Integrated Control Research Articles

A control method for the single-phase three-leg unified power quality conditioner without a phase-locked loop

The single-phase three-leg unified power quality conditioner (UPQC) can achieve the functions of voltage compensation, reactive power compensation, and harmonic compensation. However, traditional control algorithms require a phase-locked loop to obtain the real-time phase angle of the grid voltage, which undoubtedly increases algorithm complexity. To simplify the phase-locked calculation, this paper proposes a control method without the phase-locked loop for the single-phase three-leg UPQC. In the proposed scheme, the instantaneous value of the grid voltage is employed to realize the grid integration control. Then, the load voltage reference is calculated in real time using a second-order generalized integrator. Moreover, a simple algorithm for reactive power and harmonic compensation is discussed, further simplifying the control algorithm. Finally, a small-scale experimental platform is built, and the effectiveness of the proposed method is verified by the experimental results.

The Transformation of the New Media Communication Paradigm in the Metaverse Era and Blockchain Based on the Topological Characteristics of Information Communication

Keeping pace with the times, this paper analyzes and interprets the concept, characteristics of Metaverse, and its influence on new media communication. Based on this, under the topological characteristics of information communication, this paper discusses the transformation of new media communication paradigm in the metaverse era and models the prediction of new media information dissemination in metaverse. In this paper, the multi-agent modeling method is used to analyze and compare the evolution results of each agent attribute under different parameter values. At the same time, based on the ideal social media network, the improved integrated immune control strategy is applied to the dynamic model of epidemic (SEIR) with latent period, and the spreading and evolution process of rumors before and after immunization is simulated. This research has both theoretical value and practical application value, which can provide a useful reference for the follow-up research of new media communication.

Integrated control strategy for the vibration mitigation of wind turbines based on pitch angle control and TMDI systems

Modern wind turbines are becoming taller and more slender to gather wind energy more efficiently and are increasingly installed in complex environments. Consequently, the new generations of wind turbines are prone to vibration-related problems, making the development of vibration control strategies important. Various pitch angle control methods and dynamic vibration absorbers (DVAs) have been proposed recently to reduce the aerodynamic forces and structural responses of wind turbines. However, these approaches are often implemented independently, limiting the effectiveness of the overall control strategy. In this paper, pitch angle control and DVAs are integrated to improve the performance of wind turbines in a complex environment. Firstly, a simplified eight degree-of-freedoms (DOFs) model of the wind turbine is developed using Lagrange’s Equation, and the wind turbine is linearized at specific operating points. The NREL 5MW wind turbine is taken as a benchmark model with strategies based on a proportional–integral (PI) pitch controller. Secondly, the pitch angle of each blade is adjusted by the combination of disturbance accommodating control (DAC) and linear quadratic gaussian (LQG) controller considering the wind speed disturbances. Additionally, the tuned mass damper with inerter (TMDI) is adopted to further suppress the structural vibrations. Thirdly, the passive and active methods of TMDl integrated with the pitch controller are investigated. Lastly, the effectiveness of the integrated control strategies is assessed when the wind turbines are subjected to earthquake and wind loads. The results indicate that combining active pitch control and TMDI can improve the power generation performance of wind turbines by reducing structural responses and damage-equivalent loads, and can also improve the power generation performance more effectively than when they are used separately.

A new perspective on anthropogenic nitrogen loss mitigation strategies: Integrated control via sustainable regional integration

Unregulated regional integrated development disrupts the reactive nitrogen (Nr) cycle, adding complexity to anthropogenic Nr environmental losses. The objective of this study was to establish a framework for mitigating anthropogenic Nr loss through a new regional integration perspective by analyzing anthropogenic Nr loss and integrated control strategies in the Yangtze River Delta (YRD) region from 2011 to 2020. The results revealed that the total Nr loss in the YRD ranged from 1780.7 to 1972.0 Gg N yr−1. Re-linking cropland and livestock is crucial for reducing Nr loss, as they act as the main sources of Nr loss. Spatial analysis at the regional scale revealed that regional integration has led to a dispersion of Nr loss, while uneven development among cities has resulted in a westward shift of 8.6 km in the Nr loss centroid, suggesting the need for the implementation of collaborative governance and integrated environmental regulation in the YRD. At the city scale, 27 cities were clustered into six types based on the similarity of Nr loss structural characteristics, allowing for the development of targeted reduction policies based on the specific Nr structural characteristics of each city. The results of driver and mitigation potential analysis indicated the feasibility of achieving the shared goal of sustainable regional integration and the application of optimal mitigation strategies in different cities and the YRD. Overall, the new-perspective framework established in this study provides valuable references for sustainable Nr management in the context of regional integration.

Voltage margin control for offshore multi-use platform integration

This paper discusses a multiterminal direct current (MTDC) connection proposed for integration of offshore multi-use platforms into continental grids. Voltage source converters (VSC) were selected for their suitability for multiterminal dc systems and for their flexibility in control. A five terminal VSC-MTDC which includes offshore generation, storage, loads and ac connection, was modeled and simulated in DigSILENT Power Factory software. Voltage margin method has been used for reliable operation of the MTDC system without the need of fast communication. Simulation results show that the proposed system was able to maintain constant dc voltage operation during fluctuations in the generation and changes in the demand. Moreover, it was able to secure power supply to passive loads during loss of a dc voltage regulating terminal and to perform a dispatch scheme where it is possible to buy, sell or store energy attending to the price in the electricity market

A flexible compensation device for single-phase-to-ground fault in distribution networks based on double-loop passivity-based control

Aiming at the problem that the existing single-phase-to-ground fault flexible compensation device has low compensation accuracy, long response time, and needs DC side power supply, a flexible compensation device based on double-loop passivity-based control is proposed. Firstly, the topology and working principle of the device are analyzed. And a compensation current distribution method of the bridge arm is proposed. Secondly, a double-loop passivity-based controller is designed. Finally, the proposed method is verified by MATLAB/Simulink software and 10 kV physical simulation system of distribution network. The comparisons between double-loop passivity-based control, passivity-based control, and proportional integration control is discussed. The result shows that the proposed method can accurately and rapidly compensate the fault current.

Design and experiment of high-field asymmetric waveform ion mobility spectrometry chip based on an integrated temperature control printed circuit board structure.

During the detection of volatile organic compounds (VOC) using high-field asymmetric waveform ion mobility spectrometry (FAIMS), the ambient temperature significantly impacts the accuracy of planar FAIMS. To mitigate the influence of ambient temperature on detection accuracy and enhance resolution, a FAIMS system based on the inner impedance characteristics of a printed circuit board (PCB) was designed for temperature control. This study, conducted under standard atmospheric pressure, aimed to assess the signal stability of a planar FAIMS instrument with and without temperature control, and the effect of temperature change on the detection ability of acetone, ethanol, and their mixture was studied using PCB self-heating. Experimental results demonstrated that the base noise in FAIMS with temperature control was 0.2pA, whereas that in FAIMS without temperature control was 1.8pA. Notably, with increasing temperature, the detection ability of FAIMS changes accordingly. The optimal relative detection ability of acetone was observed when the electrode plate was heated to 45°C under an electric field of 15 kV/cm. This study provides a novel approach to improve the resolving power of FAIMS systems and their signal-to-noise ratio. The utilization of a PCB-based temperature control proved effective in stabilizing FAIMS signal characteristics and optimizing detection capabilities, particularly for VOCs such as acetone. These findings have significant implications for improving the accuracy and resolving power of FAIMS systems in VOC detection applications.

Integrated control of anti-lock and regenerative braking for in-wheel-motor-driven electric vehicles

The in-wheel motor is increasingly used in electric vehicles due to the significantly improved controllability, response capability, and energy recovery efficiency based on this technology. However, the independent control of in-wheel motors will lead to braking torque distribution problems, especially in a situation where anti-lock braking systems (ABS) are triggered, which may cause the braking energy to be unrecoverable without the coordinated control between anti-lock and RB for two in-wheel motor-driven electric vehicles based on the RB efficiency map. Control-oriented wheel dynamics and slip ratio models of the system are generated. A sliding mode intervention of regenerative braking (RB) control. This paper presents an integrated algorithm to realize the control-based ABS controller is designed to prevent the wheels from locking and to maintain the slip ratio within a desired level, and the stability and robustness of the controller to uncertainties and disturbances are discussed. Moreover, the braking strength of the driver is calculated and divided into different modes to derive a dynamic braking torque distribution to improve the energy recovery efficiency. The hardware-in-the-loop simulation results show that the recovered energy of the proposed strategy under ABS-triggered maneuver is increased by 52.9% than that of the Proportional, Integral, and Derivative controller and can effectively improve the braking performance and stability.

Data-driven two-dimensional integrated control for nonlinear batch processes

Two-dimensional control has been considered as an effective strategy to accomplish high-accuracy tracking for batch processes because of its excellent learning ability and time-domain stability. However, being a model-based control method, the performance of the two-dimensional control system will inevitably decrease due to unknown uncertainties or unmodeled dynamics. In addition, the high computational cost and complex design process of the control system severely limit its application in batch processes. For this reason, this paper proposes a new data-driven two-dimensional integrated control (DDTDIC) method for nonlinear batch processes. In the presented control scheme, the P-type iterative learning control (ILC) is adopted along the batch-axis to ensure the convergence of the system, and the proportional-integral-differential (PID) control is used in the time-axis to reject the influence of real-time disturbance. The parameters of the PID controller are obtained by utilizing the virtual reference feedback tuning (VRFT) method. The entire design process of the control system only requires the input and output (I/O) data of the batch processes and does not depend on any explicit model information. The simulation results show that compared with the ILC and the two-dimensional control, the presented control method not only has faster convergence speed and smaller tracking error, but also the computational efficiency is improved by more than 40% and 50% respectively.

Ralstonia solanacearum differentially modulates soil physicochemical properties and rhizospheric bacteriome of resistant and susceptible tobacco cultivars

Ralstonia solanacearum is a devastating soilborne pathogen which poses significant yield and economic losses to tobacco production globally. The impact of R. solanacearum on rhizosphere bacteriome and soil physicochemical characteristics in resistant and susceptible tobacco cultivars is poorly understood. This study aims to determine the effect of R. solanacearum on soil physicochemical parameters and rhizosphere bacteriome of resistant (K326) and susceptible (Hongda) tobacco cultivars at various growth stages. Results demonstrated that the contents of available potassium and phosphorus, as well as soil pH were significantly increased in K326 soils (CK and T2) compared with Hongda (T1) after 21, 42, and 63 days post-inoculation (dpi) of R. solanacearum except for available nitrogen which showed an opposite trend. The qPCR results showed a significant decrease in R. solanacearum population in rhizosphere of K326 (T2) compared to the Hongda (T1) at 21 and 63 dpi than that after 42 dpi. The rhizosphere bacteriome analysis through 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing revealed that rhizosphere bacterial community composition was significantly different between two tobacco cultivars (Hongda and K326) and this effect was more prominent after 63 dpi (93 days after post-transplantation), suggesting that each cultivar recruits a unique set of bacterial communities. There was no obvious difference observed in the rhizosphere bacteriome of CK (K326) and T2 (K326), which might be attributed to the same genetic makeup and inherent resistance of K326 to bacterial wilt infection. Analysis of co-occurrence networks revealed that the microbial network in T1 (Hongda) was more complex than those in T2 (K326) and CK (K326), while the networks in CK and T2 were almost identical. The present research highlights the time-course relationship between environmental factors and rhizosphere bacteriome of tobacco cultivars showing different levels of resistance against R. solanacearum. Conclusively, studying the plant-soil-microbe interaction system in susceptible and resistant tobacco cultivars may enable us to develop effective integrated disease control plans for the healthy production of tobacco crops.

High performance DFB laser array combiner enabled by all-dielectric metalens array

Metalens have the advantages of ultra-thin, low loss, easy integration and flexible phase control mechanism, which have attracted intensive attention in the field of on-chip photonic chips. By designing Si nanocylinder meta-atom on SiO2 substrate, the structure size is optimized to achieve the optimal light transmittance and phase change covers the range of 2π. In order to achieve the effect of coupling Distributed Feedback Laser (DFB) array into a fiber, it is necessary to accurately arrange the above optimized Si nanocylinder according to a certain phase profile to achieve the effect of off-axis focusing. Here, we designed an off-axis focusing metalens array to efficiently couple the parallel 4-channel DFB laser array into the few-mode fiber (FMF), and the total coupling efficiency reaches 56.48 %. This result provides a new idea for compact, low loss on-chip light sources.

The New Public Integrity Management and the Protection of the Impartiality of Bureaucratic Decision-Making

The article argues that government organizations and the discipline of public administration should embrace a New Public Integrity Management (NPIM) to bridge the gap between advocates of external and internal public integrity controls on the behavior of public employees and contract government employees. The article argues that external and internal controls are important in maintaining public trust in government. This includes the management of the acceptance of gifts and private hospitality by government and contract government employees. The article traces the evolution of federal executive branch public integrity management and argues that the discipline of public administration has demonstrated a long-standing hostility towards external ethics controls due to early 20th-century divorce between law and administration. Of particular importance, the NPIM requires the adoption of a much broader definition of public corruption, which includes the conduct of private sector partners of government agencies responsible for the delivery of public goods and services paid for with public funds. Finally, the article argues that government ethics programs need to integrate moral reasoning education into their public integrity training programs and discuss criminal and administrative rules of conduct directed at protecting public confidence in the impartiality of bureaucratic decision-making.

The Past, Present and Future of Enterprise Resource Planning

Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) is a software system designed to facilitate the automation and management of essential business operations inside businesses, with the aim of achieving optimum performance. ERP software facilitates the integration and synchronization of data across various business processes inside an organization. This results in the establishment of a unified and reliable source of information, which in turn optimizes the efficiency and effectiveness of operations throughout the whole firm. The platform has the capability to integrate a company's human resource functions, financials, manufacturing, supply chain, operations, reporting and commerce into a unified system. The objective of this article is to provide a comprehensive examination of the historical progression and evolution of ERP systems, while also highlighting contemporary advancements facilitated by digital breakthroughs such as cloud computing. The research methodology used in this work included doing a comprehensive evaluation of scholarly literature sourced from academic publications as well as industry sources. The study revealed that ERP systems have undergone significant transformations compared to their predecessors, like MRP (material resource mapping) systems and IC (integrated control) packages. The ongoing transformations are seen in conjunction with the emergence of cloud computing and advancements in modern technologies such as artificial intelligence. Numerous scholarly publications have already examined the progression of Enterprise Resource Planning (ERPs). However, the distinctive value of this particular article lies in its comprehensive coverage of the latest advancements in the field, including debates on cloud-based ERPs and postmodern ERPs.

Enhancing angiogenesis in peri-implant soft tissue with bioactive silk fibroin microgroove coatings on zirconia surfaces.

Zirconia abutments and restorations have improved the aesthetic appeal of implant restoration, yet peri-implantitis poses a significant threat to long-term success. The soft tissue surrounding implants is a crucial biological barrier against inflammation and subsequent bone loss. Peri-implantitis, akin to periodontitis, progresses rapidly and causes extensive tissue damage. Variations in tissue structure significantly influence disease progression, particularly the lower vascular density in peri-implant connective tissue, compromising its ability to combat infection and provide essential nutrients. Blood vessels within this tissue are vital for healing, with angiogenesis playing a key role in immune defense and tissue repair. Enhancing peri-implant soft tissue angiogenesis holds promise for tissue integration and inflammation control. Microgroove surfaces have shown potential in guiding vessel growth, but using subtractive technologies to carve microgrooves on zirconia surfaces may compromise mechanical integrity. In this study, we utilized inkjet printing to prepare bioactive silk fibroin microgrooves (SFMG) coating with different sizes on zirconia surfaces. SFMG coating, particularly with 90 µm width and 10 µm depth, effectively directed human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) along microgrooves, promoting their proliferation, migration, and tube formation. The expression of vascular endothelial growth factor A and fibroblast growth factor in HUVECs growing on SFMG coating was upregulated. Additionally, the SFMG coating activated the PI3K-AKT pathway and increased glycolytic enzyme gene expression in HUVECs. In conclusion, SFMG coating enhances HUVEC growth and angiogenesis potential by activating the PI3K-AKT pathway and glycolysis, showing promise for improving tissue integration and mitigating inflammation in zirconia abutments and restorations.

A study protocol of a comparative mixed study of the T-Control catheter.

Foley catheters have been subject to limited development in the last few decades. They fulfil their basic function of draining urine from the bladder but cause other associated problems. T-Control is a new silicone Foley catheter with an integrated fluid control valve whose design aims to reduce the risks associated with bladder catheterization by a multifactorial approach. The general purpose of this study is to determine the effectiveness, comfort, and experience of the patient catheterized with T-Control® compared with patients with a conventional Foley catheter. This trial is a mixed-method study comprising a two-arm, pilot comparative study with random allocation to T-Control catheter or traditional Foley catheter in patients with long-term catheterization and a study with qualitative methodology, through discussion groups. The comfort and acceptability of the T-Control® device (qualitative) and the quality of life related to self-perceived health (quantitative) will be analysed as primary endpoints. As secondary endpoints, the following will be analysed: magnitude and rate of infections (symptomatic and asymptomatic); days free of infection; indication of associated antibiotic treatments; determination of biofilm; number of catheter-related adverse events; use of each type of catheterization's healthcare resources; and level of satisfaction and workload of health professionals. Eligible patients are male and female adults aged ≥18 years, who require a change of long-term bladder catheter. The estimated sample size is 50 patients. Patient follow-up includes both the time of catheter insertion and its removal or change 4 weeks later, plus the time until the discussion groups take place.

Reinforcement Learning-Based Integrated Control to Improve the Efficiency of DC Microgrids

The hierarchical control of the DC microgrid regulates the terminal voltages of the interfacing converter to achieve proportional load sharing and good voltage regulation at the DC bus. In doing so, the difference of the voltage at different nodes increases which results in higher circulating current and leads to higher losses. In this paper, a Reinforcement Learning Based Integrated Control (RLIC) is proposed which will minimize the circulating current and power losses in the transmission. The proposed RLIC consists of a primary and secondary controller. The primary controller is a robust sliding mode controller which receives the voltage references from secondary controller and regulates the terminal voltage and source current accordingly. The secondary control consists of a proportional integral control (PI), and a Deep Neural Network (DNN) surrogate model with implementation of Q-Learning as reinforcement method. A novel DNN based surrogate model uses the droop value from the PI controller and estimates the power loss and the local and global loading difference for a particular node, for a set of operating condition. This surrogate model is used by the Q-Learning based reinforcement technique which adjusts the droop constants and provide the voltage reference to primary controller to maintain load sharing and reduce the power losses, there-by leading to an improved overall efficiency. The proposed control structure is verified to improve efficiency while maintaining the load sharing and bus voltage regulation.

Research on Yaw Stability Control Strategy Based on Direct Slip Rate Allocation

This paper deals with the integrated control of trajectory tracking and yaw stability for autonomous vehicles. Firstly, a nonlinear vehicle dynamics model is established. The MPC algorithm was used to determine the best front wheel angle. The PID control algorithm is used to ensure the accuracy of longitudinal speed tracking. The sliding mode control algorithm is used to generate additional yaw moment and optimize the distribution of longitudinal tire force. In order to ensure the most effective distribution of the driving torque of the four wheels of the vehicle, the PID algorithm is used to track and manage the longitudinal slip rate of each tire on the bottom layer. Simulation tools such as MATLAB/Simulink and Carsim are used to verify the effectiveness of the multi-closed-loop integrated control technology. Compared with the general control strategy (no slip rate control), the trajectory error of this control algorithm is reduced by 55.6%, which indicates that it has advantages in obtaining a high tracking accuracy and ensuring the stability of autonomous vehicles.

STRUCTURE PARAMETER OF INTERFACIAL INTERACTION IN Cf/C COMPOSITES AND ITS CHANGE DURING PORE FORMATION PROCESS

The C<sub>f</sub>/C composite oxidation of polyacrylonitrile-based carbon fibers with a combined carbon matrix at 600°C up to a weight loss of 80 wt% has been investigated. The changes in the open porosity, specific surface area, apparent and true densities of the composite, as well as the ultimate strength and elastic modulus during three-point transverse bending tests have been analyzed. An analytical model for obtaining qualitative and semi-quantitative estimates of the change in integral pore size during oxidation of heterophase materials has been developed. The change in pore size is estimated through the evolution of open porosity P and materials specific surface area S. The model has been validated in the C<sub>f</sub>/C composite oxidation study. The composite's mechanical properties dependences on the value of the integral pore size are obtained and analyzed. The structural parameter P/S characterizes the change in the interphase interaction during pores formation and development. It is established that the failure mechanism depends on the value of the parameter P/S and dynamically changes with the oxidation of C<sub>f</sub>/C composite. The use of P/S parameter as a criterion for estimation and control of composite materials structural integrity in open systems is proposed.

Enhancing Bipolar DC Microgrid Resilience through Coordinated Control of Vehicle-Grid Integration and Renewable Energy Sources

Enhancing Bipolar DC Microgrid Resilience through Coordinated Control of Vehicle-Grid Integration and Renewable Energy Sources

A novel approach to intrusion detection using zero-shot learning hybrid partial labels

Computer networks have become the backbone of our interconnected world in today's technologically driven landscape. Unauthorized access or malicious activity carried out by threat actors to acquire control of network resources, exploit vulnerabilities, or undermine system integrity are examples of network intrusion. ZSL(Zero-Shot Learning) is a machine learning paradigm that addresses the problem of detecting and categorizing objects or concepts that were not present in the training data. . Traditional supervised learning algorithms for intrusion detection frequently struggle with insufficient labeled data and may struggle to adapt to unexpected assault patterns. In this article We have proposed a unique zero-shot learning hybrid partial label model suited to a large image-based network intrusion dataset to overcome these difficulties. The core contribution of this study is the creation and successful implementation of a novel zero-shot learning hybrid partial label model for network intrusion detection, which has a remarkable accuracy of 99.12%. The suggested system lays the groundwork for future study into other feature selection techniques and the performance of other machine learning classifiers on larger datasets. Such research can advance the state-of-the-art in intrusion detection and improve our ability to detect and prevent the network attacks. We hope that our research will spur additional research and innovation in this critical area of cybersecurity.