Integration Of Elements Research Articles

Anglicisms as a Tool for Adaptation to the Economic Realities of Modernity: Management Terminology.

Examines modern management terminology, especially the role of Anglicisms in this context, that is, how Anglicisms contribute to the adaptation of management to changing economic conditions, enrich its vocabulary and simplify communications in the business environment. Specific examples of Anglicisms, their significance and influence on modern management are considered. Anglicisms play a significant role in the adaptation of management to new economic realities, ensuring effective communication and rapid adaptation to changing requirements in the global business environment. They not only enrich the business vocabulary and provide a single professional language, but also reflect the influence of international trends, innovations and technological progress on the sphere of management. Anglicisms are becoming an integral element of adaptive management, contributing to the flexibility and competitiveness of modern organizations in the rapidly changing world of business. The results of the study will help to better understand the role of Anglicisms in modern business practice and their significance as a tool for adaptation to new economic realities. Key words: Anglicisms, Anglicisms in the field of management, business terminology, terminology of management processes, management terminology.

Project EU-Africa: Changes of Strategy in Competitive Environment

The aim of this article is to identify changes in the priorities of the EU’s African strategy, seeking to maintain its position on the continent in light of competition from such actors as the United States and China, as well as to trace the evolution of the relations formats and influence of integration processes on the EU-Africa relations model. The authors use complex interdisciplinary approach, narrative methods and comparative analysis to determine new trends in EU cooperation with African countries including transition to multilateralism and regionalization; applying elements of integration and external Europeanization as convergence and incorporation of procedures, practices and norms in cooperation projects in Africa, using “soft power” instruments; policy of “equal partnership” and politicization of EU-Africa relations. However, the effectiveness of Europeanization as a replication of the European value system and democratic transition in African countries with other civilizational norms is very limited, so EU countries follow institutional logic in their relations with them. The authors underscore that the process of regional integration in Africa is one of the results of deepening cooperative interactions against the backdrop of its continuing asymmetry, also being an important difference of EU-Africa project from other cooperative models. Asymmetry manifests in economic relations, especially trade agreements, recognition of equal partnership, different positions in new world order, intra-country development differences and financial and labor force abilities of African countries. Equally relevant is the analysis of EU competition with the USA and China in Africa, identifying its specific traits in cooperation with the continent, and future prospects of the EU cooperation with African countries under the new realities and possible shortcomings of a new EU-Africa project.

Emotional State as a Key Driver of Public Preferences for Flower Color

Flowers, as integral elements of urban landscapes, are critical not only for aesthetic purposes but also for fostering human–nature interactions in green spaces. However, research on flower color preferences has largely been descriptive, and there is a lack of exploration of potential mechanisms influencing flower color preferences, such as economic and social factors. This study created visual samples through precise color adjustment techniques and introduced the L*, a*, and b* parameters from the CIELAB color system to quantify the flower colors of the survey samples, conducting an online survey with 354 Chinese residents. The complex aesthetic process’s driving factors were unveiled through a comprehensive analysis using a Generalized Additive Model (GAM), a piecewise Structural Equation Model (SEM), and linear regression models. The results show that the public’s flower color preference is primarily related to the a* and b* parameters, which represent color dimensions in the CIELAB color space, and it is not significantly related to L* (lightness). Factors such as age, annual household income level (AI), personal income sources (PI), nature experience, and emotional state (TMD) significantly influence color preferences, with emotional state identified as the most critical factor. Lastly, linear regression models further explain the potential mechanism of the influencing factors. This study proposes a framework to assist urban planners in selecting flower colors that resonate with diverse populations, enhancing both the attractiveness of urban green spaces and their potential to promote pro-environmental behavior. By aligning flower color design with public preferences, this study contributes to sustainable urban planning practices aimed at improving human well-being and fostering deeper connections with nature.

Exploring Illumination and Communication: A Comprehensive Analysis of LED Lighting in Modern Interior Architectural Designs, Enhanced by Weighted Sum Model and Cluster Analysis for Informed Lighting Selection

ABSTRACTThe study of light is crucial in modern interiors, as it dispels darkness and enhances both functionality and aesthetics. From the primal flicker of flames in ancient caves to the advanced light emitting diode (LED) systems of today, lighting has been pivotal in shaping our surroundings and experiences. In contemporary interior architectural designs, lighting fulfills not only functional roles but also greatly influences the aesthetics and atmosphere of a space. Light has been an integral element in sleek interior architecture. With the advancements in LED technology, the approach to illuminating spaces has been transformed providing energy‐efficient solutions. This paper explores the role of LED lighting in modern interior architectural designs focusing on its impact on illumination and communication. Using a weighted sum model and cluster analysis, the various LED lighting configurations are evaluated for their suitability in different spaces. Performance metrics such as illuminance levels, uniformity, adherence to standards, signal‐to‐noise ratio (SNR) and bit error rate (BER) are analyzed. By varying the configurations of LED array per position from 10 × 10 to 100 × 100 the performance across different scales is assessed. The results offer insights for selecting LED lighting options that optimize functionality, aesthetics and energy efficiency in modern interior spaces.

Profiling of antimicrobial resistance genes from Staphylococcus pseudintermedius isolated from dogs with pyoderma using whole genome sequencing.

Staphylococcus pseudintermedius is considered as a most common cause of canine pyoderma. Antimicrobial resistance is considered as a global public health concern. The main aim of the study was to evaluate the distribution of Antimicrobial resistance genes in S. pseudintermedius isolates using whole genome sequencing. In the current work, Antimicrobial susceptibility testing and Whole genome sequencing was performed on Five S. pseudintermedius isolates recovered from canine pyoderma cases presented at Veterinary Clinical Complex, Navsari. Bioinformatics analysis of sequencing data was performed to detect Antimicrobial resistance genes, plasmids and mobile genetic elements in S. pseudintermedius isolates. All S. pseudintermedius isolates shows resistance towards amikacin, ampicillin, cefpodoxime, cephalexin, erythromycin and trimethoprim. Higher sensitivity was observed against clindamycin (4/5, 80 %). A total 15 AMR genes, one plasmid (repUS43), two insertion sequences (ISLgar5 and IS256) and one Integrative Conjugative Element (Tn6009) were detected using whole genome sequencing analysis. This study aids us to know about relationship between antimicrobial resistance and presence of AMR genes, plasmids and mobile genetic elements.

Eliminating the Tigecycline Reistance RND Efflux Pump Gene Cluster tmexCD-toprJ in Bacteria Using CRISPR/Cas9

Tigecycline, a last-resort antibiotic in the tetracycline class, has been effective in treating infections caused by multidrug-resistant bacteria. However, the emergence of the tigecycline resistance gene cluster tmexCD-toprJ, which encodes a resistance-nodulation-division efflux pump, has significantly limited its therapeutic effectiveness. In this study, we developed two CRISPR/Cas9-based plasmids, pCas9Kill and pCas9KillTS, to target and cleave tmexCD-toprJ gene cluster from bacterial plasmids and chromosomal integrative conjugative elements (ICEs), respectively. The pCas9Kill plasmid designed to eliminate tmexCD-toprJ from plasmids through electroporation, resulting in the resensitization of the bacteria to tigecycline. Nanopore long-read sequencing revealed that the plasmids were repaired by insertion sequences after tmexCD-toprJ removal. In contrast, the pCas9KillTS plasmid introduced via conjugation to target tmexCD-toprJ gene cluster on ICEs within the chromosome. This approach led to chromosomal cleavage and subsequent bacterial cell death. Our results demonstrate that both plasmids effectively inactivated tmexCD-toprJ, with pCas9Kill restoring tigecycline susceptibility in plasmid-bearing strains and pCas9KillTS causing targeted cell death in chromosomal ICE-harboring bacteria. This study highlights the potential of CRISPR/Cas9 systems in addressing antibiotic resistance, providing a promising strategy to combat tigecycline-resistant pathogens.

Reduced 17β-estradiol following ovariectomy induces mitochondrial dysfunction and degradation of synaptic proteins in the entorhinal cortex

Reductions in circulating estrogens can contribute to cognitive decline, in part by impairing mitochondrial function within the hippocampal region. The entorhinal cortex provides the hippocampus with its main cortical input and, to assess the impact of estrogen deficiency on mitochondrial respiration and synaptic proteins in the entorhinal cortex, wildtype rats received either sham surgery, bilateral ovariectomy, or ovariectomy with implantation of a subdermal capsule to maintain low levels of 17β-estradiol (E2). Mitochondrial respiration in the entorhinal cortex was not significantly affected two weeks following ovariectomy, but there was a reduction in oxygen consumption four weeks after ovariectomy that was prevented by E2 supplementation. The expression of mitochondrial membrane integrity element voltage-dependent anion channel protein (VDAC1) was also reduced four weeks after ovariectomy, suggesting that respiration was reduced due to a decline in mitochondrial density. Ovariectomy also increased mitochondrial and cytoplasmic cytochrome c and upregulated superoxide dismutase 2 (SOD2) both two and four weeks after ovariectomy, reflecting mitochondrial electron leakage and oxidative redox imbalance. Further, the ovariectomy-induced changes in mitochondrial proteins were associated with reductions in postsynaptic density protein 95 (PSD95) and the presynaptic protein synaptophysin. There were no changes in mitochondrial or synaptic proteins in ovariectomized animals that received E2 supplementation. Our findings indicate that reductions in circulating 17β-estradiol induced by ovariectomy disrupt mitochondrial functions in the entorhinal cortex, and suggest that a resulting increase in oxidative stress contributes to the degradation in synaptic proteins that may affect cognitive functions mediated by the hippocampal region.

MAIN FACTORS OF THE FORMATION OF HUMAN BEHAVIOR IN SOCIETY

The article identifies the main factors influencing human behavior in society, which interact with each other and, in aggregate, constitute the internal content of the environment of human existence – objective reality. These factors include everyday household, consciousness, needs, interests, values, ideology, goals, motivation and human behavior. The authors establish that the primary element of the mechanism of human behavior formation is life, which is a set of conditions, means, ways and forms of satisfaction of material and spiritual needs of individuals in the process of their joint activity, communication, and various forms of interaction. It is found that life as an integral element of everyday life has a significant impact on people's consciousness, but the reverse nature of interaction is not excluded. The components of everyday life, which exert an influence on human consciousness, are given. Typical interests and needs of a person are presented, and the interaction between them is investigated. The authors summarize the list of the universal human values, that reflects the change of priorities in the life values of Ukrainians in connection with the military aggression of the russian federation against Ukraine, identifies the most important ones and establishes why they differ in different regions of the country. The role of ideology in shaping human consciousness and behavior is established, the reasons for the lack of a national ideology in Ukraine and the consequences of this for society are substantiated. The main reasons for the divergence of the state and individual interests are clarified, as this affects the motivation and behavior of a person in society in order to achieve their own goals. It is established that each individual has a so-called «motivational mix», so in order to foresee and predict his or her behavior in society, it is necessary to understand the internal motives and external incentives that motivate him or her to behave in a certain way. The factors of the formation of human behavior in the society, the features of which can be manifested in everyday life can change under the influence of social transformations, are substantiated.

ÜMUMTƏHSİL MƏKTƏBLƏRİNDƏ COĞRAFİYANIN FƏNLƏRARASI İNTEQRATİV TƏDRİSİNİN MƏZMUNU

The geography subject curriculum is characterized by its tendency to be integrated among the subjects taught in general education schools in the modern era. Integration expands the pedagogical and methodical possibilities of geography, adds new content to it. The main goal of introducing new integrative elements in the teaching of subjects is to facilitate their understanding as a whole. In the scientific research, the association of geography with physics, chemistry, biology, mathematics and history is analyzed, their integrative possibilities are revealed, and different pedagogical approaches are highlighted.

IDEOLOGICAL FUNCTION OF ICON SIGN IN THE POETRY OF EDUARD HARENTS

Being an integral element of the visual structure of the poem, the symbol, together with the image, becomes an icon, forms a sign-symbolic system of the text, forming the unity of the artistic system. The transformation of the semantic functions of a word into an icon and its use as a means of representation is characteristic of many of Eduard Harent’s poems. The main feature of encoding artistic thought through icon signs is the two-quality feature of such codes, associated simultaneously with both the artistic situation and the icon sign, with a contemplative atmosphere stored in the context of a word-image, which leads to semantic complexity and semantic, so to speak, mixed quality that is formed as a result of intertextual interaction characterized by the specified feature. In general, it is difficult to accurately determine all the prerequisites and foundations for the appearance of this or that icon, since their cultural connections are mediated by many literary and authorial events that complete, abstract and generalize. Therefore, the decoding of the icon sign should be considered at the origins of the specific poetic co-structure that carries them. The object of study of the article is the icon and its functional feature in the poetry of Eduard Harents. The scientific novelty of the article is determined by the choice of object: this article is the first attempt in this sense as a theoretical and literary study. The theoretical value of the article lies in the fact that the study allows us to reflect on the theoretical foundations of the concept of iconotext endowed with icon signs, using the example of poetic texts by Eduard Harents, to consider the theoretical provisions of their application in a poetic text, as well as the acceptance of iconotext as a precedent visual phenomenon, which, having been introduced into the poetic structure, gives it an intertextual character. The purpose of the article is to simultaneously emphasize the special role of intertextuality in a literary text.

Цифровизация и использование искусственного интеллекта в производственных процессах современных предприятий

This article analyzes the possibilities and prospects of digital transformation of the Russian manufacturing sector, examines its current state, key driving forces, potential advantages and problems, and provides recommendations for further development. The author examines the issues of introducing the achievements of Industry 4.0 into the production processes of enterprises in traditional sectors of the economy, in particular in transport, energy and mining. As part of the implementation of the achievements of Industry 4.0, it is necessary to mention artificial intelligence (AI), which is becoming an integral element of the modern industrial era, being introduced in order to optimize production processes. In this regard, the author dwells in detail on the use of artificial intelligence, exploring its advantages, opportunities and prospects, as well as showing the best practices of application. At the same time, the author shows and analyzes the main challenges and problems arising from the widespread introduction of artificial intelligence into production processes. The purpose of this article is to consider the relevance of the application of the achievements of Industry 4.0 in modern production, to show the possibilities of using artificial intelligence in production processes, to analyze the main problems that arise and to assess the prospects for further development. Based on the conducted research, it can be concluded that the introduction of Industry 4.0 technologies and other digitalization achievements in modern business, including in manufacturing, transport and energy, provides organizations with serious advantages and opportunities reflected at various levels of management and strategic and operational decision-making. The novelty of this study lies in an attempt to consider the patterns and possibilities of introducing artificial intelligence into the production processes of industrial enterprises, based on their current needs and prospects for further development.

THE MAIN WAYS OF IMPROVING THE SOCIAL SECURITY SYSTEM OF UKRAINE: ADMINISTRATIVE AND LEGAL DIMENSION

In this article the author analyzes the content and conceptual characteristics of “social security” concept, the system of social security and the main ways of its improvement. It is emphasized that social infrastructure as a necessary condition for the full functioning of the socio-economic system is supported by a properly organized social security system. At the level of EU legislation, the “social security” concept is associated with all interventions by public or private organizations aimed at relieving households and individuals from the burden caused by certain types of risks or needs. At the conceptual and theoretical level, it can be concluded that social security is a set of measures and means of an organizational, legal and socio-economic nature carried out by public and/or private entities, in order to ensure the socially safe existence of a person as the highest social value and an integral element of social existence, by preventing, reducing or eliminating social risks, as well as meeting human needs in the social sphere. The structure of social security in Ukraine consists of the following elements: 1) social welfare – budgetary assistance to certain categories of population; 2) social insurance – assistance of non-budgetary structures to neutralize insurance cases; 3) state social guarantees – budgetary financing of enterprises aimed at compensating for the lost income; 4) social assistance. Three levels of the social security system in Ukraine are distinguished: institutional, law enforcement, of direct interaction. The article outlines current proposals on the ways to improve the social security system in Ukraine.

Characterization of integrative and conjugative elements carrying erm(B) and tet(O) resistance determinants in streptococcus uberis isolates from bovine milk in Chiba prefecture, Japan: CompArative GEne cluster analysis toolbox with ICEfinder

ObjectiveWe aimed to characterize integrative and conjugative elements (ICEs) in antimicrobial resistant Streptococcs uberis isolates from bovine milk in Chiba, Japan, based on whole-genome sequence (WGS) data.ResultsOf the 101 isolates, we found the 36 isolates harboring erm(B)–tet(O), showing resistance to macrolides–lincosamides–tetracyclines. The 22 isolates were randomly selected and subject to WGS determination. The genomes measured 1.991–2.517 Mbp, with G + C contents of 35.8–36.9%. We used ResFinder–ICEfinder (web-based applications) to search for the antimicrobial resistant genes and ICEs. ResFinder detected combined erm(B)–tet(O)–ant(6)-Ia at the identical contig in each WGS. ICEfinder detected ICEs belonging to the same contigs, which contained erm(B)–tet(O)–ant(6)-Ia complete or partial sequences. Detection of putative ICEs using comparative genomic analysis was performed with identification of other streptococcal ICE resembling S. uberis ICEs. Using comparative genomic analysis (a reference WGS in NZ01 strain), putative ICE base size in UB37 isolate was 77,386-bp that was identical in other 13 isolates. Another similar streptococcal ICE was S. suis ICEnsui78–tet(O)–erm(B) mobile element. For ICE characterization in S. uberis with WGSs, a comparative genomic analysis is required with use of ICEfinder and other annotation tools.

Multiple regional outbreaks caused by global and local VIM-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae clones in Poland, 2006-2019.

This study was aimed at comprehensive genomic analysis of VIM-type carbapenemase-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae species complex (KpSC) in Poland. All non-duplicate 214 VIM-producing KpSC isolates reported in Poland in 2006-2019 were short-read sequenced and re-identified by the average nucleotide identity scoring. Their clonality/phylogeny was assessed by cgMLST and SNP in comparison with genomes from international databases. Serotypes, VIM-encoding integrons, resistomes, virulomes and plasmid replicons were identified by various bioinformatic tools. Structures of plasmids and genomic islands with VIM integrons were analysed for representative long-read sequenced isolates. The KpSC isolates were the second most prevalent VIM-positive Enterobacterales (23.1%) in Poland in 2006-2019, following Enterobacter spp. (40.1%). Their significance emerged in 2014 and then grew consequently, owing to eight regional outbreaks of K. pneumoniae sequence types (STs) ST437, ST147, ST15, ST277 and ST392. These carried different VIM integrons, mainly In238 and In916 types, located on IncFIB + IncHI2 (pNDM-MAR)-, IncA- or IncM-like plasmids, or clc-type integrative and conjugative elements. Despite relatedness of the outbreak clusters to isolates from other countries, e.g. Greece, Spain, Slovakia or Germany, most of them have apparently emerged on site by horizontal acquisition of resistance determinants from other species, including Enterobacter spp. and Pseudomonas spp. This work shows dynamic epidemiology of VIM-producing organisms, driven by a mix of circulation of different VIM-encoding elements, and parallel clonal spread of multiple organisms.

Политический риск: опыт операционализации понятия

Risk is an integral element of any management activity and is inevitably associated with political activity, of which it is an integral part. Willingness and ability to take risks is the most important feature of a leader. The desire to avoid risk or minimize it generates caution and anticipation; the willingness to disregard risk translates into recklessness. The antipodes of risk are indecision in one case, adventurism in the other. Both reduce the effectiveness of management. The task, therefore, is to combine risk with sober calculation. The article attempts to operationalize this concept. Attention is drawn to the ambiguity and internal inconsistency of political risk, which can become both a factor of breakthrough success and a cause of crushing failure. The subjects and objects of political risk are identified, the main factors and causes of risk are identified, and the main methods of its assessment are given. The existing approaches to risk classification are considered. The reasons for the occurrence of a risky situation are being clarified: uncertainty, the need for choice, lack of information and time for its processing. The applied meaning of the concept of political risk is considered: it acts as a methodological basis for the formation of an informed attitude to risk and an understanding of the need to manage it.

Analysis of the genetic features of the structural organization of integrative conjugative (ICE) elements of Vibrio cholerae strains of various origins

BACKGROUND: Integrative conjugative elements (ICE) make a significant contribution to the spread of bacterial antibiotic resistance genes among cholera pathogen strains. However, at the moment there are no unified methods for typing ICE elements that allow analyzing a large number of genomes. AIM: The aim of the study was to conduct a comparative analysis of the genetic organization and identify features in the structure of integrative conjugative (ICE) elements with the development of new methods for automating their rapid typing in genome-wide sequencing data, followed by the study of a representative collection of genomes of V. cholerae strains of various origins. METHODS: The work uses data from genome-wide sequencing (WGS) of toxigenic (ctxAB+tcpA+) 120 strains of V. cholerae O1 El Tor obtained on the MiSeq platform (Illumina, USA) and MinIon (Oxford Nanopore, UK), and from the NCBI databases (1887 strains) and the European Nucleotide Archive (441 strains). The software for detecting and typing the ICE element is developed in the Java programming language, version 11.0.13 and is located at http://antiplague.ru/ice-genotyper/. RESULTS: A comparative analysis of ICE elements in toxigenic strains of cholera vibrions was carried out. An algorithm for typing ICE elements based on their genetic composition is proposed. Analysis of the genome collection of V. cholerae strains revealed three previously undescribed ICE elements, designated as ICEVchRus1, ICEVchHai3 and ICEVchLaos. Discussion. The distribution of various types of ICE elements in Russia and the world has been studied. It is shown that some variants of ICE elements, despite their almost identical composition, have different designations in the world literature.

Influence of civil legal proceedings’ principles on judgement’s justification within civil judiciary

The author of the article studies the problem of the influence of civil legal proceedings’ principles on a judgement’s justification within civil judiciary. The specified legal problem remains relevant, since the issue of the obligation to provide reasons in a judgement during the administration of justice within civil legal proceedings is not fully resolved. The historically formed relationship between the principles of civil legal proceedings and the need to provide reasons in a judgement has been analyzed. It has been concluded that the principles of civil legal proceedings are historically dynamic by their legal nature and are constantly evolving, as a result their legal basis is constantly being changed. At the same time, a judgement’s justificationremains an integral component of a legal court decision, despite the lack of legislative consolidation. The author has carried out a comparison of the principles of civil legal proceedings with a judgement’s justification as a mandatory component of any decision within civil judiciary. The influence of the principles of judicial proceedings on the evolutionary nature of motives in court decisions and establishment of their bindingness has been clearly demonstrated. The author of the article has analyzed and highlighted the mechanism of influence of the principles of civil legal proceedings on a judgement’s justification and the resulting consequences. Moreover, the author has analyzed the direct interaction of the rule of law as a theoretical and practical category and the fundamental principle of the rule of law with a judgement’s justification as an integral element of a fair and legal court decision within civil judiciary. It has been concluded that the rule of law as a principle of civil legal proceedings had been already incorporated in the requirement of a judgement’s justification and is its component. A number of works have been studied where scholars reveal the content of the principles of civil legal proceedings and determine their role in the implementation of effective justice within civil judiciary. However, the author draws attention that the issues of a judgement’s justification as its mandatory component in terms of the absence of regulatory consolidation in civil procedural legislation of Ukraine are insufficiently revealed in the works of researchers. It has been noted in the article that the studies, which consider the interaction of the principles of civil legal proceedings with a judgement’s justification are very rare and do not reflect the entire essence of the existing legal problem. At the same time, this paper has illustrated in details the modern influence of the principles of civil legal proceedings on a judgement’s justification. In particular, we support the opinions of scholars regarding the impossibility of implementing a judgement both without proper justification and without observing the principles of civil proceedings. Thus, the author has concluded that every principle of civil legal proceedings is an integral component of a judgement’s justification. The specified both explains the existing relationship between the application of the principles of civil legal proceedings and the effective administration of justice and demonstrates the achievement of the tasks of civil judiciary.

Artificial Intelligence Tools for Preservation and Popularization of Cultural Heritage

The purpose of the study is to analyze the possibilities of using artificial intelligence tools for the preservation and popularization of cultural heritage, as well as to study their impact on the efficiency of cultural institutions, such as libraries, museums and archives. Research methods. The work uses an interdisciplinary approach, which includes: analysis of modern AI technologies, such as natural language processing (NLP), computer vision and deep learning algorithms, as well as a review of cases of using artificial intelligence in cultural institutions, in particular the HYPERION project. Scientific novelty. The work systematizes data on the implementation of artificial intelligence technologies in cultural institutions for the first time, focusing on their impact on the preservation of digital resources. New aspects of the use of artificial intelligence have been identified, in particular for the automated creation of metadata, the restoration of damaged historical objects and the development of interactive exhibitions based on augmented and virtual reality. Conclusions. Artificial intelligence is becoming an integral element of modern cultural institutions. Its use contributes to the automation of cataloguing and digitization processes; increasing the accuracy of search systems and the relevance of results; creating innovative approaches to interacting with the audience through virtual tours and personalized recommendations. Despite significant advantages, it remains important to take into account ethical challenges, in particular ensuring the authenticity and confidentiality of data. The integration of AI into cultural heritage management has significant potential for its preservation and popularization, which makes culture accessible to a wider audience and ensures its adaptation to the needs of modern society.

The genesis of the establishment and development of the legal profession in the Ukrainian territories during the Lithuanian and Austrian Rule

The article is devoted to the study of the formation and development of the legal profession in the Ukrainian territories during the period of Lithuanian and Austrian rule. It is established that when Ukrainian lands became part of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, the legal norms in force on its territory not only streamlined the judicial process, but also gave the prosecutor’s activity a labor character, transforming it into a profession. With the development of municipal self-government, in particular Magdeburg law, prosecutorial activity began to acquire a formalized framework, and with the introduction of the Lithuanian statutes, the legal status of prosecutors was enshrined in the highest legal acts. Despite certain shortcomings, the institution of judicial intercession was firmly rooted in the judicial process and became an integral element of the democratization of the judicial system in the Ukrainian territories in the fourteenth and sixteenth centuries. During the period when the Ukrainian territories were under the rule of the Austrian monarchs, the legal profession was regulated in accordance with Austrian law, providing a clear regulatory framework for the functioning of the Bar. Austrian legal acts defined the conditions for admission to the bar, the duties of attorneys and their liability, contributing to the formation of high standards for the personality of an attorney. The rigorous selection of applicants not only ensured that attorneys provided quality services, but also contributed to strengthening the authority of the bar in society, increasing confidence in it as an institution that performs a special social function, defending the rights and interests of citizens. As a result, the Bar of that time gradually gained public recognition, becoming an important factor in the legal life of the country and a significant social force. It is established that during the nineteenth century, the role of an attorney-at-law went beyond the traditional advocacy in court: attorneys-at-law provided legal advice, facilitated the settlement of legal transactions, and explained to citizens their rights and opportunities in the context of current legislation. In this way, lawyers contributed to the dissemination of legal knowledge and the formation of legal awareness in society. During the Austrian rule, the practice of law became the foundation for the observance of the rights and freedoms of Ukrainians, subjects of the Empire, and strengthened the level of public trust in legal institutions in the Ukrainian territories.

Emergence of T4SS-type-ICE-carrying emm28 Streptococcus pyogenes causing invasive infection in Shanghai, China.

Invasive group A streptococcal (iGAS) infections have been rising in Europe, Australia, and the USA, but few data from China are available. This study was intended to provide local data to mirror the characteristics of iGAS infections in China. Retrospective analysis was performed on the clinical data of the iGAS infections during 2014-2023 in a tertiary hospital in Shanghai, China. Genomic analysis was conducted to characterize the antimicrobial resistance, virulence, prophage, integrative and conjugative elements (ICEs), and phylogenetic clusters. During 2014-2023, a total of 21 iGAS cases were discovered, with soft tissue infections accounting for 61.9% (13/21) and 85.7% (18/21) of isolates resistant to both erythromycin and clindamycin. Three iGAS isolates in 2023 were performed genome sequencing, indicating two were emm12 and one was emm28. Phylogenetic analysis showed that the two emm12 isolates were assigned to Clade II and closely related with Chinese scarlet fever-causing isolates. The emm28 isolate was assigned to the subclades of SC1A and discovered to possess a novel ICE (designated as ICE-SHemm28; Tn916-like), which carried ermB gene and type IV secretion system (T4SS). Emergence of the emm28 iGAS strain harboring a novel macrolide resistance-carrying T4SS-type ICE was identified in invasive infections in Shanghai.