Integrated Research Framework Research Articles

Please do not disturb: the effect of Zero-Contact Marketing on Korean consumers' decision-making process

PurposeThis study examines the effectiveness of Zero-Contact Marketing that minimizes contact between employees and consumers in marketplaces by adopting an integrated research framework of motivation theory, servicescape model and the theory of reasoned action (TRA).Design/methodology/approachThis study randomly collected 314 respondents through an online survey in May 2020 in South Korea. Structural equation modeling (SEM) assessed the overall hypothetical research model.FindingsZero-Contact Marketing facilitates the positive impacts of Korean consumers' motivations (intrinsic and extrinsic) and service environment on their word-of-mouth (WOM) intention to spread information about a store offering Zero-Contact Marketing service and the store revisit intention. In addition, consumers' attitude toward Zero-Contact Marketing and shopping pleasure (SPL) has stronger impacts on consumers' WOM intention than they do on the store revisit intention.Research limitations/implicationsThe limitation of this study lies in that the survey participants responded only in South Korea, which may lead to biased results. To provide a more generalized insight, this study should be extended by considering consumers in other countries, since many consumers around the world tend to minimize face-to-face interaction and avoid unnecessary interruptions under the current pandemic.Practical implicationsBy minimizing the social interaction between employees and consumers, Zero-Contact Marketing may increase consumers' shopping satisfaction with free shopping moments and no disturbance, especially under the COVID-19 pandemic.Originality/valueThe findings provide theoretical contributions by empirically validating the effects of intrinsic and extrinsic motivations and service environment on consumers' internal and external responses in a Zero-Contact retail setting.

Can the value-attitude-behavior model and personality predict international tourists’ biosecurity practice during the pandemic?

Biosecurity is vital for preventing the introduction of exotic fauna, flora, and disease from one territory into another. Attention to biosecurity measures has become an important element of responses to the COVID-19 pandemic. However, there is limited theoretically informed research on tourist biosecurity behavior. To fill this research gap, an integrated research framework with value-attitude-behavior and personality theories is used to identify what influences tourist biosecurity behavior during the COVID-19 pandemic. Data was collected in September 2020 from Americans who had traveled overseas and analyzed by structural equation modeling, multi-group analysis, and deep learning. Results show that value has the greatest effects on attitude followed by personal and social norm on biosecurity for traveling during the pandemic. Personalities significantly moderate the linkages between attitude, personal norm, and behavior. Deep learning confirmed the best prediction of the current model and the importance of personal norms.

Disinfection by-product (DBP) research in China: Are we on the track?

Disinfection by-products (DBPs) formed during water disinfection has drawn significant public concern due to its toxicity. Since the first discovery of the trihalomethanes in 1974, continued effort has been devoted on DBPs worldwide to investigate the formation mechanism, levels, toxicity and control measures in drinking water. This review summarizes the main achievements on DBP research in China, which included: (1) the investigation of known DBP occurrence in drinking water of China; (2) the enhanced removal of DBP precursor by water treatment process; (3) the disinfection optimization to minimize DBP formation; and (4) the identification of unknown DBPs in drinking water. Although the research of DBPs in China cover the whole formation process of DBPs, there is still a challenge in effectively controlling the drinking water quality risk induced by DBPs, an integrated research framework including chemistry, toxicology, engineering, and epidemiology is especially crucial.

Entrepreneurial Leadership, Organizational Resilience and New Venture Performance

As a global public health emergency, COVID-19 has brought uncertainties to the survival and development of new ventures, as well as challenges to the organization’s crisis management capabilities and effective leadership capabilities. Organizational resilience, as a dynamic organizational capability that helps enterprises recover from a crisis, emphasizes the ability of enterprises to adapt, change and rebound after a crisis. The improvement of organizational resilience can enable enterprises to effectively respond to crises and achieve sustainable development. Facing the unpredictable entrepreneurial environment, how to improve the management capability of new ventures and combine limited resources with dynamic opportunities is a topic worthy of further exploration. Entrepreneurial leadership, as a new type of leadership that integrates entrepreneurial spirit and leadership, can create a vision to inspire subordinates, lead enterprises to clarify innovation paths, and explore and develop opportunities. Entrepreneurial leadership is considered as an effective leadership style to lead new ventures to deal with external uncertainties and resist the crisis.Under the guidance of dynamic capability framework, this paper aims to explore how entrepreneurial leaders interact with organizational resilience in a complex environment and promote venture performance in combination with the actual situation in China. Through a questionnaire survey and data analysis of 213 entrepreneurs and senior managers of new ventures in the Yangtze River Delta, this study finds that:（1）Entrepreneurial leadership has a positive impact on the performance of new venture.（2）Entrepreneurial leadership positively affects organizational resilience, and the improvement of entrepreneurial leadership is conducive to enhancing the organizational resilience of enterprises.（3）Entrepreneurial leadership can positively affect the performance of new ventures by improving the organizational resilience of enterprises.（4）Changes in the external environment will also affect this relationship, that is, the stronger the entrepreneur’s perception of the competitiveness and dynamics of the external environment, the stronger the positive impact of entrepreneurial leadership on venture performance through organizational resilience.This paper incorporates entrepreneurial leadership, organizational resilience, performance and environmental characteristics of new ventures into the integrated research framework, and demonstrates how leaders of new ventures in the Chinese context can utilize entrepreneurial leadership to improve their organizational resilience. Theoretically, this paper expands the avenue of dynamic capabilities, provides a new perspective for the relationship between entrepreneurial leadership and venture performance, and demonstrates the mechanism and boundary conditions of organizational resilience in complex situations. Practically, this paper puts the research situation under the background of local environment and national strategy, and points out that new ventures should actively exert entrepreneurial leadership in a crisis state, in order to improve organizational resilience and performance. This research provides corresponding countermeasures for the enhancement of management and organizational capabilities of new ventures in China under the influence of COVID-19.

Integrating design science research and design based research frameworks for developing education support systems

This paper proposes an integrated research framework that takes advantage of the similarities of design science research (DSR) and Design-based research (DBR) for developing a new decision support system (DSS) artefact. Firstly, the paper discusses the progression of DSR in the Information Systems and evolution of DBR in educational technology notifying the similarities and limitations. Next, we apply our proposed framework combining DSR and DBR to develop and effectively evaluate the artefact of the Educational DSS that can be used to identify students at risk and improve student retention and completion rate. Further, our paper creates a basis of methodological guide to construct and evaluate a machine learning (ML) based DSS artefact by conformity to the features and tenets of commonalities between DSR and DBR and correlating them to Peffer’s design science research approach. In line with the characteristic of DSR and DBR, the development framework that we proposed will be used as a new source of knowledge to design any IT artefact in the education domain.

Tourists’ waste reduction behavioral intentions at tourist destinations: An integrative research framework

Abstract Tourists’ waste reduction behaviors performed at tourist destinations are vital to the sustainable development of tourist destinations. Gaining a comprehensive understanding of tourists’ waste reduction behaviors at tourist destinations and identifying the determinants of such environmentally responsible actions are therefore undeniably of utmost importance. This research developed an integrative research framework based on the integration of theory of planned behavior and norm activation model and explored the influences of a set of social-psychological factors on tourists’ waste reduction behavioral intentions at tourist destinations. Given the positive externalities of tourists’ waste reduction behaviors, incentive measures have also been considered and incorporated into the research framework. Based on the survey data from 546 Chinese tourists, this research indicated that tourists’ attitudes toward waste reduction, subjective norm, perceived behavioral control and personal norm are the significant activators of tourists’ waste reduction intentions, and the personal norm has the largest effect. Incentive measures have no significant direct effect on tourists’ waste reduction intentions but significantly affect tourists’ attitudes toward waste reduction. This research helps scholars and the administrators of tourist destinations to better understand tourists’ waste reduction behaviors.

Knowledge Transfer Enablers and Innovation Performance of International Strategic Alliances: An Integrated Framework

Knowledge Transfer Enablers and Innovation Performance of International Strategic Alliances: An Integrated Framework

Health benefits of on-road transportation pollution control programs in China

China started to implement comprehensive measures to mitigate traffic pollution at the end of 1990s, but the comprehensive effects, especially on ambient air quality and public health, have not yet been systematically evaluated. In this study, we analyze the effects of vehicle emission control measures on ambient air pollution and associated deaths attributable to long-term exposures of fine particulate matter (PM2.5) and O3 based on an integrated research framework that combines scenario analysis, air quality modeling, and population health risk assessment. We find that the total impact of these control measures was substantial. Vehicular emissions during 1998-2015 would have been 2-3 times as large as they actually were, had those measures not been implemented. The national population-weighted annual average concentrations of PM2.5 and O3 in 2015 would have been higher by 11.7 μg/m3 and 8.3 parts per billion, respectively, and the number of deaths attributable to 2015 air pollution would have been higher by 510 thousand (95% confidence interval: 360 thousand to 730 thousand) without these controls. Our analysis shows a concentration of mortality impacts in densely populated urban areas, motivating local policymakers to design stringent vehicle emission control policies. The results imply that vehicle emission control will require policy designs that are more multifaceted than traditional controls, primarily represented by the strict emission standards, with careful consideration of the challenges in coordinated mitigation of both PM2.5 and O3 in different regions, to sustain improvement in air quality and public health given continuing swift growth in China's vehicle population.

Relationships between industry 4.0, sustainable manufacturing and circular economy: proposal of a research framework

PurposeThe digital revolution has brought many challenges and opportunities for the manufacturing firms. The impact of Industry 4.0 technology adoption on sustainable manufacturing and circular economy has been under-researched. This paper aims to review the latest articles in the area of Industry 4.0, sustainable manufacturing and circular economy and further developed a research framework showing key paths.Design/methodology/approachQualitative research is performed in two stages. In the first stage, a review of the extant literature is performed to identify the barriers, drivers, challenges and opportunities. In the second stage, a research framework is proposed to integrate Industry 4.0 technology (big data analytics powered artificial intelligence) adoption, sustainable manufacturing and circular economy capabilities.FindingsThis research extends the knowledge base by providing a detailed review of Industry 4.0, sustainable manufacturing, and circular economy and proposes a research framework by integrating these three contemporary concepts in the context of supply chain management. Through an exploration of this integrative research framework, the authors propose a future research agenda and seven research propositions.Research limitations/implicationsIt is important to understand the interplay between institutional pressures, tangible resources and human skills for Industry 4.0 technology (big data analytics powered artificial intelligence) adoption. Industry 4.0 technology (big data analytics powered artificial intelligence) adoption can positively influence sustainable manufacturing and circular economy capabilities. Managers must also put more attention to sustainable manufacturing to develop circular economic capabilities.Social implicationsFactory workers and the local communities generally suffer from various adverse effects resulting from the traditional manufacturing process. The quality of the environment is deteriorating to such an extent that people even staying miles away from the factory are also affected due to environmental pollution that is generated from factory operations. Hence, sustainable manufacturing is the only choice left to manufacturers that can help in the transition to a circular economy. The research framework can help firms to enhance circular economy capabilities.Originality/valueThis review paper contains the most updated work on Industry 4.0, sustainable manufacturing and circular economy. It also proposes a research framework to integrate these three concepts.

Seeking spatiotemporal patterns and driving mechanism of atmospheric pollutant emissions from road transportation in china

As the most basic transportation mode, road transportation is a main contributor to atmospheric pollution. Different geographical locations and socioeconomic conditions intensify regional differences in atmospheric pollutant emissions (APEs). Understanding the spatial disparities and drivers of APEs from road transportation is crucial to China's national efforts in atmospheric pollution control. This study proposes an integrative research framework to explore the spatiotemporal characteristics and driving mechanism of regional APEs (CO, SO2, NOx and PM2.5) from road transportation in Chinese provincial regions. Guangdong, Jiangsu, Shandong, Hebei and Zhejiang are the top five emitters. The kernel estimation analysis demonstrates that the gaps for CO and SO2 emissions across regions narrow and the overall emissions decrease, with the opposite conditions for NOx emissions. The spatial autocorrelation analysis verifies a positive spatial aggregation effect, with high-high aggregation in the east and low-low aggregation in the northwest. Gross domestic product (GDP) per capita and population are the promotive factors to emissions. The effect of APEs from unit vehicle is inhibitive, with strengthening effect on NOx and PM2.5 emissions but weakening effect on CO and SO2 emissions. The effects of intensity of vehicle use and development level of road transportation are opposite. More developed regions are greatly influenced by intensity of vehicle use, development level of road transportation and GDP per capita. Both the methods and results of this study can provide better decision-making support for national and regional APEs control policies targeting transportation sector.

A research framework of land use transition in Suzhou City coupled with land use structure and landscape multifunctionality

Under the premise of facing land-use sustainable development goals, clarifying the process and trend of regional land-use transition (LUT) is of considerable significance to the direction of national land-use optimization in the future. Suzhou City is not only an economically developed area in China but also a leading area of economic transformation and development, which embodies the changing process of regional development path since China's reform and opening up. This paper constructed an integrated research framework of micro-individual land use structure and macro-mixed landscape multifunctionality. It used spatial analysis technology to deeply analyze the LUT process of Suzhou, and quantified change characteristics of land use structure and function in Suzhou from 2000 to 2015. For structure, Suzhou has undergone a large-scale transition during the study period, mainly from farmland to construction land, in which transition speed and degree are at a high level until the trend slows down after 2010. For function, the number of high values of landscape multifunctionality gradually increases. Still, the scope of high-value areas progressively reduces by urban expansion constraints; the multifunctionality around urban expansion area gradually weakens. Besides, forest land, grassland, and other ecological land have the most significant number of land use functions. The comprehensive transition of land use structure and function can give a summary as a circle-layer dynamic change process of urban development. Transition hotspots can be divided into five specific regions of land management and finally realize comprehensive development zoning of urban and rural areas at the township level. LUT research framework based on structure-function coupling will provide ideas for land management mode transformation and contribute to sustainable land spatial planning strategy formulation.

An integrated research framework combining genomics, systems biology, physiology, modelling and breeding for legume improvement in response to elevated CO2 under climate change scenario

How unprecedented changes in climatic conditions will impact yield and productivity of some crops and their response to existing stresses, abiotic and biotic interactions is a key global concern. Climate change can also alter natural species’ abundance and distribution or favor invasive species, which in turn can modify ecosystem dynamics and the provisioning of ecosystem services. Basic anatomical differences in C3 and C4 plants lead to their varied responses to climate variations. In plants having a C3 pathway of photosynthesis, increased atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) positively regulates photosynthetic carbon (C) assimilation and depresses photorespiration. Legumes being C3 plants, they may be in a favorable position to increase biomass and yield through various strategies. This paper comprehensively presents recent progress made in the physiological and molecular attributes in plants with special emphasis on legumes under elevated CO2 conditions in a climate change scenario. A strategic research framework for future action integrating genomics, systems biology, physiology and crop modelling approaches to cope with changing climate is also discussed. Advances in sequencing and phenotyping methodologies make it possible to use vast genetic and genomic resources by deploying high resolution phenotyping coupled with high throughput multi-omics approaches for trait improvement. Integrated crop modelling studies focusing on farming systems design and management, prediction of climate impacts and disease forecasting may also help in planning adaptation. Hence, an integrated research framework combining genomics, plant molecular physiology, crop breeding, systems biology and integrated crop-soil-climate modelling will be very effective to cope with climate change.

Market entry strategies in a high-tech successive generations market: a case study of three semiconductor firms with different entry modes

PurposeThe purpose of this study is to explore market entry strategies in a high-tech successive generations (HTSGs) market, by investigating entry mode via entry timing and path differentiation and the performance outcomes of entry mode.Design/methodology/approachThe methodology of building a theory from a longitudinal case study is adopted by using useful cases in a HTSGs market after constructing an integrated research framework to explore market entry mode. Different entry modes were investigated by studying entry timing and migration path of three firms’ case in logic semiconductor market. In addition, performance outcomes of different entry modes were measured and correlated with each other.FindingsThe results identified three major entry modes suitable for a HTSGs market. The three firms differentiated their entry modes by exploiting different entry timings from the earliest to the last and different migration paths including switching, leapfrogging and new entrance path to enter a market. First mover advantage also exists in a HTSGs market, and it was found uniquely that the financial performance denoted by entry mode outcomes was correlated with technological knowledge.Research limitations/implicationsThis study extends the theory of extant entry strategy from general consumer or industrial market to HTSGs market, in which intense competition exits and technological innovation is important. Moreover, this study verified that the causality between early entry and positive performance was also effective in HTSGs market with a shorter duration of early entry advantage.Practical implicationsThis study has managerial implications for firms to establish market entry strategy in HTSGs market and other markets. To become a product leader, a fast follower or a late follower, firms can differentiate their entry mode by adjusting the entry timing and migration path in the context of market and technology.Originality/valueThis study examined market entry strategies suitable for HTSGs market based on its unique characteristics and extended relevant theory into HTSGs market. Further, an integrated research framework, which explores the market entry mode, was constructed to facilitate further exploration of entry mode into other markets.

Lean and agile manufacturing: complementary or competing capabilities?

PurposeLean (TQM and JIT) and agile manufacturing (AM) are viewed as strategic capabilities that can help firms to meet diverse set of market demands. However, the question whether lean manufacturing and AM are complementary or competing capabilities is still open to discussion. This research proposes an integrated research framework that draws on complementary theory, theory of systems, and concept of fit to examine this question regarding these two strategic capabilities.Design/methodology/approachData are collected from 248 apparel exporting firms, and the proposed model is evaluated using structural equation modeling.FindingsResults show that lean manufacturing, AM, and supporting management and infrastructural practices have positive and complementary effects on firm's performance. Further, results depict that lean manufacturing and AM complementarity is a complete organizational synergistic phenomenon, and piecemeal implementation of these initiatives may lead to suboptimal or unsatisfactory results. Results also indicate that there is no significant direct (correlated and uncorrelated) relationship of management, infrastructure, lean manufacturing, and AM practices with firm's performance and support that lean manufacturing and AM are not competing paradigms.Research limitations/implicationsThis research is based on cross-sectional data from one industry. Future research should collect data from diverse sectors in different countries.Practical implicationsThis study provides a key insight for manufacturing managers that piecemeal implementation of lean manufacturing and AM does not yield optimal outcomes. In addition, study suggests that lean manufacturing and AM complementarity builds on strong foundation of strategic management and internal and external infrastructure. Therefore, managers should focus on development of skilled and empowered human resources, technological advancements, and learning and virtually integrated organizations for effective implementation of lean manufacturing and AM.Originality/valueProposed framework is one of the first, if not the first, that seeks to resolve the question: whether lean manufacturing and AM are complementary or competing capabilities. Complementary effects of lean manufacturing and AM along with management, internal infrastructure, and common external infrastructure practices have positive impact on performance. This study also segregated infrastructure practices into internal and common external infrastructure practices.

What drives visitor economy crowdfunding? The effect of digital storytelling on unified theory of acceptance and use of technology

Digital storytelling is a key factor used by fundraisers to attract investors to crowdfunding projects. Despite the important role of digital storytelling in consumer persuasion, research on the effect of digital storytelling on consumer behavior is scarce in the visitor economy crowdfunding sector. The objective of this work is to create and verify a theoretically integrated research framework including three-dimensions of digital storytelling as a reflective second order factor (perceived esthetics, narrative structure, and self-reference) and concepts of unified theory of acceptance and use of technology (UTAUT) (performance expectancy, social influence, effort expectancy, facilitating condition, and intention). Results reveal that digital storytelling has highly significant effects on facilitating condition, performance expectancy, effort expectancy, and social influence in descending order. Investors' intention to crowdfund is also significantly affected by facilitating condition, performance expectancy, social influence, and effort expectancy in descending order, offering significant theoretical and managerial implications in leisure and tourism.

Air quality co-benefits from climate mitigation for human health in South Korea

Climate change mitigation efforts to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions have associated costs, but there are also potential benefits from improved air quality, such as public health improvements and the associated cost savings. A multidisciplinary modeling approach can better assess the co-benefits from climate mitigation for human health and provide a justifiable basis for establishment of adequate climate change mitigation policies and public health actions. An integrated research framework was adopted by combining a computable general equilibrium model, an air quality model, and a health impact assessment model, to explore the long-term economic impacts of climate change mitigation in South Korea through 2050. Mitigation costs were further compared with health-related economic benefits under different socioeconomic and climate change mitigation scenarios. Achieving ambitious targets (i.e., stabilization of the radiative forcing level at 3.4 W/m2) would cost 1.3–8.5 billion USD in 2050, depending on varying carbon prices from different integrated assessment models. By contrast, achieving these same targets would reduce costs by 23 billion USD from the valuation of avoided premature mortality, 0.14 billion USD from health expenditures, and 0.38 billion USD from reduced lost work hours, demonstrating that health benefits alone noticeably offset the costs of cutting GHG emissions in South Korea.

Toward an integrative framework for understanding multimodal L2 writing in the content areas

Second language (L2) learners in content area classes are expected to perform a range of writing tasks that involve multiple modes beyond language. Traditionally, however, research on multimodality with L2 learners has been approached differently in content versus L2 teaching and learning contexts. In this issue statement, we propose the need for an integrative framework for understanding multimodal L2 writing in the content areas that capitalizes on the complementary nature of these two research areas. After situating this need within U.S. K-12 education policy, we provide a brief overview of theoretical perspectives that have informed research in each area. Then, we identify key differences between these research areas in terms of (a) what modes are considered (i.e., multiple modes vs. linguistic mode) and (b) how those modes are analyzed (i.e., meaning-focused vs. feature-focused). Using a writing sample from an English learner in an elementary science classroom, we illustrate the potential of an integrative framework for providing a more nuanced and comprehensive understanding of multimodal L2 writing in the content areas. Implications of an integrative framework and promising directions for future research are also discussed.

Scrutinizing the Great Acceleration: The Anthropocene and its analytic challenges for social-ecological transformations

Despite considerable advancements over the last couple of years, research on the Anthropocene still faces at least two challenges: (1) integrating different approaches from natural, social and cultural sciences, and (2) clarifying the political relevance of this concept. To address these challenges, we propose an interdisciplinary approach from Social Ecology and Political Economy which combines research on social metabolism with a historical approach to capitalist development. We argue that such an interdisciplinary approach can help to better understand the Great Acceleration of production and consumption and the related surge in global resource flows. The observation of such an acceleration in the physical growth of societies, in turn, is perceived as the most convincing argument to explain fundamental shifts in the state and functioning of the Earth system, the Anthropocene. Our approach emphasizes that the Great Acceleration was not homogeneous, neither in space nor in time. Instead, spatial varieties and different historical trajectories must be considered which allow for the differentiation of two phases of accelerated resource use, taking place in different world regions. In this article, we propose an integrated research framework for the study of the Great Acceleration, illustrate the insights to which its application leads and discuss the political relevance of the Anthropocene for further research on social-ecological transformations.

Sustainable entrepreneurship, innovation, and business models: Integrative framework and propositions for future research

AbstractThis article introduces the business models for sustainability innovation (BMfSI) framework to study how business models mediate between sustainability innovations and business cases for sustainability. The BMfSI framework integrates two major perspectives (implicitly) found in the sustainable business model literature. The first is the agency perspective. It takes into consideration that some form of agency is needed, that is, “someone” who takes decisions and acts. Sustainable entrepreneurs are discussed as those agents who align their new or existing business models with sustainability innovations in order to be successful in business and to create value with and for stakeholders. The second perspective is the systems perspective, which acknowledges that business models are always embedded within sociotechnical contexts through which, for example, public policies, private financing, or stakeholder interests influence whether and how business models can be developed. The agency and systems perspectives are integrated in the so‐called business model mediation space. This theoretical notion embraces the decisions and activities pursued by sustainable entrepreneurs as they align their business models with sustainability innovations on the one hand and the influence of environmental contingencies, barriers, and stakeholders from the sociotechnical context on the other hand. The paper concludes with propositions for future research derived from the BMfSI framework.

Corporate social responsibility for poverty alleviation: An integrated research framework

AbstractThere is a growing demand by United Nations development agencies and governments for a higher engagement of firms in sustainable development goals, including that of eradicating poverty. Nevertheless, the social issue of poverty has not traditionally been covered by firms’ corporate social responsibility (CSR) initiatives. In addition, there is a need to integrate theories in order to better explain pro‐poor CSR in developing countries. Relying on a review of both conceptual and empirical research articles on CSR for poverty alleviation, this study contributes to the CSR research agenda by proposing an integrated research framework for assessing and explaining a firm's contribution to poverty alleviation. Besides discussing the existing evidence, the following issues are critically analysed with the general purpose of obtaining the framework and suggesting avenues for future research: the assessment of a firm's contribution to poverty alleviation, types of pro‐poor CSR initiatives that could be adopted by firms, and the factors influencing a firm's contribution. The framework, which intends to be useful for future research, can also assist the United Nations to increase the firms’ contribution to its alleviating poverty sustainable development goal.