Integrated DC-DC Converter Research Articles

A Three-Port DC-DC Converter with Partial Power Regulation for a Photovoltaic Generator Integrated with Energy Storage

A novel integrated DC-DC converter is proposed for the first stage of two-stage grid connected photovoltaic (PV) systems with energy storage systems. The proposed three-port converter (TPC) consists of a buck–boost converter, interposed between the battery storage system and the DC-AC inverter, in series with PV modules. The buck–boost converter in the proposed TPC is utilized for maximum power point tracking by regulating two power switches. The output power of the proposed converter is regulated by controlling the DC-AC converter. During the battery-charging mode, partial power regulation is employed with a direct power flow path (the series-connection of the PV panel, the battery and the output). As resistances in this path are almost negligible, the power conversion efficiency is higher than existing topologies. During battery-discharging mode, the power conversion is processed through a buck–boost converter with only two active power switches and one inductor. With fewer components, higher power conversion efficiency is also achieved. The circuit operation and analysis are presented in detail. To illustrate the simplicity of the converter control, the performance of the converter is tested with a straightforward maximum power point tracking on a PV system with battery cells. Simulation and experimental tests are carried out to demonstrate circuit operation and power conversion efficiency.

Optimised linear active disturbance rejection control of multiport-isolated DC-DC converter for hydrogen energy storage system integration

Hydrogen energy storage systems are becoming increasingly accepted owing to their environmental friendliness. The efficiency and performance of these systems largely depend on the attributes of their power electronic interface systems. Among the promising solutions is a multiport-isolated DC-DC converter with characteristics of reduced component count, fewer conversion stages, and galvanic isolation. However, this system presents a challenge due to its inherent cross-coupling effect, complicating precise control. To address this, linear active disturbance rejection control (LADRC) is a viable option, leveraging dynamic/disturbance properties observed by linear extended state observers. LADRC serves as a decoupling controller, mitigating the cross-coupling effect. However, LADRC has several gains, and selecting them can be a difficult task, often requiring manual tuning. To streamline this process, this paper proposes utilising particle swarm optimisation to determine the optimum gains of LADRC. By employing this approach, the implementation of LADRC is facilitated with reduced design efforts while ensuring effective decoupling control within the system. Simulations are conducted to validate the performance of the optimised gain LADRC.

Grid Tied Electric Vehicle Charging Station by Bidirectional PV Based High Gain Integrated DC-DC Converter

In the escalating concerns over carbon emissions from traditional fossil fuel vehicles, which contribute significantly to environmental degradation through phenomena like global warming and climate change, electric vehicles (EVs) have emerged as a compelling solution due to their emission free nature. This paper proposes the establishment of a grid connected electric vehicle charging station, powered by a cutting edge bidirectional PV based high-gain integrated DC-DC Cuk Landsman converter which shows 93.4 % efficiency, aimed at ensuring swift and efficient EV charging processes. To enhance dynamic performance, a Cascaded Fuzzy Controller (CFC) technique is implemented which shows 89.4 % accuracy. This technique enables rapid responses for error compensation, thereby improving the converter’s dynamic performance indices. The converter plays a pivotal role by adeptly converting the low and unregulated DC voltage generated by the PV system into a stable output at the requisite voltage level, all while attaining unity power factor and minimizing total harmonic distortion (THD). Grid synchronization is meticulously ensured through the implementation of an adaptive proportional integral (PI) controller for a single phase voltage source inverter (VSI), which meticulously compares reference power with actual power. This process ensures seamless integration with the grid, meeting stringent standards. Furthermore, an LC filter is deployed to effectively mitigate current harmonics around the switching frequency, ensuring compliance with grid regulations.

Impact of Weight Functions on Performance of Three-Input Integrated Dc-Dc Converter in H ∞ Control

Many power electronic systems applications namely locomotives, hybrid electric vehicles, and all renewable energy sourced systems are shifting towards Multi-Input Multi-Output (MIMO) integrated DC-DC converters due to their reliability and flexible nature. Designing controllers for MIMO integrated DC-DC converter is complicated due to its integrated structure, presence of common elements, and interactions between the input and output variables of the converter. In this work, a Three-Input Integrated DC-DC (TIID) converter is modeled using state-space analysis, and a Transfer Function Matrix (TFM) is acquired from the small signal continuous time model. A robust controller based on the loop shaping method is designed for the TIID converter. In this loop-shaping method, the desired robustness and the performance of the controller are represented with weight functions i.e., loop-shaping filters. These weight functions are designed using TFM and are frequency-dependent. The robustness of the controller depends on the weight function parameters. The effect of varying the parameters of the weight functions on system dynamics, robustness, and performance are studied and plotted. TIID converter of 288 W, 24V-30V-36V to 48 V is considered and the impact of weight function on closed-loop system dynamics and sensitivity characteristics under varying parameter conditions are analyzed in MATLAB Environment.

Implementation of Non-Isolated High Gain Interleaved DC-DC Converter for Fuel Cell Electric Vehicle Using ANN-Based MPPT Controller

A high conversion ratio DC-DC converter is crucial for fuel cell electric vehicles (FCEV). A fuel cell-based non-isolated high gain integrated DC-DC converter for electric vehicles is proposed in this paper. The system comprises an interleaved boost converter (IBC) at the source end, a switched capacitor cell, coupled inductors, a passive clamp circuit, and a voltage multiplier circuit (VMC). Its significance is to achieve the voltage conversion gain of 12.33 at a conversion ratio of 0.45. The idea is to use a proton exchange membrane fuel cell to power electric vehicles through a high-gain DC-DC converter. The use of an ineffective MPPT can result in lower energy conversion efficiency. Thus, this system incorporates a maximum power point tracking (MPPT) controller based on a neural network, which relies on the radial basis function network (RBFN) algorithm to track the maximum power point of the PEMFC accurately. The comparative study of the fuel cell electric vehicle (FCEV) structure with the RBFN-based MPPT technique was evaluated with that of the fuzzy logic technique using the MATLAB/Simulink platform (R2021b (MATLAB 9.11)). A 1.5 kW experimental prototype is designed with a switching frequency of 10 kHz to validate the design analysis, and its pursuance is compared between RBFN and FLC-based controllers. This manuscript will be a significant contribution towards evidencing a sustainable environment.

Practical Aspects for Analog Compensators Design in Integrated DC–DC Converters

Practical Aspects for Analog Compensators Design in Integrated DC–DC Converters

Design Challenges of Fully Integrated DC-DC Converters for Modern Power Delivery Architectures

Design Challenges of Fully Integrated DC-DC Converters for Modern Power Delivery Architectures

Multi-Functional Integrated DC-DC Converter for Electric Vehicles

Multi-Functional Integrated DC-DC Converter for Electric Vehicles

Impact of Discrete-Time Modeling on Dual Input Buck-SEPIC Converter

This paper addresses aspects of a two-input Buck-SEPIC dc-dc converter. This integrated DC-DC converter processes power from two sources, two switches, and four different energy storage elements. The designed converter is processing 48 volts from two sources Vg1 = 36 V and Vg2 = 60 V. The transfer function modeling of this converter plays an important role in addressing several crucial aspects like optimal parameter design, controller design, stability, and robustness issues. Here, two types of transfer function modeling aspects are considered: continuous-time and discrete-time. The discrete-time transfer function is derived by considering trailing-edge as well as leading-edge digital pulse-width modulation scheme (DPWM) and for each of these cases time-delays in the control loop are also included. The designed converter parameters L1, L2, C1, and C2 are based on the design equations. The transfer functions are obtained in continuous-time and discrete-time for the TI-BS converter in the MATLAB environment. The experimental validation of the TI-BS dc-dc converter is performed through Hardware in Loop (HIL) using the real-time environment of the OPAL RT. For TIBS converter polezero configurations and frequency response characteristics are plotted. Using these plots important characteristics related to the deviation in phase angle of frequency response at higher frequencies due to RHP zeros are observed. The simulation studies are performed considering a 36 V / 60 V to 48 V, 500 W, prototype, DC power distribution system. The detailed modeling aspects in continuous-time as well as in discrete time are discussed considering a two-input Buck-SEPIC converter. The mathematical derivations of four different transfer function matrices using discrete-time modeling (trailing-edge and leading-edge modulation) are discussed in detail along with timing diagrams considering interval-1 and interval-2 sampling. The frequency response of the TI-BS dc-dc converter is affected when it is modeled using the discrete-time models and such frequency response deviation in phase response is observed for the TI-BS converter. The nonminimum phase response of this converter is shown using the Bode frequency response in the MATLAB environment and verified using the pole-zero map.

VSI Controller Integrated DC-DC Converter for Electrical Vehicle Charging System in PV Solar Grid

With the increased use of electric vehicle (EV) vehicles, the deployment of EV charging stations has also increased. Various topologies are adopted to deploy EV charging stations to use available energy efficiently. In most EV charging stations, photovoltaic (PV) systems are integrated to reduce power usage from the main source and utilize the naturally available energy. Mostly, the PV systems are integrated into the EV-charging stations through grid control which reduces the power consumption and requirement to a significant extent. However, these systems can be further optimized by implementing DC-DC converters and voltage source inverter (VSI) controllers, which improves power usage efficiency and helps integrate PV systems into the EV charging stations. This paper proposes an efficient EV charging station model charged through both PV and primary source through DC-DC converter and VSI controllers for intelligent utilization of the available energy. The proposed system is compared with an existing system, and the results are verified. Matlab is used to simulate it, and the findings are well discussed. The outcome show that the proposed model makes efficient use of the available energy with a steady current and voltage output and minimum total harmonic distortions in the system.

Simulation optimal and design of 3-kW DC-DC converter for pure electric vehicles

There are significant differences between pure electric vehicles and traditional fuel vehicles. High-power converters are required to meet the increased energy consumption requirements of loads within pure electric vehicles. A high-power integrated DC-DC converter is designed to meet the requirements of pure electric vehicles. First, the characteristics of LLC resonant converters are analyzed, and a fuzzy adaptive PID frequency conversion phase-shift soft switching control strategy is proposed. Second, the fuzzy controller is designed based on the MATLAB toolbox based on the characteristics of electric vehicle converters. Then, in order to further improve the efficiency of the converter, a planar transformer is proposed and optimized. It is found that with the increase in the switching frequency, the loss is smaller, which is more conducive to improving the efficiency. Simulation results show that zero-voltage switching and zero-current switching can be realized by using the proposed control strategy, and experimental results show that the proposed strategy is significantly more efficient under non-heavy-load conditions. The minimum and maximum efficiency values are 92% and 97.38%, respectively. The high-power converter ensures the normal operation of the load of pure electric vehicles. This work provides a method for developing high-power DC-DC converters and improving efficiency.

Interaction measures in a three input integrated DC-DC converter

For the Three-Input Integrated Dc-Dc (TIID) Converter, due to integrated structure and presence of common elements, each controlling input variable affects the three controlled output variables, and gives rise to interactions which make controlling difficult. Thus, to know the behavior of the converter and also to design the controller for three-input integrated dc-dc converter, it is necessary to quantify the interactions beforehand. This quantification helps to address pairing problem of integrated converter. Interactions of this integrated dc-dc converter are quantified using dc gain based and energy-based interaction measures. These are Relative Gain Array (RGA), Participation Matrix (PM), Hankel Interaction Index Array (HIIA), and H2 Norm-based Interaction Array (H2NIA). To quantify these interactions, a three-input dc-dc converter of 400 W, 24 V-30 V-36 V to 48 V is considered and the interactions are quantified in the MATLAB environment. The Hardware In Loop (HIL) environment of the OPAL RT simulator OP4510 is used to obtain the experimental results.

Design and Implementation of Embedded Controller-Based Energy Storage and Management System for Remote Telecom

The source of energy extracted in renewable form has turned out to be a primary mainstream energy source, especially in the telecom sectors. Rapid growth of renewable sources has led to telecom operators concentrating more on designing the system with appropriate energy storage elements, providing control facilities, improving system efficiency and verifying uninterrupted power supplies. Therefore, this paper gives a novel approach of utilizing embedded control in energy generation consisting of a solar-wind hybrid energy system placed in isolated areas. For the purpose of integration of wind, together with the solar energy sources, into an increasingly efficient system, a single Cuk-Luo integrated DC-DC converter has been put forward. The proposed system has been modeled using MATLAB/Simulink and verified under various combinations of solar-wind energy sources without compromising the required power. In order to verify the proposed Cuk-Luo integrated converter with the energy management controller system, a prototype hardware is implemented and tested.

Integrated Multiport DC-DC and Multilevel Converters for Multiple Renewable Energy Source Integration

Integrated Multiport DC-DC and Multilevel Converters for Multiple Renewable Energy Source Integration

Analysis and Optimizations of Power Grid Network Accuracy and Efficiency

We propose a method to power specific areas of a large-scale integrated circuit, such as the core of a system-on-chip (SoC), at a voltage higher than VDD. The voltage drops with the current flowing through the power grid, resulting in I2R losses in the on-chip power circulation. This new concept for VLSI devices is based on the commercial distribution system of long-distance power transmission companies. Our design reduces the voltage to VDD levels with an integrated DC-DC converter located near the core, like how electrical systems rely on transformers. The efficiency of a distribution matrix is the percentage of total power taken from the power source and delivered to the loads (cores). We obtained the grid from data for a commercial DC/DC converter. This paper also discusses the need for highly efficient DC/DC converters that can be integrated on chip. As state-of-the-art semiconductors become smaller and smaller, silicon process variations continue to occur and affect the performance of the chip. One of the most critical steps is worst-case voltage variations that cause inductive fluctuations. Therefore, pinpointing hotspots across the power matrix network is critical to effectively utilize the right computing environment for design verification and appropriate strategies.

An Integrated Boost-Sepic Higher Static Gain DC-DC Converter for Photovoltaic (PV) Based Micro-Grid Application

A new circuit topology is designed for a DC-DC converter. The proposed converter employs a single power switch which integrates a conventional boost with a single-ended primary inductor converter (SEPIC) for photovoltaic (PV) panels. A prototype is developed and implemented for 105 V DC output from 9 V DC input. The performance of the proposed topology was validated using theoretical and practical verification. The results indicated a higher voltage gain of 11.67, low duty-cycle of 0.82 and reduced voltage stress across the components of about 54 V. The circuit can be used for PV panels and other renewable energy resources that require a DC-DC voltage step-up conversion ratio.

A High-Efficiency Double-Side Silicon- Embedded Inductor for Integrated DC–DC Converter Applications

In this brief, a novel double-side silicon-embedded coreless inductor is proposed and demonstrated for integrated dc-dc converter applications. The inductor has double-side thick windings embedded into the silicon substrate and connected in parallel. Extremely large effective metal thickness of 300 μm can, therefore, be achieved. Consequently, the 0.8 mm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> inductor fabricated shows a low dc resistance of 42 mΩ. A large inductance to dc resistance ratio of 0.4 nH/ mΩ is then achieved with an inductance over 16.1 nH. The calculated peak effective inductor efficiency is 96.1% for 1.8-0.85 V, 100 MHz dc-dc conversion.

A PVA Integrated DC-DC Converter with Feedback Loop Control

This paper gives the detail information about “A PVA integrated DC-DC converter with feedback loop control”. The output voltage from the PV Array is controlled in this by using feedback loop system. The MATLAB simulations results show that the output voltage is stable.

A 2.3-GHz Fully Integrated DC–DC Converter Based on Electromagnetically Coupled Class-D LC Oscillators Achieving 78.1% Efficiency in 22-nm FDSOI CMOS

This letter introduces a fully integrated DC-DC converter based on electromagnetically coupled class-D LC oscillators featuring on-chip stacked 8-shaped transformers in a 22nm FDSOI CMOS process. The GHz-range resonant frequency of the proposed converter enables high integration of the passive components, achieving up to 3.2W/mm2 power density. The on-chip 8-shaped stacked transformers reach 16.9 quality factor and 0.91 coupling coefficient, demonstrating 78.1% converter efficiency. Furthermore, the twisted nature of the 8-shaped transformers introduces a magnetic field cancellation mechanism that minimizes the parasitic coupling between the transformers, saving 25% area in one single converter unit and 47% in the converter array, with respect a spiral transformer implementation. In addition, the field intensity is reduced by 27dB outside of the transformer borders compared with a spiral implementation, which helps to mitigate issues such as parasitic magnetic coupling with neighbouring circuits and EMI.

Multi-Port DC-DC and DC-AC Converters for Large-Scale Integration of Renewable Power Generation

Numerous research studies on high capacity DC-DC converters have been put forward in recent years, targeting multi-terminal medium-voltage direct current (MVDC) and high-voltage direct current (HVDC) systems, in which renewable power plants can be integrated at both medium-voltage (MV) and high-voltage (HV) DC and AC terminals; hence, leading to complex hybrid AC-DC systems. Multi-port converters (MPCs) offer the means to promote and accelerate renewable energy and smart grids applications due to their increased control flexibilities. In this paper, a family of MPCs is proposed in order to act as a hybrid hub at critical nodes of complex multi-terminal MVDC and HVDC grids. The proposed MPCs provide several controllable DC voltages from constant or variable DC or AC voltage sources. The theoretical analysis and operation scenarios of the proposed MPC are discussed and validated with the aid of MATLAB-SIMULINK simulations, and further corroborated using experimental results from scale down prototype. Theoretical analysis and discussions, quantitative simulations, and experimental results show that the MPCs offer high degree of control flexibilities during normal operation, including the capacity to reroute active or DC power flow between any arbitrary AC and DC terminals, and through a particular sub-converter with sufficient precision. Critical discussions of the experimental results conclude that the DC fault responses of the MPCs vary with the topology of the converter adopted in the sub-converters. It has been established that a DC fault at high-voltage DC terminal exposes sub-converters 1 and 2 to extremely high currents; therefore, converters with DC fault current control capability are required to decouple the healthy sub-converters from the faulted one and their respective fault dynamics. On the other hand, a DC fault at the low-voltage DC terminal exposes the healthy upper sub-converter to excessive voltage stresses; therefore, sub-converters with bipolar cells, which possess the capacity for controlled operation with variable and reduced DC voltage over wide range are required. In both fault causes, continued operation without interruption to power flow during DC fault is not possible due to excessive over-current or over-voltage during fault period; however, it is possible to minimize the interruption. The above findings and contributions of this work have been further elaborated in the conclusions.