Integrated Treatment System Research Articles

Integrated valorization system for simultaneous high strength organic wastewater treatment and astaxanthin production from Haematococcus pluvialis

High-strength organic wastewater, e.g., potato juice wastewater, exerts high stress on the environment. This study proposes an integrated system for simultaneous high-strength organic wastewater treatment and nutrients upcycling for astaxanthin production by the combination of anaerobic processes and microalgae (Haematococcus pluvialis) cultivation. The potato juice wastewater was pretreated by either acidification or methanation. The effluents of both pretreatments achieved higher biomass yields of H. pluvialis compared to cultivation in standard culture media (control). The high acetate and potassium concentrations of the acidification effluents resulted in significantly higher astaxanthin production (24.5–27.9 mg g−1, 3 days) compared to the control (14.7 mg g−1, 12 days) in a shorter period. The integrated system contributed to a final removal efficiency of 51.3–75.8%, 86.5–98.3%, and 69.4–83.4% for COD, phosphorus, and ammonia, respectively. This study presents a promising two-stage process for simultaneous efficient methane and astaxanthin production, as well as remediation of high-strength organic wastewater.

Treatment of Hypolimnion Water on Mineral Aggregates as the Second Step of the Hypolimnetic Withdrawal Method Used for Lake Restoration

The study aimed to assess the usefulness of mineral aggregates in orthophosphate (OP) removal from hypolimnetic water withdrawn from eutrophic lakes. Two low-cost and easily available reactive materials were tested: lightweight expanded clay aggregate (LECA) and crushed limestone (LS). Their performance regarding OP removal and the effect on the pH, Ca2+, Mg2+, N-NO3 and N-NH4 concentrations of treated water were investigated in a column experiment with four-filter beds made of LECA and amended with LS (additions of 0, 25, 50 and 75% of the bed volume). The highest OP removal (>50%) was achieved in LECA beds with high (75% by volume) amendments of LS. Neither LECA nor LS distinctly affected the pH (maximum pH increase, from 7.1 or 7.2 to 7.6, occurred in the case of the LECA bed). In real-life conditions, it is not feasible to install a full-scale bed made of these mineral aggregates on the outflow from a lake due to the large required size of such a bed. At the operation time set for 30 d, the size of a bed would need to reach between 6113.2 and 12,226.4 m3. The proposed bed should be just one of the elements of an integrated treatment system. Constructions consisting of sorption beds ought to be coupled with adequately designed zones of aquatic vegetation. Three conceptional solutions were proposed for in situ treatment of the withdrawn water, differing in arrangement and construction of the potential sorption bed. Application of such solutions should be regarded as a substantial improvement of Olszewski’s method, as it can mitigate the pollution of downstream ecosystems.

Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Rna Interference of Tumor with Reducible Poly(Urethane-Amine) Nanocomposite System

Gadolinium-based small-molecule contrast agents are commonly utilized in clinics. However, these agents have a short retention time in vivo and possess a certain level of cytotoxicity. The reducible polymer poly(urethane-amine) can increase the relaxation rate and blood circulation time of small-molecule gadolinium chelates. Moreover, the polymer can be used as a gene carrier to bind small interfering RNA (siRNA). We synthesized an active targeting integrated diagnosis and treatment nanocomposite system with reducible poly(urethane-amine) as the carrier. This system incorporated functional units such as MRI contrast agent Gd-diethylenetriamine pentacetate (Gd-DTPA) and siRNA-vascular endothelial growth factor (siRNA-VEGF), and folic acid (FA) modified onto the surface of the polymer directed it to actively target tumor cells, thus improving the imaging effect of MRI. Meanwhlie, siRNA-VEGF carried by the system could reduce the expression of VEGF in tumor cells and inhibited tumor growth. The system showed good biocompatibility and was an integrated system of tumor diagnosis and treatment.

Reclamation of water from dairy wastewater using membrane bioreactor (MBR) – Membrane filtration processes

In India, there are around 400 dairy plants in operation. Dairy wastewater is characterized by high organic load and suspended solids. The various treatment schemes (e.g. microbial fuel cell, hydrothermal liquefaction & membrane distillation, algal bioreactor, chemical coagulation & membrane bioreactor (MBR), ultrafiltration and MBR) achieve 75–80% organic load removal. The present study aims to improve the water recovery with the complete removal of organic loads and total solids from dairy wastewater (DWW), so that the treated water could be reused in the industry. The study involved an integrated treatment system of MBR and membrane filtration processes. The MBR was inoculated with specific bacterial colony acclimatized with dairy wastewater. Two different types of treatment system (i) submerged flat sheet polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) membrane of 0.2–0.3 μm pore size, and (ii) ceramic membrane was used. The MBR-PVDF membrane resulted in the removal of 99.8% COD, 98% BOD, 40% total dissolved solids, 80% NH4-N, and 98.7% PO4. The MBR-ceramic membrane resulted in the removal of 88.8% COD, 90% BOD, 30% total dissolved solids, 75% NH4-N, and 98.7% PO4. Both the MBR’s produced clear treated water with no turbidity. The results mentioned above were obtained after 10 weeks of continuous operations in each MBR. The water produced no foul smell even after storing it in plastic container for more than 3 months at room temperature. The microbial population was identified under microscope as gram-negative rod-shaped bacteria Staphylococcus. FTIR-ATR study shows protein and carbohydrate deposition on the membrane surface. Chemical cleaning produced better flux than physical cleaning of the membrane surface. To reuse the treated water, it was passed through Polyamide Vontron75GPD (ULP 1812-75) commercial membrane in a dead end-filtration unit. The process resulted into 88.5% reduction in conductivity at 20 bar, thereby reducing the conductivity to 1.1 mS/cm. The treated water could be reused in the dairy industry.

A journey of wastewater to clean hydrogen: A perspective

A journey of wastewater to clean hydrogen: A perspective

Combining Chemical Coagulation Process and Innovative Aerobic Reactor for the Treatment of De-Hairing Wastewater

The tanning industry causes great damage and pollution to the environment. It generates tanning effluents and solid waste which, without pretreatment, discharged directly into the environment. Beam-house operations are among the important process of this industry which generates the biggest amount of toxic effluents. These wastes are considered as the most odious materials in the leather industry. The effluent is characterized by alkaline pH value, high loads of oil&grease, sulfides, total suspended solids, chemical oxygen demands and biological oxygen demands. Integration of chemical coagulation using ferric chloride aided with lime and down flow hanging non-woven (DHNW) reactor was applied in the present study. Coagulation was performed using a continuous coagulation reactor (CCT). The DHNW was packed with non-woven poly ethylene terephthalate (PET) fabric produced from waste plastic bottles. The efficiency of the integrated treatment system was assessed using the reduction of sulfide, chemical and biological oxygen demands (COD & BOD), total Kjeldahl nitrogen (TKN) and total suspended solids (TSS). Residual concentrations of COD, BOD and TSS in the CCT effluent were 985, 440 and 25 mg/L (96.1%, 85.2% and 99.3% removal), respectively. The effluent of CCT reactor was feed to the DHNW reactor. Concentrations of COD, BOD and TSS were 145, 55 and 4 mg/L, respectively in the final treated effluent. While, the sulfide concentration had been greatly reduced to 0.5 mg/L. With respect to the parameters studied, the treated effluent might meet the National regulatory standards for discharging into the sewerage systems.

Rhodopseudomonas palustrisin effluent enhances the disease resistance, TOR and NF‐κB signalling pathway, intestinal microbiota and aquaculture water quality ofPelteobagrus vachelli

The use of traditional bait and medicament in freshwater aquaculture exacerbates environmental pollution and leads to frequent occurrence of diseases. Effluent collected after Rhodopseudomonas palustris-mediated wastewater treatment could be reutilized as microbial feeds, medicament and aquaculture water to culture Pelteobagrus vachelli. Therefore, a novel integrated system of wastewater treatment using effluent containing R. palustris that improves yield, increases disease resistance and enhances the quality of aquaculture water for P. vachelli culture was proposed and investigated. P. vachelli can grow well in effluent containing R. palustris (ER). The survival rate, yield and whole-body composition of the ER group were all increased compared to those of the control group (CK). The biochemical (B vitamin) and other substances in the effluent of R. palustris enhanced the activity of proteases, amylases, lipases, alkaline phosphatase (AKP), acid phosphatase (ACP), phagocytic, superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) by up-regulating the expression of AKP, ACP, SOD and CAT genes. Theoretical analysis showed that biochemical substances regulated the expression of these genes and enzyme activities as stimulus signal, component and active centre. Moreover, R. palustris and biochemical substances improved the target of rapamycin (TOR) and nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) signalling pathways and intestinal microbiota. Furthermore, R. palustris inhibited Aeromonas hydrophila, which increased resistance to fish diseases and promoted the growth of intestinal probiotics. Meanwhile, R. palustris in effluent also purified the quality of aquaculture water. Use of this technology simultaneously helped improve aquaculture water quality, reduce water pollution and wastewater discharge and increased the output and disease resistance of P. vachelli.

Removal of levosulpiride from pharmaceutical wastewater using an advanced integrated treatment strategy comprising physical, chemical, and biological treatment

AbstractIn recent times the impact of pharmaceutical wastes generated from the pharmaceutical industry and domestic sewages on the aquatic ecosystem has become a major concern. The traditional sole treatment processes are not adequate for the elimination of these wastes. To overcome the lack of the individual treatment processes, integrated treatment methodology has been devised in the present study. The degradation of the pharmaceutical, levosulpiride, by using Ozone (O3), activated carbon (AC) and biological treatment by A.faecalis JF339228 and E. aurantiacum KX008295.1in its aqueous solution has been investigated. The percentage removal of Levosulpiride from its synthetic aqueous solution of 600 mg/L concentration using 2 g/L activated carbon and 5.2 g/h ozone and biological treatment by A.faecalis JF339228 and E. aurantiacum KX008295.1 in 72 hr were 51.60, 53.50, 39.97, and 37.51% respectively. Simultaneous treatment using adsorption and ozone followed by biological treatment with A. faecalis JF339228 and E. aurantiacum KX008295.1 has been employed in this study. To overcome the demerits of the individual treatment process, the integrated treatment is employed which has shown a synergistic effect in the degradation of levosulpiride with minimal doses of activated carbon, ozone, and minimum time of operation. The percentage removal of levosulpiride achieved was about 76 and 61% for 800 mg/L levosulpiride wastewater, respectively. Therefore, the integrated treatment system is rendered economical, efficient, and safe.

Eliminating Hepatitis B from Bangladesh by the Year 2030

Worldwide, hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is still a major public health problem. Bangladesh having a large burden of HBV infection, should be a major contributor towards it’s elimination by 2030. The country has been making progress in reducing incidence of HBV infection during the past decades. The progresses are mainly due to large vaccination coverage among children and large coverage of timely birthdose vaccine for prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HBV. However, Bangladesh still faces challenges in achieving target of reduction in mortality from HBV. On the basis of targets of the WHO’s Global health sector strategy on viral hepatitis 2016–2021, we highlight priorities for action towards HBV elimination. To attain the target of reduced mortality we propose that, the service coverage targets of diagnosis and treatment should be prioritized along with vaccination. Firstly, improvements are needed in the diagnostic and treatment abilities of medical institutions and health workers. Secondly, the government needs to reduce the costs of health care. Thirdly, better coordination is needed across existing national program and resources to establish an integrated system for prevention, screening, diagnosis and treatment of HBV infection. In this way, we can make progress towards achieving the target of eliminating HBV from Bangladesh by 2030
 J Bangladesh Coll Phys Surg 2020; 38(3): 145-149

Technical, Economic, and Environmental Assessment of a Collective Integrated Treatment System for Energy Recovery and Nutrient Removal from Livestock Manure

The aim of this 5-year study was to evaluate the technical, economic, and environmental performances of a collective-based integrated treatment system for bioenergy production and nutrients removal to improve the utilization efficiency and reduce the environmental impact of land applied livestock manure. The study involved 12 livestock production units located in an intensive livestock area designated as nitrate vulnerable zone with large N surplus. The treatment system consisted of an anaerobic digestion unit, a solid–liquid separation system, and a biological N removal process. Atmospheric emissions and nutrient losses in water and soil were examined for the environmental assessment, while estimated crop removal and nutrient utilization efficiencies were used for the agronomic assessment. The integrated treatment system achieved 49% removal efficiency for total solids (TS), 40% for total Kjeldahl nitrogen (TKN), and 41% for total phosphorous (TP). A surplus of 58kWh/t of treated manure was achieved considering the electricity produced by the biogas plant and consumed by the treatment plant and during transportation of raw and treated manure. A profit of 1.61 €/t manure treated and an average reduction of global warming potential by 70% was also achieved. The acidification potential was reduced by almost 50%. The agronomic use of treated manure eliminated the TKN surplus and reduced the TP surplus by 94%. This collective integrated treatment system can be an environmentally and economically sustainable solution for farms to reduce N surplus in intensive livestock production areas.

A Novel Microwave Treatment for Sleep Disorders and Classification of Sleep Stages Using Multi-Scale Entropy.

The aim of this study was to develop an integrated system of non-contact sleep stage detection and sleep disorder treatment for health monitoring. Hence, a method of brain activity detection based on microwave scattering technology instead of scalp electroencephalogram was developed to evaluate the sleep stage. First, microwaves at a specific frequency were used to penetrate the functional sites of the brain in patients with sleep disorders to change the firing frequency of the activated areas of the brain and analyze and evaluate statistically the effects on sleep improvement. Then, a wavelet packet algorithm was used to decompose the microwave transmission signal, the refined composite multiscale sample entropy, the refined composite multiscale fluctuation-based dispersion entropy and multivariate multiscale weighted permutation entropy were obtained as features from the wavelet packet coefficient. Finally, the mutual information-principal component analysis feature selection method was used to optimize the feature set and random forest was used to classify and evaluate the sleep stage. The results show that after four times of microwave modulation treatment, sleep efficiency improved continuously, the overall maintenance was above 80%, and the insomnia rate was reduced gradually. The overall classification accuracy of the four sleep stages was 86.4%. The results indicate that the microwaves with a certain frequency can treat sleep disorders and detect abnormal brain activity. Therefore, the microwave scattering method is of great significance in the development of a new brain disease treatment, diagnosis and clinical application system.

Improvement of biofuel recovery from food waste by integration of anaerobic digestion, digestate pyrolysis and syngas biomethanation under mesophilic and thermophilic conditions

An integrated treatment system with co-fermentation of food waste (FW) and syngas generated from digestate pyrolysis was verified as a promising approach to improve biofuel recovery. Syngas was injected and co-fermented with the FW at different injection volumes starting from 560 mL (Stage II). More stable methane production (MP) was exhibited in the thermophilic reactor than the mesophilic reactor. As syngas injection volume gradually increased to 5300 mL in stage V, the MP in the thermophilic reactor was about 22% higher than that in the mesophilic reactor. It was calculated that the syngas was not only almost stoichiometrically converted into CH4 but also accelerated the digestion process of FW, resulting in the improvement of biofuel recovery. The different pathways of syngas biomethanation under the different temperatures were revealed by 16S rRNA genes analysis. Methanosaeta spp. was dominant in the mesophilic reactor and CO and H2 could be converted into acetate and then CH4. On the other hand, hydrogenotrophic methanogens were dominant in the thermophilic reactor indicating that CO may be converted with H2 as the intermediary. This integrated treatment system has the potential for industrial applications and provides a useful approach for the development of a circular bio-economy.

Recent Advances in Nanotheranostics for Treat-to-Target of Rheumatoid Arthritis.

Early diagnosis, standardized treatment, and regular monitoring are the clinical treatment principle of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). The overarching principles and recommendations of treat-to-target (T2T) in RA advocate remission as the optimum aim, especially for patients with very early disease who are initiating therapy with anti-RA medications. However, traditional anti-RA drugs cannot selectively target the inflammatory areas and may cause serious side effects due to its short biological half-life and poor bioavailability. These limitations have significantly driven the research and application of nanomaterial-based drugs in theranostics of RA. Nanomedicines have appropriate sizes and easily modified surfaces which can enhance their biological compatibility and prolong circulation time of drug-loading systems in vivo. Traditional T2T regimens cannot evaluate the efficacy of drugs in real time, while clinical drug nanosizing can realize the integration of diagnosis and treatment of RA. This review bridges clinically proposed T2T concepts and nanomedicine in an integrated system for RA early-stage diagnosis and treatment. The most advanced progress in various nanodrug delivery systems for theranostics of RA is summarized, establishing a clear path and a new perspective for further optimization of T2T. Finally, the key facing challenges are discussed and prospects are addressed.

Antibiotic resistome associated with microbial communities in an integrated wastewater reclamation system

Antibiotic resistome is a raising concern around the world, especially considering treated wastewater for reclamation. A wastewater reclamation system (WWRS), composed by a treatment system (TS) and a reclaimed system (RS) with supplementation from the treated effluent and considered as an integrated system of treatment and reclamation, was selected in this study. High-throughput qPCR (HT-qPCR) was applied to profile 283 antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) and 12 mobile genetic elements (MGEs) in the WWRS. A total of 251 ARG and 12 MGE subtypes were detected in the WWRS. The TS exhibited good performance for the removal of ARGs with the number, relative and absolute abundances of ARGs largely decreased (99.07% removal efficiency) in the final effluent, which might be ascribed to biosolid sedimentation. Enhancement of biosolids removal contributed the lessening of ARGs. In the RS, high quality effluent significantly reduced the number and abundance of ARGs along the flow to downstream. MGEs were less reduced in the treated effluent than that of the influent (R2 = −0.16, p > 0.05), and exhibited close connections with ARGs. Arcobacter, Cloacibacterium, Cyanobacteria, Acinetobacter, Flavobacterium and Dechloromonas were the relatively abundant genera in the WWRS, and exhibited significantly correlations with ARGs. Microbial communities and MGEs contributed 65.64% to the changes of ARGs. These two factors may be the main drivers of ARG proliferation in the WWRS. Thus, attention should be paid to MGEs and those abundant genera when considering treated wastewater for reclamation.

REVIEW PAPER ON TREATMENT OF INDUSTRIAL AND DOMESTIC WASTEWATERS USING UASB REACTORS INTEGRATED INTO CONSTRUCTED WETLANDS FOR SUSTAINABLE REUSE

The successful use of anaerobic technologies, especially up-flow sludge blanket (UASB) reactors for the treatment of raw domestic sewage and industrial wastewaters in tropical and subtropical countries opened the opportunity to substitute the aerobic processes with anaerobic reactors in removal of organic matter. Proper management of domestic and industrial wastewaters in developing nations is negligible. Even cost effective integrated green technologies like anaerobic reactor with constructed wetland technologies are not applied. Hence the objective of the present review was to assess the pollutant removal efficiency of the up flow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) reactor coupled with a constructed wetland (CW) in treating these wastewaters and their capability to produce quality water for sustainable reuse. To achieve the objectives, the review was organized using reputable journals, articles, and review papers. The interpretation of the result of each document was done using tables, bar graphs, Pie chart and lines. The results were reorganized again by calculating average flow rate, hydraulic loading rate, and percentage removal efficiencies. Most research results revealed that use of UASB-CW integrated treatment system is a promising technology in wastewater treatment and able to complying the effluent discharge standards Globally, the following abatement efficiencies ranged from 79.2-93.9%, 89.2-92.9%, 87.2-96.3%, 22.6-96.9%, 33-85.9%, and 97.9-99.99% were achieved for Chemical oxygen demand (COD), Biological oxygen demand (BOD), Total suspended solid (TSS), Total Kjeldhal Nitrogen (TKN), Total phosphorus (TP) and fecal Coliforms (FC), respectively using UASB-CW treatment systems. UASB-CW technologies are effectively integrated treatment systems and can be used for resource scarce developing countries. Since, both treatment technologies are cost-effective, easy operation and maintenance and capable of meeting effluent standards Hence, the indiscriminate disposal of wastewaters and their environmental impacts in Ethiopia can be resolved using these low-cost combined treatment technologies.

An integrated three-dimensional electrochemical system for efficient treatment of coking wastewater rich in ammonia nitrogen.

Coking wastewater is highly toxic and refractory industrial wastewater, and is thus extremely challenging to treat. Currently, most treatment technologies focus on degrading carbonaceous pollutants, while insufficient attention is placed on ammonium nitrogen (NH4+-N), the most important nitrogenous contaminant in coking wastewater and with a high biological toxicity. In the current study, we developed an integrated electrochemical system comprising two three-dimensional electrochemical reactors (3DERs), two three-dimensional biofilm electrode reactors (3DBERs) and one three-dimensional biofilm electrode reactor for denitrification (3DBER-De) to treat coking wastewater rich in NH4+-N. Our integrated system is able to remove 70.7% of total nitrogen (TN) at the low energy consumption of 1.29kWh m-3, and can reduce COD by 55.8%. The 3DERs primarily degrade NH4+-N, nitrate nitrogen (NO3--N), and COD by electrochemical redox reactions, while the 3DBERs convert residual NH4+-N to NO3--N by fusing biofilm and electricity. Moreover, the 3DBER-De further eliminates NO3--N by bio-electrochemical denitrification. The coking wastewater is purified as it flows through the integrated treatment system, with only a few hydrocarbon residuals detected that are able to be readily biodegraded by conventional biological treatments. The proposed 3DERs/3DBERs/3DBER-De system provides a new solution for coking wastewater with high concentrations of NH4+-N.

Algal-based biofuel generation through flue gas and wastewater utilization: a sustainable prospective approach

Increasing concern towards climate change and water conservation has attracted wide attention of researchers to explore the biological carbon fixation and wastewater treatment by using microalgae. Algal biomass can be harvested in an integrated system provided with carbon dioxide from power plants and wastewater released from industrial and domestic sector. In this way simultaneous potential of microalgae can be utilized for simultaneous fixation of CO2 and wastewater treatment. This article present a critical review focusing on challenges in algal biomass production technologies and how to achieve algal biofuel production in an integrated system of CO2 fixation and wastewater treatment by suitable microalgal species. In view of these objectives, this article provides a comprehensive narration about the following: (a) perspectives of carbon uptake by algal biomass; (b) industrial emissions as a CO2 supplement for algal cultivation; (c) water foot print for algal cultivation; and (d) genomics for improvement of algal biofuel production. This review found that technical feasibility, economic viability, and resource sustainability are the key steps for algal biofuel production that can be achieved through flue gas and wastewater nexus in algal cultivation. It also provides salient features of algae-nutrient-wastewater-flue gas dynamics to measure the influences of flue gas and wastewater on algal biomass productivity.

Effectiveness of Solar Driven Anodic Oxidation and Uv Methods for Disinfection of Municipal Wastewater in India

This paper presents the performance of the two disinfection methods experimented at a pilot scale level as part of an integrated treatment system involving Anaerobic Digestion (UASB Process) followed by the Constructed Wetlands (CW) for municipal wastewater treatment under Indian conditions. The disinfection methods were installed in parallel at a pilot scale levels involving solar driven Anodic Oxidation (AO) and Ultra-violet (UV). The systems were implemented within the Indo-Euro Research Project “SWINGS” at three places in India namely, Aligarh, Kalyani and Amarkantak, with aim to develop / deploy sustainable wastewater management. This study mainly focused on three microbial groups, total coliforms (TC), fecal coliforms (FC) and E-coli. Both the systems, AO and UV were operated at a very less energy demand. This was in the range 0.25 to 0.30 kWh/m3. The energy requirements was met with the help of roof top solar panels. The raw municipal wastewater contained TC, FC and E. coli in the range of 105 to 107 CFU/100ml. It was found that about 3-log unit indicator organisms were removed in the UASB & CWs. The effluent of CWs were equally fed to the two parallel disinfection systems, AO and UV. Results indicate that UV has shown better performance. The final effluent of AO contains average (TC 42.0±39.2, FC 16.1±13.2, E-coli 5.6±6.3) CFU/100 ml whereas UV effluent was TC 6.6±4.1, FC 1.2±1.0, E-coli 0.1 ±0.3 CFU/100 ml. The study concludes that solar driven disinfection systems like AO and UV are very effective for small flow rates and offers a promising way to energy scarce regions or in remote areas.

RETRACTED:The regulation of the disease resistance, mTOR and NF-kB signaling pathway of Aristichthys nobilis using Rhodopseudomonas wastewater treatment

The employment of traditional feed and medicament in freshwater aquaculture causes the frequent occurrence of environmental pollution and disease. Effluent collected after Rhodopseudomonas-mediated wastewater treatment could be re-utilized as microbial feeds, and aquaculture water to culture Aristichthys nobilis. Therefore, a novel integrated system of wastewater treatment using effluent containing Rhodopseudomonas that improves yield, increases disease resistance, and enhances the quality of aquaculture water for Aristichthys nobilis culture was proposed and investigated. Aristichthys nobilis can grow well in effluent containing Rhodopseudomonas (ER). The survival rate, yield, and whole body composition of the ER group were all increased compared to the control group (CK). The biochemical (B vitamin) and other substances in the effluent of Rhodopseudomonas enhanced the activity of AKP, ACP, phagocytic, SOD, and CAT by upregulating the expression of AKP, ACP, SOD, and CAT genes. Moreover, Rhodopseudomonas and biochemical substances improved mTOR and NF-kB signaling pathway. Furthermore, Rhodopseudomonas inhibited Aeromonas hydrophila that increases resistance against fish disease. Meanwhile, Rhodopseudomonas in the effluent also improved the aquaculture water quality. This technology would save the aquaculture water, reduce water pollution and wastewater discharge, and increase the output and disease resistance of Aristichthys nobilis, simultaneously.

Effect of Rhodopseudomonas sphaeroides–Treated Wastewater on Yield, Digestive Enzymes, Antioxidants, Nonspecific Immunity, and Intestinal Microbiota of Common Carp

AbstractThe employment of traditional bait and medicament in freshwater aquaculture causes the frequent occurrence of environmental pollution and disease. Effluent collected after wastewater treatment with Rhodopseudomonas sphaeroides could be reutilized for microbial feed, medicament, and aquaculture water to culture Common Carp Cyprinus carpio. Therefore, a novel integrated system of wastewater treatment and the use of the effluent containing R. sphaeroides, which could improve yield, increase disease resistance, and enhance the quality of aquaculture water for Common Carp culture, was proposed and investigated. Common Carp can grow well in effluent containing R. sphaeroides. The survival rate, yield, and whole‐body composition of the fish raised in effluent containing R. sphaeroides were all increased compared with the control group. The biochemical (B vitamin) and other substances in the effluent with R. sphaeroides enhanced the activity of proteases, amylases, lipases, alkaline phosphatase, acid phosphatase, phagocytes, superoxide dismutase, and catalase by up‐regulating the expression of their associated genes. Theoretical analysis showed that biochemical molecules regulate the expression of these gene and enzyme activities by acting as a signal that stimulates the active center. Moreover, biochemicals present in R. sphaeroides enhanced the mTOR and NF‐kB signaling pathways and improved intestinal microbiota. Furthermore, R. sphaeroides inhibited Aeromonas hydrophila, increasing resistance against fish disease and promoting the growth of intestinal bacteria. Meanwhile, R. sphaeroides in the effluent also improved the aquaculture water quality. This technology would simultaneously save water in aquaculture, reduce water pollution and wastewater discharge, and increase the output and disease resistance of Common Carp.