disabilities, especially those with DCDs.

Susceptibility to Ingroup Influence in Adolescents With Intellectual Disability: A Minimal Group Experiment on Social Judgment Making.

Adolescents with intellectual disability (ID) experience challenges and uncertainty when making judgments about other people’s intentions. In an attempt to achieve certainty, they might exhibit judgment tendencies that differ from those of typically developing adolescents. This study investigated social judgment making in adolescents with ID (n = 34, Mage = 14.89 years, SD = 1.41 years) compared with chronological age-matched adolescents without ID (n = 34, Mage = 14.68 years, SD = 1.15 years) and mental age (MA)-matched children (n = 34, Mage = 7.93 years, SD = 0.64 years). Participants used a computer-based task to judge the hostility of persons (fictitious characters). Adolescents with ID were found to make more polarizing judgments (i.e., either positive or negative, as opposed to moderate judgments) and were more likely to be guided by the opinions of a fictitious peer ingroup (minimal group) compared with adolescents without ID. No such differences were found between adolescents with ID and MA-matched children. The results are discussed in terms of scientific and practical implications.

Biomechanical analysis of gait patterns in children with intellectual disabilities

Children with intellectual disabilities (ID) typically master walking skills much later than typically developing (TD) children and have poor postural control ability. This study aimed to explore the gait ability and characteristics of children with ID and whether there is any difference in walking ability between them and TD children. In this study, integrating kinematic-biomechanic-dynamic measurement methods and corresponding analysis methods (video analysis, three-dimensional force analysis and electromyography test analysis) were used to characterise and compare the gait patterns between ID children and TD children. ID children's step length/leg length ratio was lower than TD children. The left-leg single-leg support time and step length of ID children were shorter than TD children. While walking, ID children touched the ground with the whole foot pad and could not powerfully thrust against the ground with their toes. Their left legs had obvious disadvantages compared with their right legs. ID children's lower limb muscle strength was lower than TD children, and their thigh muscles had an obvious compensation function. Correcting ID children's gait should be an important teaching goal for physical education institutors and teachers. Muscle-strength and flexibility training can help ID children reinforce core strength and better coordinate lower limbs.

Placebo-Controlled Clinical Trial of IncobotulinumtoxinA for Sialorrhea in Children: SIPEXI.

Background and ObjectivesTo investigate the efficacy and safety of repeated injections of incobotulinumtoxinA (incoBoNT/A) for treatment of chronic sialorrhea (drooling) associated with neurologic disorders (e.g., cerebral palsy, traumatic brain injury) or intellectual disability in children and adolescents in a prospective phase III study (SIPEXI [Sialorrhea Pediatric Xeomin Investigation]).MethodsThe study enrolled 2- to 17-year-old patients with sialorrhea due to neurologic disorders or intellectual disability. Patients received body weight–dependent doses of incoBoNT/A (20–75 U). A main period with 1 injection cycle (placebo-controlled, double-blind, 6- to 17-year-olds) was followed by an open-label extension with up to 3 further cycles. An additional cohort of 2- to 5-year-olds received active treatment throughout the study. Coprimary endpoints were the change in unstimulated salivary flow rate (uSFR) from baseline to week 4 and the carers' Global Impression of Change Scale (GICS) rating at week 4. Adverse events were recorded.ResultsIn the main period, 220 patients aged 6–17 years were randomized and treated (148 patients in incoBoNT/A group, 72 patients in placebo group). A total of 35 patients aged 2–5 years received incoBoNT/A (no placebo). A total of 214 patients aged 6–17 years and 33 patients aged 2–5 years continued treatment in the open-label extension period. For the 6- to 17-year-olds, a significant difference between incoBoNT/A and placebo was seen in mean uSFR decrease (difference −0.06 g/min; p = 0.0012) and the carers' GICS rating (difference 0.28 points; p = 0.032) at week 4, in favor of active treatment. The secondary endpoints consistently supported these results. A sustained benefit was observed during the extension. Incidences of adverse events were comparable between incoBoNT/A and placebo and did not increase notably with repeated injections. The most common adverse events were respiratory infections. Efficacy and safety were also favorable in the uncontrolled cohort of 2- to 5-year-olds.DiscussionBoth co–primary efficacy endpoints were reached and superiority of incoBoNT/A over placebo was confirmed. IncoBoNT/A (up to 75 U, up to 4 cycles) is an effective and well-tolerated treatment for sialorrhea associated with neurologic disorders in children.Trial Registration InformationClinicaltrials.gov: NCT02270736 (clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/results/NCT02270736); EU Clinical Trials Register: 2013-004532-30 (clinicaltrialsregister.eu/ctr-search/search?query=2013-004532-30).Classification of EvidenceThis study provides Class I evidence that injection of incobotulinumtoxinA decreases drooling in children aged 6 to 17 years with neurologic disorders.

Clinical effect and mechanism of Jin's three-needle combined with Tongdu Tiaoshen acupuncture for intellectual disability in children

To observe the effect of Jin's three-needle combined with Tongdu Tiaoshen acupuncture on development level and activity of daily living in children with intellectual disability, and explore its mechanism. A total of 60 children with intellectual disability were randomly divided into an observation group (30 cases, 2 cases dropped off) and a control group (30 cases, 2 cases dropped off). In the control group, rehabilitation training and routine acupuncture were adopted, 30 min each time, once a day, 6 times a week for 3 months. On the base of the treatment as the control group, Jin's three-needle combined with Tongdu Tiaoshen acupuncture were adopted in the observation group. Jin's three-needle was applied at Sishenzhen, Zhisanzhen, Naosanzhen and Niesanzhen for 1 h, Shouzhizhen and Zuzhizhen for 30 min. Tongdu Tiaoshen acupuncture was applied at Baihui (GV 20), Shenting (GV 24), Shuigou (GV 26), etc. for 30 min, once a day, 6 times a week for 3 months. Before and after treatment，the scores of developmental quotient (DQ) and activity of daily living (ADL) were recorded, and the serum levels of neuron-specific enolase (NSE) and monoamine neurotransmitters (dopamine [DA], norepinephrine [NE] and 5-hydroxytryptamine [5-HT]) were detected in the two groups. Compared before treatment, the scores of DQ and ADL and the serum levels of DA, NE, 5-HT after treatment were increased (P<0.05), the serum levels of NSE were decreased (P<0.05) in the two groups. After treatment, the scores of DQ and ADL and the serum levels of DA, NE, 5-HT in the observation group were higher than the control group (P<0.05), while the serum level of NSE was lower than the control group (P<0.05). On the base of rehabilitation training and routine acupuncture, Jin's three-needle combined with Tongdu Tiaoshen acupuncture can significantly improve development level and activity of daily living in children with intellectual disability, and its mechanism may be related to the regulation of serum levels of NSE and monoamine neurotransmitter.

Prevalence of Syndromic Intellectual Disability among Children of Age 2-5 Years in Different Hospitals of Lahore, Punjab

A retrospective analytical study was performed from September 2019 to March 2020 on Intellectual disability patients by visiting different hospitals of Lahore,Punjab. The aim of this research was to determine the prevalence of different factors associated with syndromic intellectual disability in the Punjab population. Intellectual Disability (ID) is caused by the environmental influence, genetic disorder, perinatal infection, neonatal infection or postnatal infection. It was diagnosed by the test of Intellectual functioning. In this study 50 patients were identified among which 33 were males and 17 were females. The basic cause of ID in Pakistan was recorded as cousin marriages. Other factors like malnutrition, microcephaly, complicated delivery, brain infections were the major causes of ID. To avoid severe or profound ID early diagnosis, clinical evaluation, genetic counseling, and proper treatment was necessary. A proper guidance must require for the parents to admit their ID children in respective special school. The primary goal of this research was to provide information to individuals and groups who were recognized to be at risk for ID, as well as their family members and to those who deal with them.

Peran Parenting Self-Efficacy dan Optimisme terhadap Psychological Well-Being Ibu yang Memiliki Anak Intellectual Disability

The presence of children will affect the lives of their parents. Parenting and educating Intellectual Disability (ID) children creates certain pressures, especially for mothers. Many mothers experienced stress and have feelings of uncertainty about their ability to care for which lead to pessimism. These stress and anxiety may have an impact on the psychological well-being of the mothers. The purpose of this study was to determine whether parenting self-efficacy and optimism affect the psychological well-being of mothers with ID children. This study used a quantitative approach with a causal correlational design. The research subjects were 43 mothers who had children with ID. The data was collected using a questionnaire consists of the Self-Efficacy for Parenting Index (SEPTI) adapted from Coleman and Karakker, optimism scale, and psychological well-being Scales (PWBS) adapted from Ryff. The results show that parenting self-efficacy and optimism had an effect on psychological well-being

Attitudes of intellectual disabled children's teachers towards E-learning during Corona pandemic

The aim of this study was to investigate the attitudes of intellectual disabled children 's teachers towards E-learning during Corona pandemic. The descriptive and analytical method was used. Teachers from the primary stage in special education were selected for data collection. An online questionnaire was used to collect data from the target teachers. Data were collected via an online questionnaire survey. e-learning during the outbreak of the Covid 19 pandemic provides flexibility in Lesson planning, implementation and evaluation.

A bio-behavioral intervention combining task analysis with skill-based training to train toothbrushing among children with intellectual disability.

Individuals with intellectual disability (ID) have special health care needs. Teaching self-care behaviors like toothbrushing helps reduce their dependence on adult caregivers. We present a bio-behavioral intervention combining task analysis with skill-based teaching of toothbrushing behavior aimed to promote autonomy in children with various types of ID. One hundred twenty children with ID enrolled at a special school in the State were included in the study. After baseline measurements using task analysis, four methods were used to train the children - instruction, three-phase modeling, physical guidance, and descriptive praise. The caregiver was trained and given instructional videos for reinforcement. After 4weeks, the children were asked to brush their teeth and performance was evaluated. There was increased independence in the performance of toothbrushing behavior, the mild and moderate ID groups showing the most improvement. Steps like oral manipulation of the toothbrush showed the greatest improvement in these groups. The severe ID group showed improvement in certain skills, while requiring assistance for others that demanded dexterity. This intervention can be implemented by special schools and special care dentistry centers to foster autonomy in oral self-care skills in the mild and moderate ID children, and complemented with other methods for severe ID children.