A Novel Microwave Treatment for Sleep Disorders and Classification of Sleep Stages Using Multi-Scale Entropy.

Daoshuang Geng,Miao Cai,Lixia Zheng,Daoguo Yang

doi:10.3390/e22030347

Daoshuang Geng, Miao Cai + Show 2 more

Open Access

https://doi.org/10.3390/e22030347

Copy DOI

Abstract

The aim of this study was to develop an integrated system of non-contact sleep stage detection and sleep disorder treatment for health monitoring. Hence, a method of brain activity detection based on microwave scattering technology instead of scalp electroencephalogram was developed to evaluate the sleep stage. First, microwaves at a specific frequency were used to penetrate the functional sites of the brain in patients with sleep disorders to change the firing frequency of the activated areas of the brain and analyze and evaluate statistically the effects on sleep improvement. Then, a wavelet packet algorithm was used to decompose the microwave transmission signal, the refined composite multiscale sample entropy, the refined composite multiscale fluctuation-based dispersion entropy and multivariate multiscale weighted permutation entropy were obtained as features from the wavelet packet coefficient. Finally, the mutual information-principal component analysis feature selection method was used to optimize the feature set and random forest was used to classify and evaluate the sleep stage. The results show that after four times of microwave modulation treatment, sleep efficiency improved continuously, the overall maintenance was above 80%, and the insomnia rate was reduced gradually. The overall classification accuracy of the four sleep stages was 86.4%. The results indicate that the microwaves with a certain frequency can treat sleep disorders and detect abnormal brain activity. Therefore, the microwave scattering method is of great significance in the development of a new brain disease treatment, diagnosis and clinical application system.

Highlights

Over the years, sleep disorder has become one of the most serious public health problems worldwide because it affects the physical health and mental state of individuals
Zamani and colleagues [23] estimated the scattering power intensity in the imaging region in real-time from measured multi-static microwave scattering signals outside the brain functional imaging region. These results indicate that the scattering of microwave in the brain functional sites leads to the polarization and depolarization of the brain tissue cell fluid, resulting in the change in dielectric constant and conductivity, which in turn changes the characteristics of microwave scattering to achieve the purpose of imaging [19]
Different from EEG, microwave can analyze and identify the spectrum of the signal quickly based on the detected brain activity signal through the calculation module and send the modulation frequency to act on the brain functional sites, changing and adjusting the firing frequency of the brain functional sites to achieve the purpose of the treatment [16,17,18,19]

Summary

Introduction

Sleep disorder has become one of the most serious public health problems worldwide because it affects the physical health and mental state of individuals. Sleep is a very common physiological phenomenon in the daily life of human beings and animals. Good sleep quality can ensure a high-quality living state and spiritual vitality. Consciousness and brain activity undergo unusual changes within a very short period, with sleep signals varying in strength and intensity. The fast, low-amplitude desynchronized electroencephalographic activity of wake is replaced by high-amplitude slow waves and spindles during sleep [2]. Animals in the process of sleep undergo mainly anabolism to restore physical strength and energy [3].

Objectives

Discussion

Conclusion