Integrated Farming System Research Articles

Integrated Farming Systems: Challenges and Opportunities

Integrated Farming Systems: Challenges and Opportunities

Integrated Farming System Models Development for Small and Marginal Households for Sustainable Production and Livelihood Improvement in India: An Overview

Integrated Farming System Models Development for Small and Marginal Households for Sustainable Production and Livelihood Improvement in India: An Overview

Role of Agriculture in Economic Development of Assam

The Assam economy represents a unique example of poverty amidst plenty. In spite of being richly endowed with natural resources, the State lags behind the rest of India in many aspects. The cultivation in Assam is inundated by several problems; some of them are natural and some others are manmade. In this context, some of the major issues directly relating to the agricultural sector are small and fragmented land-holdings, lack of quality seed and planting materials, limited use of fertilizers, natural disasters, limited irrigation facility, lack of mechanization, disease and pest problems etc. Further, a considerable quantity of products harvested in Assam perishes due to lack of adequate storage and processing facility as well as due to absence of sound marketing facilities. Social factors such as low literacy levels lack of awareness about the benefits of modern high-value agriculture, inadequate training programmes for farmer etc. also contributes to the challenges for agricultural development in Assam. In order to improve the contribution of the agricultural sector to the overall development of the state, there is an urgent need to develop some appropriate, regionally differentiated strategy. Crop intensification and diversification with multiple cropping such as intercropping, mixed cropping, multi-storied cropping system, agro-forestry etc. are the need of hours to meet the challenges of natural hazardous and climate change effect. However, sustainable development is the only way to promote rational utilization of resources and environmental protection without hampering economic growth. “Integrated Farming Systems” hold special position as in this system nothing is wasted, the byproduct of one system becomes the input for other, as it refers to agricultural systems that integrate livestock and crop production. Additionally, the system help poor small farmers, who have very small land holding for crop production and a few heads of livestock to diversify farm production, increase cash income, improve quality and quantity of food produced and exploitation of unutilized resources. The Government will have to play a much greater and active role in Assam for promoting the agricultural development process.

Integration of Sorghum, Porang and Cow Livestock as an Effort to Increase Farmers' Income and Soil Quality in Dry Land

The dry land farming system is an agricultural cultivation practice dependent on climatic factors, so it is easily degraded if managed inappropriately. Degradation will cause a decrease in soil quality, which has an impact on decreasing land productivity and farmers' income. One of the efforts that can be made to overcome these problems is the application of an integrated farming system (Integrated Farming System) for crops and livestock, namely the integration of sorghum, porang, and cattle. The main goal is to reduce the risk of crop failure because dependence on a commodity can be avoided and can save production costs.

Productive and Profitable Rice Based Cropping Systems for Coastal Plains of Kerala

The production potential and economics of rice-based cropping sequences for coastal plains of Kerala were investigated as part of the ongoing All India Co-ordinated Research Project on Integrated Farming Systems (ICAR) being implemented in the Integrated Farming System Research Station (IFSRS) of Kerala Agricultural University located at Karamana, Thiruvananthapuram, during Kharif, Rabi and summer seasons of 2019-2020. The experiment was laid out in a randomized block design with eleven treatments i.e., CS1 : rice - fallow - fallow, CS2 : rice - rice - fallow, CS3 : rice - dhaincha - cowpea, CS4 : (rice + dhaincha) - rice - green gram, CS5 : rice - cassava - amaranthus, CS6 : rice - cassava - cowpea, CS7 : rice - para grass - fodder cowpea, CS8 : rice - fodder cowpea - fodder maize, CS9 : rice - okra - culinary melon, CS10 : rice - okra - yard long bean and CS11 : rice - rice - amaranthus, all replicated thrice. Among the cropping sequences, the productivity in terms of rice equivalent yield (28.93 t ha-1) and system productivity (0.079 t ha-1 day-1) was highest for CS10 : rice - okra - yard long bean. The maximum gross returns (`Rs. 901865 ha-1) and net returns (`Rs. 545705 ha-1) were also found to be highest for CS10 : rice - okra - yard long bean. However, B: C ratio was highest for CS9 : rice - okra - culinary melon (2.64) followed by CS10 : rice - okra - yard long bean (2.53).

Pendampingan Manajemen Pakan dan Budi Daya Itik Pedaging Berbasis Integrated Farming di Kabupaten Blitar

This Holistic Village Development and Empowerment Program (PHP2D) aims to increase the productivity of broiler duck farmers in Dayu Village, Nglebok District, Blitar Regency, covering the level of knowledge, skills and income. The disseminated system is an integrated farming system between livestock waste in the form of duck droppings and wood shavings as a medium for growing maggots. Furthermore, the cultivated maggot is processed and used as one of the feed ingredients for broiler ducks. This activity is carried out for 5 months in 2020. The method used is counseling, training and mentoring. The material provided consisted of maggot cultivation, broiler duck cultivation, making ration formulations, and implementing an integrated farming system between maggot and broiler ducks. Monitoring and evaluation is carried out through pretest before the activity and posttest after the activity. The data were tabulated using excel and analyzed using a qualitative descriptive approach. The results obtained are that there is a trend of increasing partner knowledge by 40%, increasing partner skills by 45%, and increasing partner income by 40%. Feed management and broiler duck farming activities based on integrated farming can increase the level of knowledge, skill level and income level of broiler duck farmers in Dayu Village, Nglegok District, Blitar Regency.

Integrated Farming System: A Modern Tactic to Maintain Equilibrium Between Agriculture, Environment and Economy: A Review

Traditional Indian agriculture is mainly focused on manpower, which involves lots of hard work and energy but difficult to earn their livelihood because of very less output even though it requires considerable inputs in terms of seeds, livestock breeds, fertilizers, pesticides, energy, feed, and labour. An innovative farming system with maximum productivity and fewer input drives is an urgent need to consider an integrated farming system. It efficiently recycles the natural resources and maintains nutrient equilibrium, brings about soil, air and water sustainability, enhances economic profitability and stability, thus preserving the quality and diversity of the living world.

Long‐term effect of integrated farming systems on soil erosion in hilly micro‐watersheds (Indian Eastern Himalayas)

AbstractSoil erosion from traditional hill agriculture is a major concern for agronomic development in the Eastern Himalayas (India). An integrated farming system (IFS: is the combination of multipurpose trees‐MPT interspersed with seasonal agricultural crops) may reduce the severity of erosion while ensuring food and nutritional security. The aim of our study was to identify an IFS, resistant to soil erosion in the hill ecosystem of Eastern Himalaya. For this, eight micro‐watershed (MW)‐based IFSs namely livestock with fodder crops (MW1), forestry (MW2), agroforestry (MW3), agriculture (MW4), agri‐horti‐silvi‐pastoral (MW5), horticulture (MW6), cultivated fallow (MW7), and abandoned shifting cultivation (MW8, as traditional land use) were established and soil erosion was measured for 24 years in the sloping land (32.0%–53.0%) of the Eastern Himalayas (Meghalaya, Northeast India). In the forests (MW2), annual average (IA: 1983–2006) runoff and soil losses were 405.5 (±113) mm and 11.0 (±2.4) Mg ha−1 yr−1, respectively. The conversion of forests to cultivation caused a decline in the parameters of hydro‐physical quality and fertility, more severely in the traditional farming (MW7&8) than in the IFS mode of cultivation (MW3,5,&6). Soil water conservation measures (SWCMs: contour bunding, terracing, and grassed waterways) were more effective at reducing erosion when used together compared to individually. Adoption of these SWCMs in cultivated MWs in IFS mode (MW3,5,&6), reduced the runoff by 13.0%–17.1% and soil loss by 12.6%–15.1% over forests (MW2). However, in traditional agriculture (MW7&8), runoff increased by 50.6%–87.6% while soil loss was 50.3%–59.8% higher over the forest. The study demonstrated that the adoption of agroforestry, agri‐silvi‐horti‐pastoral or horticulture‐based IFSs with appropriate SWCMs may be promoted to reduce soil erosion while sustaining soil quality attributes and food security in the hill ecosystem of the Indian Eastern Himalayas.

Production of Feed Crops for Local Dairy Goats Using an Integrated Farming System

This investigation aimed to identify the production and composition of crops as feed, classify the types of integrated farming in different locations, and compare dairy goats based on their morphometric characteristics. The data used were collected from July to November, 2021 in the Malang, Lumajang, and Bangkalan regencies of Indonesia, via a survey and direct observations. Descriptive, multivariate, and variance analyses were adopted using RStudio to analyze the collected data. In Malang and Lumajang, farmers adopted agroforestry, alley cropping, and cover crops as the main types of integrated farming. The integrated farming adopted by the farmers in Malang, Bangkalan, and Lumajang helped to explain the differences in forage crops. Calliandra calothyrsus, Indigofera zollingeriana, and Thitonia diversifolia are non-grasses having high levels of average production. In Lumajang, farmers provided only a few combinations with Calliandra which was the most intensively grown crop. In Malang, six crops were combined for the dairy goat feed. Pennisetum purpureum was the crop most intensely grown to feed the PE (Etawa crossbred). In Bangkalan, Pote-Arosbaya goats were fed a combination of eight crops. Moringa oleifera, Bambusa sp., Artocarpus heterophyllus, and natural grasses were the most popular feed crops. In Malang and Lumajang, the PE Singosari and Senduro goats had a high degree of similarity based on their morphometric characteristics, respectively.

Achieving Food and Livelihood Security and Enhancing Profitability through an Integrated Farming System Approach: A Case Study from Western Plains of Uttar Pradesh, India

The integrated farming system (IFS) is a comprehensive farm practice to improve small and marginal farmers’ livelihoods. The IFS enhances nutrient recycling and food security and promotes greater efficiency of fertilizers and natural resources. To improve livelihood, profits, and employment generation holistically through an IFS method, a study was conducted over four years, from 2016 to 2019, to define the farming condition in 1036 households in the Muzzafarnagar district of Western Uttar Pradesh. Crop + dairy was the most frequent farming method (68%) followed by crop + dairy + horticulture + goatary. Compared to older cultivars, improved rice, maize, wheat, and barley cultivars enhanced crop yield by 17 to 42%. Transplanting sugarcane and intercropping of mustard increased system yield from 58.89% to 86.17% compared to the sole sugarcane crop. Nutritional kitchen gardening resulted in an average saving of $20 to $25 during the Kharif season and $20 to $27 during Rabi season. Exotic vegetables such as broccoli, Chinese cabbage, cherry tomato, kale, parsley, and lettuce were introduced, which increased regular income. With the adoption of a multi-tier-based system, the net returns from the system improved from 0.6 lakh to 2.20 lakhs per ha. Enhancing the fodder availability resulted in a 27.5% milk yield improvement. The study’s outcomes demonstrated that a five-member family’s annual protein (110–125 kg) and carbohydrate (550 to 575 kg) requirements can be easily met using the IFS technique. According to the study, IFS approaches combined with better technical interventions can ensure the long-term viability of farming systems and improve livelihoods.

Genetic and reproductive mode analyses of a golden-back mutant of crucian carp from a rice-fish integrated farming system

Traditional agricultural systems demonstrated farmers' wisdom in farming, while extending many new agricultural ecosystems and breeding a lot of new and interesting organisms. This study introduced the discovery of an indigenous golden-back crucian carp (GBCrC; Carassius gibelio) from the Dong's Rice-Fish-Duck System, one of the Globally Important Agricultural Heritage Systems in the world, by exploring and analyzing its external morphological characteristics, distribution, paddy field selection, reproductive mode, genetic diversity and origin. It was found that about 27.33% of 150 surveyed paddy fields in 6 villages, characterized by exchange of continuous culture water, inclusion of local paddy field common carp and feed provision, contained GBCrC. In the breeding season, inclusion of local paddy field common carp was the major factor in selection of paddy field by GBCrC. No male individual was observed in all detected GBCrC, female individuals could mate with the local male paddy field common carps to produce fries, and all the fries represented the characteristics of the GBCrC. Genetic diversity analysis showed that the crucian carp had evolved into an independent population, while phylogenetic analysis demonstrated that GBCrC was clustered with several local crucian carp (LCrC) individuals, and other LCrC ones clustered with other geographical strains. Compared with other distribution areas of GBCrC, Pingzheng village (PZ) presented special temperatures, altitudes, sizes of GBCrC, fish reproduction and sales. The chromosome slide observation showed there were 150 chromosomes in GBCrC. Based on these findings, this study maintained that GBCrC, deriving from LCrC and originating from PZ, might adopt the reproductive mode of gynogenesis. The results of this study enrich the understanding of the traditional agricultural system.

A STUDY ON TRANSPOSE OF CROPPING PATTERN AND SINGIFICANT INFLUENCE ON AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTIVITY IN TAMILNADU

India is a largest country possesses considerable agricultural development. Several areas exhibit various features hence that none of the plan can be conceived for all agricultural divisions around the country. The national income of agriculture is often taken as a barometer of economic development. Agricultural sector in India has marked an admirable performance over the last decades by improving the global market position. With a 52 of 18 percent between 1969-2021, contribution to GDP decreases and the sector provides 55.47 percent of employment opportunities. On the whole GDP growth towards agricultural sector was 6.9% at the national level. Since, several studies on Tamil Nadu concentrated on areas like cropping pattern related to productivity. Thus, the study attempts to reach the shifting pattern of cropping pattern and significant influence on Agricultural Productivity in Tamil Nadu. The study has taken up for five years from 2016-2017 and 2020--2021 and the select crops are restricted with principal crops only. The selected crops are Cotton, Sugarcane, Tea, Coffee and Coconut. Thus, the study concluded that the price of Tea, Sugarcane, Coffee and Cotton has a greater significant impact on Agricultural productivity. Hence, the study suggests that TNAS has to improve agricultural productivity by making intensive integrated farming system, soil health improvement through bio fertilizer and Green Manuring which induce the residual growth in Agricultural production during the study period.

Effects of different farming systems and crop protection strategies on the health status and yield of carrots Daucus carota L. ssp. sativus

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of farming systems on the health status of carrots cv. Koral and root yield components. The organic farming system promoted the spread of damping-off of seedlings in the first two wet growing seasons and Alternaria leaf blight in the last growing season with normal precipitation levels. At harvest, the severity of root diseases was low. During storage, carrot roots were susceptible to soft rot, Sclerotinia rot and dry rot. In the integrated farming system, the symptoms of mixed rot were more observed at harvest and after storage, and of dry rot after storage. In the organic farming system, the symptoms of dry rot were more noted at harvest, and the symptoms of crater rot were more observed after storage. During storage, the applied crop protection methods significantly suppressed mixed rot in the integrated farming system, and dry rot in the organic system. The isolation of potential pathogens from carrot petioles and roots confirmed their participation in the disease process. Negative correlations were found between the severity of Alternaria leaf blight vs. the marketable yield of carrots and single root weight in both production systems in selected years of the study.

Ethnic Food: The Food Way Forward

In the context of food security, two things are significant. To ensure availability, affordability, and accessibility of adequate food to people throughout the country. Also, to promote entrepreneurship for sustainable food production and supply. This paper highlights differences between food security and food insecurity. The global population in 2050 is predicted at 9 billion in which case the output must double considering the dwindling and degrading resources. This may be a challenge for agronomists and policy-makers. Considering that food security must be achieved at individual, household, district, national, and global levels, India may need an Integrated Farming System (IFS) to take agriculture further. There are numerous challenges besides the environment that must be considered for this. It is important to ensure that the dignity of the farmer is not compromised while strategizing food security. Currently, private-public partnerships are being introduced in some places as a potential model. However, all stakeholders in food security have their task cut out (1). This paper is a review of existing literature to understand the level of information we have documented. It tries to highlight ways in which consumption of ethnic food could be a way forward in terms of food security and sustainability.

Evaluation of climate change impact on soil erosion in the integrated farming system based hilly micro-watersheds using Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation

Increased rainfall intensity under changing climate scenarios threatens the sustainability of cropland due to soil erosion in the Himalayan mountain ecosystem. This study aimed to identify the resilient integrated farming system (IFS) based land use practices in hilly micro-watersheds (HMWs) under projected climate change scenarios. The IFS based land uses considered were livestock with fodder crops (HMW1), forestry (HMW2), agroforestry (HMW3), food and fodder crops (HMW4), agri-horti-silvi-pasture (HMW5), horticulture (HMW6), and abandoned shifting cultivation (HMW7, as traditional jhum), established on the hill slope (>32.0 to 53.0%) in Meghalaya, India. The Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE) was calibrated and validated satisfactorily (RMSEa: 0.3 to 1.2 t ha−1 yr−1; NSE: 0.6 to 0.9) using 24 years measured soil loss data for each HMWs. The model was most sensitive to soil erodibility (S = 0.9 to 1.1) followed by plant cover (S = 0.6 to 1.0) in simulating the soil loss in the hilly micro-watersheds. Simulated soil losses in different HMWs ranged from 11.5 to 32.7 t ha−1 yr−1 under the baseline climate (1976 to 2005). The soil loss is projected to increase in the range of 7.3 to 15.3% under different RCPs (RCP2.6 to RCP8.5). The HMW with shifting cultivated IFS were the most vulnerable to climate change, as soil loss increased by 1.7 to 8.4 t ha−1 yr−1 over baseline (32.7 t ha−1 yr−1). However, HMW with horticulture based IFS followed by agroforestry showed the most resilience to climate change and manifested a minimal increase (0.6 to 3.1 t ha−1 yr−1) over baseline soil loss (11.5 to 12.0 t ha1 yr−1). Adoption of horticultural and agroforestry based IFS on the hill slope of Eastern Himalayan ecosystem is an effective measure to control soil erosion.

Economic Analysis of Integrated Farming Systems in Mahbubnagar District of Southern Telangana Zone

Aim: Farmers followed integrated farming but not on a commercial scale with heightened practices. However, local level characterization of different farming systems were analyzed on how adoption of farming systems and which remunerative components can improve their income levels, in turn their livelihood sustainability particularly, small and marginal farmers.
 Methodology: Mahbubnagar, a rainfed district of the state was chosen to understand the characterization of farming systems under resource poor conditions. Multistage sampling technique was used. Herfindahl index was calculated for selection of mandals. Two mandals, four villages from each mandal and 15 farmers @ each village, total 120 farmers were selected.
 Results: Four major farming systems Crop, Crop -Cattle, Crop - Cattle - Goat, Crop - Cattle – Sheep labelled as (FS-I, FS-II, FS-III and FS-IV) were identified in the study area. FS-IV (1.81) was the most remunerative farming system. Even across different farmer sizes, it was found best with the highest Benefit-Cost ratio(B-C) ratios. The highest adoption percent was for FS-II (36.67%) followed by -I, III, IV (20.83 %), (19.2 %), (9.17%) respectively.
 Of the integrated farming systems, the highest remunerative component was Cattle for FS-II. (Cattle >Goat> Crop) is the declining order of the remunerative components for FS-III. (Sheep
 >Crop > Cattle) is the order for FS-IV. Across different size-classes of farmers (marginal, small and semi-medium), in all FS-I was found least remunerative. They showed consistent declining order of remunerative systems (FS-IV >-II > -III >-I) for marginal farmers, small farmers (FS-II > -III >-I) and semi-medium farmers (FS-IV >-II > -III >-I)
 Conclusion: IFS reaped higher returns than only crop farming system. Livestock components added more weightage on income yielded in each farming system. Across all farmers’ classes, it is concluded that integration of different components enterprises increased the returns. Marginal and small farmers have better B-C ratios than semi-medium farmers in all farming systems.

Integrated Farming System: A Tool for Doubling Farmer’s Income

Integrated Farming System is a holistic approach in which different enterprises are utilized in a collaborative way, wherein the resources are managed efficiently so that waste output of one enterprise serves as the input for another. Due to an ever-increasing population, the arable land is becoming increasingly scarcer per person, leaving little room for horizontal agricultural expansion. There are 115 million working farms in India, with about 80% of them being small or marginal farmers. With Integrated Farming System, the living standards of these farmers can be enhanced by efficient utilization of different enterprises. The IFS is actually a mixed farming system wherein different enterprises like dairy, fish, poultry, and other beneficial enterprises give an enhanced returns with lower risks, which can intermediate the losses of crops in case of severe climatic conditions. Under IFS, various enterprises having lower dependency on severe weather circumstances, the farmer is comparatively on safer side as far as the adversities of crop losses are concerned There are many advantages to integrated farming systems (IFS), such as a more efficient use of farm resources and an eco-friendlier strategy to farming. As a system of crop and livestock farming, IFS consists of at least two distinct but logically interdependent parts. Water efficiency, weed and pest control, and soil health can all be improved with IFS. It also helps to maintain water quality. Chemical fertilisers, weed killers, and pesticides should be used sparingly in an integrated farming system in order to protect the environment from their harmful effects. Adopting an Integrated Farming System (IFS) ensures a stable and long-term source of farm income by integrating a number of businesses to make the most of the land's natural resources. IFS itself is important for sustainable development of farmer by improving yield, economic return, employment generation, nutritional security and livelihood.

Barriers in Adopting Integrated Farming System in Rajasthan

The study was conducted on a random sample of 240 farmers in the agro climatic zone (IV a) of Rajasthan state to examine the suggestions for integrated farming systems to overcome the barriers faced by farmers in adopting integrated farming systems. The data were collected by personal contacts. Major suggestions off ered by farmers to overcome from the constraints faced by them in adoption of integrated farming system to provide fi nancial support to farmers, Government scheme should be increased for IFS, Provide timely input subsidy, arrange regular training to the famers, Improved low cost technology should be developed which can be easily utilized by small farmers, model units should be established in every block.

Energy efficiency of integrated crop-livestock-fish farming system for lowland irrigated ecology of eastern region, India

An integrated farming system (IFS) model was developed and assessed at ICAR-Research Complex for Eastern Region, Patna during 2015–19. The aim of the study was to analyze energy input-output relationship of the IFS model. The IFS model comprised of field crops, vegetables, fruits, green fodder, cattle, fish, duck and vermicomposting components. The analysis revealed total energy input in the IFS model as 112.62 GGJ and total energy output as 211.12 GJ. Energy use efficiency of the IFS model was analyzed to be 1.87, net energy gain recorded as 98.5 GJ. The direct and indirect energy inputs were estimated to be 14.06 GJ and 98.56 GJ, respectively while renewable and non-renewable energy inputs were estimated to be 85.04 and 27.58 GJ, respectively. Further, the total energy input in dairy unit was estimated to be 70.3 GJ of which 68.3 GJ was provided through feed, which accounted for 97% of total energy input in dairy unit, and 60% of the total energy input in IFS model. Furthermore, energy input in the forms of labour, fossil fuel, electricity, fertilizers and machinery was required maximum in the field crops while water energy input was required maximum in fish pond. Results showed that individual farming of fish, duck and cattle is not viable in terms of energy use efficiency. However, the IFS model as a whole was found to be energy efficient and can be adopted in lowland irrigated ecologies of the eastern region of the country.

Diversification Options in Sugarcane-Based Cropping Systems for Doubling Farmers' Income in Subtropical India.

Crop diversification provides an opportunity for farmers to maximize their profits, fulfilling multiple needs, avoid monsoon threats, and make the crop production system sustainable. Inclusion of various pulse/oilseed/vegetables/cereals/medicinal/aromatic crops with sugarcane brings forth cultivation of these crops in irrigated agro-system and improves the yields of component crops. Besides, the component crops improve soil fertility and create a favorable environment for the further growth of sugarcane crops. Sprouting in winter-initiated sugarcane ratoon could be enhanced by adopting fodder legumes such as Indian clover and Egyptian clover. Intercropping vegetables provides an ample opportunity for mid-season income generation and improves profitability. Besides, high-value medicinal and aromatic crops such as tulsi (holy basil), mentha could also be included in the sugarcane-based system. Crop residue management has been recognized as a critical issue in managing the crops in the various cropping systems. Including multiple bio-agents for fast decomposition of crop residues provides scope for managing soil organic carbon through crop residue recycling in the system. Resource use efficiencies, nutrient use, water use, and weed control could be increased by adopting suitable crops in intercropping systems. An integrated farming system involving crop, livestock, and fisheries options could improve farmers’ profit besides employment generation in rural India. Recycling of bye products and co-products of other enterprises influences the viability and farmer’s profitability of the system. Trash, press mud cake, vinasse, composted bagasse, rhizodeposition of stubble play a significant role in sustaining soil fertility and increasing crop productivity. New emerging crop diversification options, viz., intercropping of rajmash, winter maize, and garlic in autumn cane generate mid-season income and enhance the system's profitability for small and marginal cane growers. Dual-purpose legumes, viz., cowpea, and green gram as intercrops with spring-planted cane increase the pool of soil microbial biomass nitrogen capitalize allelopathic effects and sustain soil health. In the present paper, these issues have been discussed. Due to the adoption of location-specific and farmers-centric systems, farmers’ profitability could be increased, providing sustainability to the sugarcane-based systems.