Integration Of Wireless Sensor Networks Research Articles

Towards Internet of Things (IOTS): Integration of Wireless Sensor Network to Cloud Services for Data Collection and Sharing

Cloud computing provides great benefits for applications hosted on the Web that also have special computational and storage requirements. This paper proposes an extensible and flexible architecture for integrating Wireless Sensor Networks with the Cloud. We have used REST based Web services as an interoperable application layer that can be directly integrated into other application domains for remote monitoring such as e-health care services, smart homes, or even vehicular area networks (VAN). For proof of concept, we have implemented a REST based Web services on an IP based low power WSN test bed, which enables data access from anywhere. The alert feature has also been implemented to notify users via email or tweets for monitoring data when they exceed values and events of interest.

Post-order based routing & transport protocol for wireless sensor networks

In this paper, we propose a lightweight, application independent transport protocol for communication of the nodes belonging to a wireless sensor network (WSN) with the nodes belonging to a local area network. The framework consists of a novel downstream routing scheme and a well-known tree based upstream routing protocol for WSNs. The downstream routing protocol leverages Post-order Numbering (PN) of sensor nodes in the collection tree network formed and maintained by the upstream routing protocol. Through the proposed transport framework, using a technique similar to NATing, we achieve a seamless integration of WSNs and IP networks. The proposed protocol was not only evaluated by extensive simulations, but also implemented on a real test bed to show its practical deployability. We built our test bed around a small Wireless Distribution System (WDS) consisting of two laptop computers and eight Micaz motes attached with MTS300 sensor boards. We connected one of the computers in WDS via Ethernet to the LAN while the other operated as a server with a serial forwarder. A gateway board was attached to the second computer via a USB port which enabled it to function also as a base station for the WSN. A distinct advantage of the proposed framework is that an IP client can directly communicate with a sensor node through its base station.

The Debris Flow Disaster Faster-Than-Early Forecast System (DFS) with Multi-Sensors Integrated Wireless Sensor Networks

This paper presents a Debris Flow Disaster Faster-than-early Forecast System (DFS) with wireless sensor networks. Debris flows carrying saturated solid materials in water flowing downslope often cause severe damage to the lives and properties in their path. Faster-than-early or faster-than-real-time forecasts are imperative to save lives and reduce damage. This paper presents a novel multi-sensor networks for monitoring debris flows. The main idea is to let these sensors drift with the debris flow, to collect flow information as they move along, and to transmit the collected data to base stations in real time. The Raw data are sent to the cloud processing center from the base station. And the processed data and the video of the debris flow are display on the remote PC. The design of the system address many challenging issues, including cost, deployment efforts, and fast reaction.

Handling Nodes Mobility and Failure During Bootstrapping in Randomly Deployed Ring-based Wireless Sensor Networks

Distributed Hash Table (DHT)-based protocols are new approaches proposed to Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN). Their main advantage resides on the easy integration of DHT-based WSN into the Internet Of Things. However, these protocols face multiple challenges in their bootstrapping phase, especially at the case of randomly deployed WSN. We presented in a recent work a bootstrapping protocol for use in DHT-based protocols having the structure of ring in static WSN. However, in most cases, there are some nodes that may fail or move in the network. Bootstrapping should take into account such situations in order to achieve better performance. In this paper, we propose a distributed local recovery method for use in our bootstrapping protocol that allows it to handle efficiently nodes failure and mobility. Simulation results have shown that our proposed approach is able to ensure the local recovery in a timely and energy-efficient manner.

IDENTIFICATION OF THE TYPE OF AGRICULTURE SUITED FOR APPLICATION OF WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS

The world’s population is expected to double by 2050; world food supply is unlikely to double by doubling the area under cultivation or by doubling the availability of water. There are other challenges too, such as decline in the number of farms and a decline in the number of agriculture workforce. Climate change is expected to further aggravate the existing situation. Therefore, for the humanity to survive agriculture has to become smart – one way is by integrating Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) in agriculture. In this paper, we will present the application of WSN in agriculture and discuss different types of sensors, different types of WSN and their application in 13 different types of traditional agriculture. We identify the type of agriculture most suited for WSN in terms of applications. We will also review some recent applications of WSN in agriculture; identify challenges and present possible future directions.

Security Threats and Challenges for RFID and WSN Integration

Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) and Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) are the combined technologies that will spread in the near future to enter all of our everyday activities. However, the security of these technologies is very much vulnerable. Adding some security measures to small computation powered devices that cannot handle the available security algorithms is considered a challenge. However, even low powered devices must be protected in ways that will present sufficient computational challenges to adversaries. This paper introduces suggested steps to build a secure protocol for the combined RFID and WSN technology application systems. Moreover, it demonstrates the possible attacks and threats on these combined technologies by analyzing their system environment and finally it discusses the possible threats that may occur.

Contemporary Developments in Wireless Sensor Networks

Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) since their inception, a decade ago, have grown well in research and implementation. In this work the developments in WSNs are reported in three sub areas of wireless sensor networks that is, wireless sensor node (hardware and software), Communication & Networking issues in WSNs and application areas. WSNs are characterized by huge data hence research work in aggregation & mining is also discussed. Contemporary issues of integration of WSNs with other prevalent networks, sensor enabled smartness and role of artificial intelligence methods is elaborated. Insight into future directions & research avenues in all the above areas is provided.

A New Life Detection System: Integration of Ultra-Wide Band Sensor into Wireless Sensor Networks

Ultra-wide band (UWB) radar has received an increasingly concern for its unique ability in medical application. Much effort has been made to explore the feasibility of UWB radar to serve as a medical instrument. However, previous work hardly considered the issue of using UWB radar as a sensor node in wireless sensor networks (WSN). To implement the integration of life detection sensor and WSN, we designed the interface circuit to connect our UWB sensor with the ZigBee module and defined the interface communication protocol. The results showed that the UWB sensor node can communicate with the other nodes in WSN. The integration is of great significance in that, at earthquake-stricken area, we can use the system to quickly establish the WSN and carry out the rescue without depending on the surrounding environment.

RESTful Architecture of Wireless Sensor Network for Building Management System

The concept of an “intelligent building” received significant attention from academic, industry and standard development organizations when technically termed a building management system (BMS). Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) and their recent development enhanced monitoring and control applications for the building’s areas. This paper surveys and analyzes advantages of the main current and emerging approaches that may be fit for BMS. Specifically, we discuss challenges including interoperability, integration, overhead, and bandwidth limitation of WSNs in BMS. Based on analyses, we highlight the advantages of an IP-based and RESTful architecture approach as the most suitable solution for BMS using WSNs (BMS-WSN). The paper also describes our future direction and design for BMS-WSN based on these advantages. The purpose is to enable interaction of users with BMS-WSN in the same way as with any website while ensuring energy efficiency. A test-bed implementation and evaluation of a BMS application is also introduced in this paper to demonstrate the feasibility and benefits of IP-based and RESTful architecture for BMS.

An Energy-Aware Middleware for Integrating Wireless Sensor Networks and the Internet

Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) have great potential for many distributed applications in different scenarios. As they grow in popularity and importance, it becomes increasingly desirable and necessary to share their data over the Internet. This paper presents an energy-aware middleware that focuses on integrating the Internet and WSNs at service level by providing transparency of access, location, and technology. In particular, it describes and evaluates the implemented strategies to reduce the energy consumption, which are essential for prolonging the WSN lifetime.

Mobile Agent Computing Paradigm for Building a Flexible Structural Health Monitoring Sensor Network

Wireless structural health monitoring research has drawn great attention in recent years from various research groups. While sensor network approach is a feasible solution for structural health monitoring, the design of wireless sensor networks presents a number of challenges, such as adaptability and the limited communication bandwidth. To address these challenges, this paper explores the mobile agent approach to enhance the flexibility and reduce raw data transmission in wireless structural health monitoring sensor networks. An integrated wireless sensor network consisting of a mobile agent-based network middleware and distributed high computational power sensor nodes is developed. These embedded computer-based high computational power sensor nodes include Linux operating system, integrated with open source numerical libraries, and connected to multimodality sensors to support both active and passive sensing. The mobile agent middleware is built on a mobile agent system called Mobile-C. The mobile agent middleware allows a sensor network moving computational programs to the data source. With mobile agent middleware, a sensor network is able to adopt newly developed diagnosis algorithms and make adjustment in response to operational or task changes. The presented mobile agent approach has been validated for structural damage diagnosis using a scaled steel bridge.

Real-Time Environmental Monitoring and Notification for Public Safety

Editor's NoteResearchers at Kean University describe their experience developing and deploying a real-time environmental monitoring and visualization system using a mesh network of wireless sensors. Challenges they addressed in their design of the Wireless Integrated Network Sensors (WiNS) application include issues associated with the data volume, latency, and data synchronization from individually clocked sensors.-Doree Duncan Seligmann.

Mobile u-healthcare system in IEEE 802.15.4 WSN and CDMA network environments

This paper describes a robust mobile u-healthcare system with multiple physiological signs measurement capability in real time with integration of WSN(wireless sensor network) technology and CDMA(code division multiple access) network. A cellular phone receives health data in WSN and performs local physiological signs analysis at a phone processor, and then transmits abnormal data to server for further detail or precise health signal evaluation by a medical doctor over a CDMA network. Physiological signs of the patients are continuously monitored, processed and analyzed locally at cellular phone process to produce useful medical information for diagnosis and tracking purposes. By local simple analysis in cellular phone processor we can save the data transmission cost in CDMA network. By using the developed integrate ubiquitous healthcare service architecture, patients can realize self-health checking so that the prevention actions can be taken earlier. Appropriate self-monitoring and self-management can cure disease and relieve pain especially for patients who suffer from chronic diseases that need long term observation.

Congestion-aware, loss-resilient bio-monitoring sensor networking for mobile health applications

Many elder patients have multiple health conditions such as heart attacks (of various kinds), brain problems (such as seizure, mental disorder, etc.), high blood pressure, etc. Monitoring those conditions needs different types of sensors for analog signal data acquisition, such as electrocardiogram (ECG) for heart beats, electroencephalogram (EEG) for brain signals, and electromyogram (EMG) for muscles motions. To reduce mobile-health (m-health) cost, the above sensors should be made in tiny size, low memory, and long-term battery operations. We have designed a series of medical sensors with wireless networking capabilities. In this paper, we report our work in three aspects: (1) networked embedded system design, (2) network congestion reduction, and (3) network loss compensation. First, for networked embedded system design, we have designed an integrated wireless sensor network hardware / software platform for multi-condition patient monitoring. Such a system integrates ECG/EEG/other sensors with Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) into a Radio Frequency (RF) board through a programmable interface chip, called PSoc. Second, for network congestion reduction, the interface chip can use compressive signal processing to extract bio-signal feature parameters and only transmit those parameters. This provides an alternative approach to sensor network congestion reduction that aims to alleviate ?hot spot? issues. Third, for network loss compensation, we have designed wireless loss recovery schemes for different situations as follows. (1) If original sensor data streams are transmitted, network congestion will be a big concern due to the heavy traffic. A receiver-only loss prediction will be a good solution. (2) If the signal parameters are transmitted, the transmission loss mandates a 100% recovery rate. We have comprehensively compared the performance of those schemes. The proposed mechanisms for m-health system have potentially significant impacts on today's elder nursing home management and other mobile patient monitoring applications.

A Novel Integrated Wireless Sensor Network Architecture For Disaster Prevention

Abstract There has been growing interest in the application of Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) in the field of disaster prevention. In such applications, sensor nodes are randomly deployed in an area of interest, a large number of exactly same wireless sensor nodes form a robust mesh network to prevent damages in case of a disaster. In many applications, however, deploying sophisticated sensors on every sensor nodes is unnecessary and very costly. For example, in case of Earthquake one seismographic sensor in an area of a few square kilometers is good enough. Other nodes would then disseminate the sensed information to relevant locations. The main contribution of this work is to propose a WSN architecture and communication protocol for integrated disaster control, when heterogeneous sensor nodes collect relevant information from different locations of the entire WSN and transfer selectively to respective control locations where they could be used for proper disaster prevention. We have actually designed WSN based Disaster Prevention Power Control (DPPC) System which could successfully disseminate alarm signal, and control AC power to facilitate disaster protection. In addition, line interface technique has been developed to interface sensor nodes with physical devices

Development of an integrated wireless sensor network micro-environmental monitoring system

Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) is increasingly popular in the field of micro-environmental monitoring due to its promising capability. However, most systems using WSN for environmental monitoring reported in the literature are developed for specific applications without functions for exploiting user’s data processing methods. In this paper, a new system is designed in detail to perform micro-environmental monitoring taking the advantages of the WSN. The application-oriented hardware working style is designed, and the system platform for data acquisition, validation, processing and visualization is systematically presented. Several strategies are proposed to guarantee the system capability in terms of extracting useful information, visualizing events to their authentic time are also described. Moreover, a web-based surveillance subsystem is presented for remote control and monitoring. In addition, the system is extensible for engineers to carry their own data analysis algorithms. Experimental results are to show the path reliability and real-time characteristics, and to display the feasibility and applicability of the developed system into practical deployment.

지능형 홈을 위한 무선 센서 네트워크 구성

In the sensor network, a lot of sensor nodes are scattered sparsely and organizes a united communication network between each node. After that, environmental information around each sensor node are gathered and analyzed. Because each node operates under resource constraint, the efficiency and hardware specification of a node should be maximized. There exist technical constraints until now but recent technical progress in IC fabrication and wireless network enables to construct a tiny embedded system, which has the properties of low cost, low power consumption, multi functions. Wireless sensor network becomes a modern research field with technical improvements, is studied in numerous laboratories, and is called as diverse different project names - Wireless Integrated Network Sensors (WINS), Mobile Ad hoc NETwork (MANET), Ubiquitous Sensor Network (USN). TinyOS is one of leading project and is widely used. In this paper, we suggest a sensor network, which uses TinyOS platforms and aims for context awareness in a home environment.

Integrating wireless sensor networks with the grid

Integrating wireless sensor networks with the traditional wired grid poses several challenges. The technical challenges center on the development of sensors and sensor network infrastructure, including the need to comply with emerging APIs for grid and Web services. Process-driven challenges, which center on the development and adoption of new business models and applications, are driving this technology. We describe two widely different sensor network applications - emergency medical services and supply chain management - and describe how they fit into a new data-collection network based on the Hourglass publish-subscribe paradigm.

Geocomputation’s future at the extremes: high performance computing and nanoclients

Recent developments in computing are reviewed, with consideration given to the nature of the human–computer interface and its development. The emergence of the desktop metaphor and the Windows–Icons–Menus–Pointers interface, while suitable for most computing tasks, has now played out its course as far as innovation in hardware is concerned. The next phase of computing is only now emerging, and is being fed by changes at the “extremes” of computing, the parallel supercomputer at one end, and the extremely thin or “nano” client at the other. The paradox, of fat servers and ultrathin clients implies a further separation toward the extremes as systems develop. Examples are given of nanoclients, including wearable computers, smart dust, microelectromechanical systems and wireless integrated network sensors. Clearly, the user interface for nanoclients must explicitly or implicitly include geographical space, because the primitive of location, coordinates, will often be a critical part of the data stream. At the parallel and HPC end, the advantages and types of parallel computing are discussed, and examined in the light of what they can do for geographical systems. Some examples of the computing extremes are given in terms of application, including wearable computers, and geo-smart dust. Finally, the relationship between massive combined computing power at both the client and server side are considered in the light of tractability in geoscience. It seems quite likely that a new suite of methods, based in computing, will emerge to replace the standard set of mathematical tools, such as optimization methods, in use today.

A 900-MHz 2.5-mA CMOS frequency synthesizer with an automatic SC tuning loop

A 900-MHz phase-locked loop frequency synthesizer implemented in a 0.6-/spl mu/m CMOS technology is developed for the wireless integrated network sensors applications. It incorporates an automatic switched-capacitor (SC) discrete-tuning loop to extend the overall frequency tuning range to 20%, while the VCO gain (K/sub VCO/) resulting from the CMOS varactor continuous-tuning is kept low at only 20 MHz/V in order to improve the reference spurs and noise performance. This frequency synthesizer achieves a phase noise of -102 dBc/Hz at 100 kHz offset frequency and reference spurs below -55 dBc. The synthesizer, including an on-chip VCO, dissipates only 2.5 mA from a 3-V supply.