Integrated Starter Generator Research Articles

Demonstration of 2027 Emissions Standards Compliance Using Heavy-Duty Gasoline Compression Ignition with P1 Hybridization

<div>Heavy-duty on-road engines are expected to conform to an ultralow NO<sub>x</sub> (ULNO<sub>x</sub>) standard of 0.027 g/kWh over the composite US heavy-duty transient federal test procedure (HD-FTP) cycle by 2031, a 90% reduction compared to 2010 emissions standards. Additionally, these engines are expected to conform to Phase 2 greenhouse gas regulations, which require tailpipe CO<sub>2</sub> emissions under 579 g/kWh. This study experimentally demonstrates the ability of high fuel stratification gasoline compression ignition (HFS-GCI) to satisfy these emissions standards. Steady-state and transient tests are conducted on a prototype multi-cylinder heavy-duty GCI engine based on a 2010-compliant Cummins ISX15 diesel engine with a urea-SCR aftertreatment system (ATS). Steady-state calibration exercises are undertaken to develop highly fuel-efficient GCI calibration maps at both cold-start and warmed up conditions. A P1 hybrid architecture is proposed to enable the use of an integrated starter generator (ISG) capable of spinning the engine up to idle speeds and an electrically heated ATS for fast heat-up and better thermal management. The combined solution is shown to satisfy the aforementioned ULNO<sub>x</sub> standard across the composite HD-FTP while decreasing the CO<sub>2</sub> emissions compared to the 2013 baseline values, cementing the credentials of low-cetane fuels as viable, near-term alternatives to diesel fuel in heavy-duty on-road engines.</div>

On the Possibility of Introducing an Integrated Starter–Generator into a Gas-Turbine Engine Body

On the Possibility of Introducing an Integrated Starter–Generator into a Gas-Turbine Engine Body

Emulation of Integrated Starter/Generator Using Power Electronic Devices

Integrated starter/generator (ISG) is an important facility in transportation power systems. Using power electronics based motor emulator (ME) to test the motor controller is an emerging technique to optimize the design process of the motor drive system. In this paper, an ME is designed to test the control system of ISG in the full operation process. Facing the challenge of dual-mode emulation, a voltage-in-voltage-out interface is proposed to handle the causality problem caused by operation mode change during the starting/generating process. The LCL interface with predictive voltage closed-loop control is proposed to ensure emulation accuracy. A prototype of ME has been developed. The experiment has been done to validate the performance of the emulator, showing that the proposed method can be used to test the ISG controller in full operational mode with accuracy and fast dynamics.

Aircraft Brushless Wound-Rotor Synchronous Starter–Generator: A Technology Review

With the rapid development of More-Electric Aircrafts (MEAs), integrated starter-generator (ISG) with less volume and weight has become the development trend in aircraft power system applications. Advantages of high reliability and excellent power generation quality make the brushless wound-rotor synchronous starter-generator (BLWRSSG) most attractive candidate for the ISG system in aircraft application. In this paper, four key technologies to achieve a high-performance BLWRSSG are comprehensively reviewed, including 1) high-efficient brushless excitation technology, 2) high-performance starting control technology, 3) rotor position estimation technology, and 4) rotating rectifier fault diagnosis technology. In each key technology, the basic operation principle, merit and demerit, and application of different topologies or methods in the literature are discussed and compared in depth. This paper contributes to a thorough understanding of operation principle and key technologies of the BLWRSSG system, and provide a reference to researchers and engineers involved in research of aircraft ISG system.

Thermal Analysis of a Flux-Switching Permanent Magnet Machine for Hybrid Electric Vehicles

This paper investigates the loss and thermal characteristics of a three-phase 10 kW flux-switching permanent magnet (FSPM) machine, which is used as an integrated starter generator (ISG) for hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs). In this paper, an improved method considering both DC-bias component and minor hysteresis loops in iron flux-density distribution is proposed to calculate core loss more precisely. Then, a lumped parameter thermal network (LPTN) model is constructed to predict transient thermal behavior of the FSPM machine, which takes into consideration various losses as heat sources determined from predictions and experiments. Meanwhile, a simplified one-dimensional (1D) steady heat conduction (1D-SHC) model with two heat sources in cylindrical coordinates is also proposed to predict the thermal behavior. To verify the two methods above, transient and steady thermal analyses of the FSPM machine were performed by computational fluid dynamics (CFD) based on the losses mentioned above. Finally, the predicted results from both LPTN and 1D-SHC were verified by the experiments on a prototyped FSPM machine.

Modeling and Simulation of an Integrated Starter Generator Based on PMSM with SVPWM Strategy for Engine Starting and Battery Charging

The modelling and simulation of an integrated starter generator (ISG) system with 48 and 12-volt DC power setup for use in automotive applications is presented in this paper. The ISG system is a key component in these applications, providing both engine starting and battery charging capabilities. A mathematical model of the ISG system is developed using Simulink, and the system is simulated under various conditions with a 48- and 12-volt DC power setup. The results of the simulations are presented and discussed, highlighting the performance and efficiency of the ISG system. Key Words: Integrated Starter Generators, Flywheel mounted ISG, DC-DC 48V and 12V setup, Space Vector PWM, Permanent Magnet Synchronous Machine (PMSM), IC Engine starting and battery charging,

Choosing a Topology of an Integrated Starter–Generator for a Two-Circuit Turbojet Engine

Choosing a Topology of an Integrated Starter–Generator for a Two-Circuit Turbojet Engine

Rule-Based Time-Optimal Engine-Start Coordination Control With a Predesigned Vehicle Acceleration Trajectory in P2 Hybrid Electric Vehicles

Abstract Removing the integrated starter generator (ISG) in P2 hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) reduces the overall cost of the powertrain, yet it comes with an additional control complexity of the engine-start process. An appropriate coordination control strategy between the internal combustion engine (ICE), drive motor, and clutch is necessary to reduce the time for the engine-start while constraining the vehicle jerk. A time-optimal coordination control strategy with a predesigned vehicle acceleration trajectory is proposed from results of nonlinear model predictive control (NMPC), which can reduce the time for the engine-start process and obtain a small vehicle jerk. A dynamic model for the engine-start process is first built. In this model, a cylinder-by-cylinder engine model (CCEM) is derived to describe the ICE dynamics. A Karnopp and Stribeck combined wet clutch model is proposed to handle effects of speed difference on the torque, and calculation problem of frequent switches when crossing zero speed point. Subsequently, the optimal control problem is formulated with selected states and solved with NMPC. Finally, a rule-based control strategy is extracted from results of NMPC. Simulation results show that the engine-start process can finish within 260 ms, 13.3% less than the previous study, with a predesigned vehicle acceleration to ensure the vehicle jerk within 10 m/s3 and the peak to peak vehicle acceleration within 0.2 m/s2 in the case study under investigation.

Integrated starter-generator with a supply voltage of 48 V for the automotive industry

Integrated starter-generator (ISG) systems are being widely implemented in the automotive industry, combining two devices in one. This article describes the design of ISG type Brushless DC (BLDC) with internal permanent magnets (PM) for the automotive industry with a supply voltage of 48 V. The results of a numerical calculation of electromagnetic and thermal characteristics obtained using the ANSYS software package using 2D modeling are presented. The results obtained show the high efficiency of the proposed design, as well as obtaining the required output characteristics. Keywords: hybrid cars, integrated starters-generators, electrical machines, numerical computer simulation

Development of a 48V Integrated Starter Generator for Mild Hybrid Vehicles

Development of a 48V Integrated Starter Generator for Mild Hybrid Vehicles

On the choice of the topology of an integrated starter generator for a two-circuit turbojet engine

On the choice of the topology of an integrated starter generator for a two-circuit turbojet engine

Adaptive Mode Selection Strategy for Series-Parallel Hybrid Electric Vehicles Based on Variable Power Reserve

When the series-parallel hybrid electric vehicle exits the pure electric mode, the battery provides power for the drive motor and integrated starter generator (ISG) to drive the vehicle and start the engine. If the battery discharge power is insufficient, the driving power will drop, which will inhibit the vehicle from accelerating and impair drivability. Considering that the mode selection strategy determines the timing of mode switching, this paper proposes an adaptive mode selection strategy based on variable power reserve to allow the vehicle to switch mode considering the battery power limitation. The effectiveness of this strategy is verified by simulation, and its influence on fuel consumption and battery utilization is analyzed. Compared with the mode selection strategy based on logic thresholds at the same initial battery state of charge (SOC), under the high-speed and aggressive US06 cycle, the total driving power drop is reduced by 74.2%, and the over-discharge power of the battery is fully restrained while keep almost the same fuel consumption; under the city FTP cycle, the total driving power drop is reduced 65%, and fuel consumption is reduced while maintaining SOC at a reasonable level.

Drivability improvements obtained using a mild hybrid electrical system on a vehicle equipped with a manual gearbox

In order to fulfil the latest and future emission standards, all vehicles will need to be equipped with hybrid powertrains or advanced depollution systems. For low cost and entry level range of vehicles, in order to keep the production costs low, the simplest choice of hybridization is the mild-hybrid system with integrated starter-generator (ISG). This paper contains a model of a mild-hybrid electric vehicle equipped with a manual gearbox with focus on the drivability performance of the powertrain. The goal of this paper is to find out the drivability performances of a hybrid vehicle by simulation and to show the improvements compared to a similar vehicle equipped with a conventional powertrain.

Fuel consumption and emission improvements obtained using a mild hybrid electrical system on a vehicle equipped with a manual gearbox

The latest emission requirements for vehicles requires major improvement in vehicles fuel consumption and emission performance. For entry level range of vehicles, in order to keep the production costs low, the simplest choice of hybridization is the mild-hybrid system with integrated starter-generator (ISG). This paper contains a model of a mild-hybrid electric vehicle equipped with a manual gearbox and a model of conventional vehicle with focus on the emission performance. The goal of this paper is to find out the fuel consumption and emission of a mild hybrid electric vehicle by simulation and to show the improvements compared to a similar vehicle equipped with a conventional powertrain.

A Novel Claw Pole Motor With Soft Magnetic Composites

The integrated starter generator used in micro hybrid electric vehicle is usually claw pole motor. The claw pole core in the motor is forged by low carbon steel, which is of complex technology and the eddy current loss of the whole conductor in the magnetic field is large. To solve these problems, a novel claw pole motor is proposed in this article, which uses iron-based soft magnetic composites to prepare claw pole core and to insert permanent magnet between claw poles. By studying the preparation process parameters of iron-based soft magnetic composites, it is found that the mechanical properties and magnetic properties of the soft magnetic composites are the best under 700 MPa pressing pressure and 500 °C annealing temperature. A prototype is designed and manufactured, and its power generation and starting performance are tested, which can meet the performance requirements of 48 V micro hybrid system.

A Study on the Novel Design to Improve Efficiency of Wound Field Synchronous Machine

This study describes the research to improve the performance of motor generator for integrated starter generator (ISG) mounted on ecofriendly vehicles. The ISG must be able to start the engine by high torque at the starting mode and generate electric power at the generating mode. In particular, the existing automotive generator is a field winding alternator of CLAW POLE structure, so wound field synchronous machine (WFSM) was used in early ISG. However, it is difficult to control the starting of WFSM with instantaneous high starting torque required at the start and high field current is applied to field windings to generate the magnetic flux. But high field current generates high heat shortening the life of the device. Therefore, consequent pole wound field synchronous machine (CPWFSM) as a novel structure is proposed in this article. It is possible to generate instantaneous high torque easily at starting because of permanent magnet (PM). In the generating mode, CPWFSM can generate power in a wide operation speed that is proposed by taking advantage of WFSM. CPWFSM consists of consequent pole and field winding in the rotor. So it generates high torque with high responsiveness at starting compared with WFSM and it has the advantage of generating output power using low field current at various speed areas because of PM. Simulation of CPWFSM and WFSM is performed by finite-element method (FEM) of ANSYS Electromagnetic Suite (EM 19.0) software, and the experimental results are compared by the dynamo experiment.

Design of a Compact Axial Flux Permanent Magnet Machine for Hybrid Electric Vehicle

Aiming to an integrated starter generator (ISG) application with a compact dimension requirement, this article proposes an axial flux machine with the internal rotor (AFIR). Compared with the traditional AFIR, the proposed machine shows a 21% increase in torque density due to its excellent thermal performance, which is implemented by suppressing the rotor losses and enhancing the cooling capability of the stator. The rotor design adopts the segmented permanent magnets and the separated rotor covers to prevent overheating. The loss analysis is carried out through the three-dimensional finite-element method (FEM). The results indicate that the optimized rotor loss is 24% less than the original design. After that, an innovative cooling system with the cooling rings and modified assembly process are proposed. Based on the lumped parameter thermal network and FEM, the improvement of thermal performance is investigated in detail. Compared with the conventional cooling system, the proposed one reduces the temperature of the machine by more than 20 °C. Finally, this article provides experimental verification based on a 100-kW prototype. The experimental results are in agreement with the analysis and indicate that the proposed AFIR is a promising candidate for the ISG.

Improving Electrical Energy Consumption by Application of Integrated Starter Generator for Single Cylinder Engine Applications

Improving Electrical Energy Consumption by Application of Integrated Starter Generator for Single Cylinder Engine Applications - written by Samarth Jain , Phaneesh K , Kedar Kanase published on 2020/03/31 download full article with reference data and citations

Multiphysical-Domain Integration Design of Oil-Cooled Permanent Magnet ISG Motor

Integrated-starter-generator (ISG) motors are a key part of new-energy vehicle dynamic systems. To more efficiently design higher-performance permanent magnet ISG motors, we proposed a multiphysical-domain integrated design method by designing the electromagnetism and thermal performance of motors and the mechanical structure strength of rotors together. A 48-slot and 8-pole oil-cooled permanent magnet ISG motor was designed by using this method and simulated via the finite element method. Also, a motor-testing platform was built to experimentally validate this method. The simulation results were consistent with the test results, which confirmed that the new method was accurate and effective and can be referred to during the practical design and development of high-density permanent magnet motors.

A Novel Method to Actively Damp the Vibration of the Hybrid Powertrain by Utilizing a Flywheel Integrated-Starter-Generator

In this paper, a novel method to actively damp the powertrain vibration by utilizing a flywheel integrated starter generator (FISG) is proposed and validated on the testbench. A more light-weighted, economical, and compact hybrid powertrain devoid of clutches or dampers is built by replacing its flywheel with the ISG rotor. Motor torque having the opposite phase of the engine torque is applied to reduce the vibration. As opposed to the passive methods, which usually make use of the inertial and/or the damping properties of the components to absorb the vibration, this active approach is defined as active damping. Firstly, active damping is proved to be theoretically feasible by simulation based on an engine torque observer. To get the practical-application-oriented motor torque waveform, the observer torque is then processed by considering some realistic factors, such as the motor's response delay and the torque demand limit at MCU (Motor Control Unit), and is finally simplified as the rectangular waveform by off-line simulation. Secondly, an algorithm operating on the original resolver aimed at calculating the real-time crank position is proposed and programmed directly in the MCU. Finally, active damping is realized online utilizing a feedforward method by programming the crank-torque table in MCU. Experiments in both stable and transient conditions are conducted. Results show that active damping can attenuate the vibration effectively, especially over low speed and load ranges. The speed fluctuation range and the cyclic squared angular acceleration can be reduced by 79.7% and 89.7% respectively at 700 rpm when cranking. The crank vibration in transient conditions, including dragging and free deceleration, can also be suppressed, showing potential to realize fast and quiet engine start and halt.