Safety Integrity Research Articles

Design and Analysis of the Wing Functioning as a Ramp for a Spitfire Flight Simulator

This paper designed and analysed the wing for a Spitfire Mk9 Flight Simulator using three-dimensional modeling, finite element analysis and fatigue analysis methodologies with 3D EXPERIENCE, ABAQUS/FE-SAFE software. The results demonstrated that by using the wing structure as the access ramp to the cockpit simulator, the accessibility, safety and structural integrity could be improved vastly in comparison with the existing Spitfire flight simulators.

Proposal for the Integration of Health and Safety into the Design of Road Projects with BIM

The high number of accidents in the construction sector makes the concept of prevention through design (PtD), which starts with the integration of an occupational risk assessment in this phase, increasingly important. To this end, BIM (building information modelling) is a methodology that provides benefits related to the management of health and safety in the design phase. Its application in linear work projects is less developed than its application in building, even more so with regard to health and safety in BIM. This research proposes a methodology for integrating risk assessment into the design phase of BIM road projects, structuring the information, establishing the information integration processes, its analysis and risk management, and automating its integration into the model through zones. As a result, the research enables risk assessment in the BIM model through zones, differentiating risk values and allowing for the analysis of interferences between certain activities and the study of other specific activities in the design. As a result of the structure and organisation of the data, it is possible to export the data to IFC for coordination with other stakeholders. Thus, the final contribution of the research is the introduction of health and safety into road projects conducted with BIM, in compliance with legal requirements.

Restorative just culture significantly improves stakeholder inclusion, second victim experiences and quality of recommendations in incident responses

Objective: Matching safety and quality improvements to the complexity of healthcare, Gold Coast Mental Health and Specialist Services implemented a new response to clinical incidents: the Gold Coast Clinical Incident Response Framework (GC-CIRF). It utilises a Restorative Just Culture (RJC) framework and Safety II principles. This paper evaluates its impact.Methods: Staff surveys measured perceptions of just culture and second victim experiences. Quality of recommendations were compared before and after implementation. For the 19 incidents that occurred after the implementation of GC-CIRF, audits of the review processes were undertaken, measuring several components.Results: Results show significant improvement in staff perceptions of just culture and second victim experiences. Review of incident review data showed several shifts in line with Safety II and RJC. The process audit demonstrated inclusion of a broad range of stakeholders, and significant improvements in the quality and strength of recommendations.Conclusions: Embedding RJC and Safety II concepts into the incident review process is associated with improved measures of culture and review outputs. The integration of Safety II concepts and support of cultural shifts will require further work and committed leadership at all levels.

Implementation of AI based Safety and Security System Integration for Smart City

Our Indian government has set a goal of creating 100 smart cities that will use smart technology such as smart grids, smart phones, and various monitoring devices to generate large amount of data. Traditionally, data centres have been in charge of these files. One of the most pressing issues in data centres is resource management. One efficient strategy to address this issue is to use the best method for handling data, and when we're talking about Smart Cities, which will create a big quantity of data, it's becoming increasingly important to manage this massive amount of data. It is also necessary to provide the better living standard for every citizen in the smart cities by providing good safety and security to them as well. As we know that every citizen is not smart enough to protect himself against the physical as well as cyber-crimes. In this paper, we have designed an advanced Artificial Intelligence (AI) based safety and security system for the human beings and their personal data in a smart city. The system architecture is designed with AI module with machine learning algorithms, IoT technology and sensors, smart drones, intelligent video surveillances, data analytics and cyber security modules. This system can efficiently protect the citizens and their personal data against the criminals with high speed and accuracy.

Event-based safety and reliability analysis integration in model-based space mission design

Model-based safety and reliability (S&R) analysis, which improves analysis accuracy and reduces cost and development time is applied in various industries. With the developments in model-based systems engineering (MBSE) and the use of systems modelling language (SysML), S&R analysis based on SysML models is gaining more attention. However, the emerging methods are inadequate for complex space missions. Thus, the main objective of this study involves integrating S&R analysis in SysML-based space mission design. First, a framework for integrating S&R analysis in model-based space mission design is presented. Based on the characteristics of the development of complex space missions and the MBSE process, a multisystem collaborative failure analysis method is proposed to comprehensively identify the failure modes (FMs) of the entire system. Subsequently, an event-based analysis method integrating the process of functional architecture definition is proposed, which fills the identified gaps in model-based S&R analysis for mission-level systems. Based on the identified FMs and proposed criterion, the event tree can be mapped from the SysML activity diagram. Finally, the proposed methodology is applied to a case study of a complex space mission in the near future: the manned mission to the Moon.

Safety of Control Systems with Dual Architecture Based on PLCs

The implementation of safety functions, in contrast to ordinary control functions, requires a different approach to the design of the hardware and software of the control system. The reason for the different approaches is that each safety function must meet the required Safety Integrity Level (SIL). This has two aspects: safety integrity against random failures and safety integrity against systematic failures. Hardware is primarily related to random failure safety integrity, and software primarily to systematic failure safety integrity. The focus of this contribution lies in the design of a method that will allow the software of a safety function for industrial applications to be designed using a model of the functional behavior of this function. Since commercially available programmable logic controllers (PLCs) with a defined SIL level (so-called safety PLC) do not support such solutions, a dual architecture based on standard PLCs, including their software control, is proposed in the paper. Such an approach will make it possible to significantly limit the occurrence of systematic errors in the creation of application software, as well as to test the created application software and reveal deficiencies that arose in previous phases of the life cycle (e.g., when specifying safety functions). To implement the method proposed in this paper, a dual architecture created from the safety PLC Simatic series S7-1500 is used. With the help of this architecture, the safety function “Muting” is implemented.

On a method for ensuring functional safety of a system with single-channel information processing

The paper Aims to reduce the cost of onboard train control systems by using an architecture with a single-channel source of information (in this case, axle counters) and a two-channel receiver of information (in this case, an on-board control system) instead of the conventional architecture, whereas the generator and receiver are to have at least two channels. Additionally, in order to ensure the system’s safety, the failure detection mechanism embedded in the most common multichannel architecture that involves comparing the outputs of the onboard unit’s channels is complemented by software verification algorithms that enable a SIL4-compliant level of correct failure detection of the single-channel device (in this case, an axle counter). This level is primarily characterized by the quantitative indicator “probability of correct detection” and achieving the goal requires calculating the acceptable and, at the same time, achievable range of this probability and the performance parameters of the verification algorithms, of which it is a function. Methods. The paper shows two safety models of an onboard train control system, i.e., the conventional architecture with two-channel generating and receiving devices and the architecture with a single-channel source and a two-channel receiver of information. The graph models feature similar states and only differ in terms of the model parameters. By applying the topological method [1] to the conditions of the problem, within both models, formulas were derived for calculating the mean time to hazardous failure, rate and probability of hazardous failures. Input values were identified, including the probabilities of correct detection of failure of the on-board system and axle counter, the values of those safety indicators were calculated, allowing to attribute the system to one of the four discrete safety integrity levels. Results. The paper defines the probabilistic performance indicators of failure detection software and hardware for an architecture with a single-channel source and a two-channel receiver of information. Indicator definition involves setting maximum permissible values that enable the quantitative safety indicators (mean time to hazardous failure, rate and probability of hazardous failures) not worse than those of a conventional architecture with twochannel generating and receiving devices. The efficiency parameters that are the most safetycritical due to their significant effect on correct failure detection (in this case, the axle counter) are identified. The findings show that it is possible to reduce hardware-related costs without compromising compliance with the safety requirements when using single-channel sources (in this case, axis counters) and two-channel receivers of information (in this case, an on-board control system) that feature software enabling an appropriately high level of correct failure detection (in this case, of an axle counter).

The flash point of elemental sulfur: Effect of heating rates, hydrogen sulfide, and hydrocarbons

Facilities for the storage and handling of liquid sulfur are designed to avoid fires to prevent (a) deflagration, (b) breaching of hot-liquid and (c) the emission of highly toxic sulfur dioxide. To aid design and operation, current literature reports a wide range of flash points from 160 to 207 °C. This work aims to help clarify why this wide variance in measurements exists and which values are more applicable for safety and vessel integrity. The effects of heating rate, dissolved hydrogen sulfide, and hydrocarbon impurities on the apparent flash point were studied using a Pensky-Martens closed cup flash point apparatus following the standardized procedure outlined in American Society for Testing and Materials test method D93-20. The heating rate significantly affected the sulfur flash point, where slower rates yielded consistent flash points of 207 ± 3 °C. Flash points as low as 167 °C were observed when using faster rates, including the American Society for Testing and Materials recommended heating rates. Freely dissolved hydrogen sulfide lowered the flash point to 175 °C for concentrations greater than 100 ppmw, irrespective of the amount of dissolved polysulfanes. No effect on the flash point was observed for decane or hexadecane impurities up to 333 and 512 ppmw, respectively.

Health and Safety Integration into the Procurement Stages of Public Construction Projects in Developing Countries: A Case of Ghana

The potential to promote health and safety (H&S) through public procurement has resulted in increased expectation for public sector clients to integrate H&S matters into their procurement decisions and practices. Developing countries are however far behind in this endeavour. Using qualitative research, therefore, this study explored how public clients integrate H&S into the procurement of public works. Data was collected through semi-structured interviews with 20 contractors and public sector clients who have vast experience in the procurement of public works. The data was analysed using both inductive and deductive thematic analyses. The findings show that the extent of H&S integration into the procurement process depended on the funding source(s) for public projects. H&S matters are generally overlooked in the various procurement stages for public projects funded by the government, while in those funded by international development agencies, H&S matters are prioritized, and therefore, given considerable attention. The research contributes to construction H&S improvement research in developing countries by giving insight into the extent of H&S integration into public procurement. It also contributes to the understanding of the influence of funding sources on the extent to which H&S matters are integrated into public procurement in developing countries.

A Consistent Analytical Method to Assess Reliability of Redundant Safety Instrumented Systems

The significance of determining Safety Integrity Level (SIL) has grown substantially in numerous industry sectors since the publication of international standard for functional safety (IEC61508). To detect SIL using IEC61508, the demand mode must first be recognised. However, there is not any 100% accurate method to identify the demand mode. Design engineers must assume the demand mode based on their assessment of the likely number of failures each year in the system under consideration, referred to as demand rate. This signifies that a defective demand mode assumption leads to an incorrect SIL determination. In addition, the formulas provided by the IEC standards for the SIL determination did not include the demand duration. The majority of prior publications in the literature relied on SIL determination using IEC61508. As a result, the literature suffers from the constraints of the IEC61508 standard, which include ignoring demand duration and uncertainty in assuming the system’s demand mode for determining SIL. This paper addresses the aforementioned issues in literature through proposing a scenario based-formula to calculate Hazardous Event Frequency (HEF) using Markov process for safety system with dual redundancy. The HEF calculated can then be utilized to select SIL while considering the demand duration and obviating the requirement to use the SIS demand mode. The results demonstrated that the proposed method provides higher accuracy in calculating the HEF value compared to the existing traditional formulas.

Assessment of the Technological Maturity of Marine Autonomous Surface Ships

Abstract Marine Autonomous Surface Ships (MASS) are gaining increasing attention due to the potential benefits of improving safety and efficiency. The paper presents the trends in the development of autonomous ships and reliability modeling carried out to assess the maturity of Guidance, Navigation, Control, Power and Propulsion (GNCPP) subsystems that are critical for safe and reliable operation of MASS. Based on the simulations with field-failure data as inputs, it is identified that a typical vessel GNCPP system can have a mean time to fail period of 1.2 years. The emergency shore support systems shall require a proof test interval of 22 days to comply with IEC61508 HSE Safety Integrity Level 3 of on-demand availability. The results could help in efficient maintenance planning and integrity management of the autonomous ship systems. The efforts required to realize situation-aware autonomous navigation technologies complying with stringent operational regulatory frameworks are also discussed.

Safety assessment through HAZOP‐LOPA‐SIL analysis implementation in the DPA demulsifier production process

AbstractIn this paper, the HAZOP‐LOPA‐SIL method is implemented on a safety assessment for an O‐benzenedicarboxylic acid diallyl ester (DPA) demulsifier production process. The risk matrix and tolerable risk criterion are determined with hazard and operability (HAZOP) analysis, and the whole processing technique is divided into nine nodes and seven safety instrumented functions (SIFS). By using guide words and subsequence parameters, the deviation of each node is analyzed, and recommendations are then proposed. After determining the safety integrity level (SIL) of each SIF according to the layer of protection analysis (LOPA) method, the result shows that the SIL of the whole system is SIL1. Considering the influence of mechanical element degradation (valves) on SIL determination, gamma distribution has been adopted to analyze the gradation process. In the serviceable cycle, the minimum PFD average is larger than 0.21 in order to exceed the range of SIL 1. This means that the SIL of the SIF can effectively prevent the failure caused by valve degradation. According to software analysis, the SIL validation result of the whole safety instrument system(SIS) is SIL1.

Казус белли практической и теоретической оценок технологических процессов крупнотоннажного производства сжиженного природного газа

Almost always the results of theoretical research do not bring the desired result in practice. This is especially true if there is at least one alternative (competitive) option for applying the process. Production of the liquefied natural gas is a prime example of the need for an understanding of the choice of a single process option that will provide performance indicators with optimal energy efficiency and acceptable safety during the preliminary design stage of a project. One of the research steps may be a comparative analysis of the results of practical (operation of similar facilities) and theoretical (thermodynamic analysis) assessments of the choice of the natural gas liquefaction process at the stage of the feasibility study of the gas field development project (without considering the financial component). The task of the presented study was solved based on the indirect comparative analysis of the results of an expert evaluation of operation and theoretical results of a thermodynamic analysis of the liquefaction processes for a project in the territory of the Russian Federation. The following studies were conducted: choice of LNG technologies; expert evaluation of large-capacity projects for production of the liquefied natural gas in the climatic conditions close to the Arctic; thermodynamic analysis of the energy efficiency of the technological process of large-tonnage production of the liquefied natural gas in the territory of the Russian Federation. The result of the study is the integration of safety and efficiency for making a decision on the choice of the technological process of the natural gas liquefaction at the stage of the Safety Case of the gas field development project.

IT/QA and Regulatory Aspects of Digital Pathology: Results of the 8th ESTP International Workshop.

Digital toxicologic histopathology has been broadly adopted in preclinical compound development for informal consultation and peer review. There is now increased interest in implementing the technology for good laboratory practice-regulated study evaluations. However, the implementation is not straightforward because systems and work processes require qualification and validation, with consideration also given to security. As a result of the high-throughput, high-volume nature of safety evaluations, computer performance, ergonomics, efficiency, and integration with laboratory information management systems are further key considerations. The European Society of Toxicologic Pathology organized an international expert workshop with participation by toxicologic pathologists, quality assurance/regulatory experts, and information technology experts to discuss qualification and validation of digital histopathology systems in a good laboratory practice environment, and to share the resulting conclusions broadly in the toxicologic pathology community.

DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT OF AN INDUSTRY STANDARD AUTOMATED GUIDED VEHICLE FOR PART COLLECTION AND DELIVERY AT AN ASSEMBLY LINE

For world-class manufacturers, flexible automated materials handling is becoming a necessity. It succeeds in providing manufacturers with a competitive advantage and serves as a market differentiator within a mass customisation production environment. This paper presents the design and development of an Automatic Guided Vehicle for automated part collection and delivery at an assembly line. The developed system is modular and thus supports ease of maintenance and maximum manoeuvrability for automatic loading and unloading of components. Furthermore, seamlessly integrated safety features and fully reprogrammable control and navigation systems ensure that the vehicle can reliably operate in any indoor environment with minimal risk to humans or plant facilities. The authors address actual vehicle design-related issues, including considerations for the chassis and suspension system design, electrical drive system layout, free-range navigation capability, safety, control system and battery management system integration. A structured qualitative approach is presented to identify the strengths and weaknesses of the design and development phases.

Economic shipping policies for assuring safety integrity level of E/E/PE safety-related software

Electrical/electronic/programmable electronic (E/E/PE) safety-related systems are widely applied in several industrial fields due to noticeable technical growth of information processing technologies. In the design and development for the E/E/PE safety-related software, safety assessment is required by following IEC 61508, which is the international basic standard for the E/E/PE safety-related systems. And, quantitative safety assessment technologies is useful for enhancing and validating their safety for the hardware as well as for the software of the E/E/PE safety-related systems. Especially for the E/E/PE safety-related software, the manager pays a lot of attention for quantitative software safety assessment technologies, which have not provided by IEC 61508, and for realizing economic software development with their safety objective. This article discusses mathematical approaches for conducting quantitative safety assessment for the E/E/PE safety-related software and mathematical software release problem for supporting decision making on when to release the E/E/PE safety-related software economically with assuring a certain safety objective.

Dynamic mechanical response of ABS polymer at elevated strain rates and temperatures

Acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) is an extensively used material for various applications from automobile to toys. The material is known to have good machinability along with toughness and thermal-stability. The present investigation is aimed at understanding the effect of high strain rate loading (>1000 /s) on the dynamic response of ABS for potential benefits in energy absorption in mechanical and structural applications. Considering this, uniaxial compression tests on ABS polymer have been performed at different high strain rates (1000 /s – 4000 /s) and temperatures (250C – 1100C) using split Hopkinson Bar (SHB) test setup. The results indicate that the material shows a linear relationship between the true stress and the true strain up to its yield point. High plastic deformation is observed at higher strain rates along with higher levels of stress. However, as the strain rate is increased, there is more evidence of collapse ultimately leading to the failure of the specimens. The material is not much sensitive to strain rate. These high strain rate data may be useful for safety and structural integrity assessment of structures subjected to dynamic loading.

Patient Safety at RSGMP Unimus based on Sistem Nasional Akreditasi Rumah Sakit (SNARS) 1.1 Komisi Akreditasi Rumah Sakit

Hospitals have an obligation to fulfil the patient’s right to obtain their safety and security while being treated in a hospital as a health service institution for the public. Patient Safety for the patient is a system that makes patient’s treatment safer, including risk assessment, identification and management of patient risk, analysis and reporting of incidents, competency to learn from follow-up incidents and implementation of solutions to minimize the risk and prevent injuries that caused by errors due a treatment. Patient Safety must be considered especially during the period of education, therefore RSGMP Unimus as a learning institution for health service organizers must be considered in this regard. The objective of this study is to measure the readiness of patient safety policies at the Dental and Oral Hospital, Muhammadiyah University, Semarang. This type of research is descriptive and quantitative by using a cross-sectional research design with the Focus Group Discussion technique. Based on the Sistem Nasional Akreditasi Rumah Sakit 1.1 questionnaire by the Komisi Akreditasi Rumah Sakit (KARS), RSGMP Unimus get a fairly good score and partially completed accreditation requirements for aspects of the assessment of Patient Safety Goals (SKP) and Integration of Health Education and Hospital Services (IPKP). Achievement of Patient Safety Goals and Integration of Health Education and Hospital Services at RSGMP Unimus based on the Standard Nasional Akreditasi Rumah Sakit (SNARS) 1.1 which was carried out with the Elemental Assessment of the Patient Safety Goals and Integration of Health Education and Hospital Services standard are partially completed from the SNARS 1.1 assessment with a score of 74.2% and 63.2% which indicates that RSGMP Unimus can make improvements to pass.

Safety and Functional Integrity of Continuous Glucose Monitoring Sensors When Used During Radiologic Procedures Under High Exposure Conditions.

We investigated wearable components of the Abbott Diabetes Care FreeStyle Libre® (continuous glucose monitoring [CGM 1), FreeStyle Libre® 2 (CGM 2), and FreeStyle Libre® 3 (CGM 3) systems in simulated diagnostic radiologic procedures. Sensors were loaded with simulated glucose data and exposed to X-ray scanning, computed tomography (CT), and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to simulate radiotherapeutic procedures. The exposure settings were representative of maximum in clinical settings. After the simulations, bench tests were used to assess data integrity and responsiveness of sensors to various concentrations of aqueous glucose. All sensors passed all acceptance criteria following each session of X-ray, CT, and MRI exposures. During the 3 T MRI simulation, the displacement forces for the CGM 1, CGM 2, and CGM 3 sensors were 0.132, 0.109, and 0.063 N, respectively, which are more than 100× smaller than the force of 15.97 N required to dislodge the sensor from the body. Data stored in the sensors prior to the exposures remained intact. The sensors maintained functionality following a series of high exposure conditions in both X-ray and CT scanning systems, and the sensors were easily visible and identifiable when scanned using clinically relevant scanning parameters. Therefore, patients can continue to wear and use their sensors during and after imaging. The nonclinical MRI testing demonstrated that the sensors can be worn under the specified MRI conditions.

Safety Integrity Evaluation of crude oil heater According to IEC 61508 Standard

the main object of this paper is to evaluate safety barriers intervening against overpressure implemented on a crude oil heater using layers of protection analysis approach suggested in IEC 61508 (International Electrotechnical Commission) Standard for the determination of safety requirements are illustrated. Accident scenarios are pre-identified using Hazard an Operability approach, Fault tree approach is required for an effective risk assessment process. In order to better appreciate accident scenarios, PHAST (Process Hazard Analysis Software Tool) is utilized to simulate them.