Integrated Control Strategy Research Articles

Impact of Electrocution on Shoot and Tuber Vitality of Yellow Nutsedge (Cyperus esculentus)

Cyperus esculentus is an invasive perennial sedge that can cause huge losses in arable crops. Current control strategies are based on combinations of cultural, mechanical, and chemical measures, repeated over years. Recent commercial releases of safe innovative electric weeders, offer promising alternative opportunities for controlling perennial weeds with high energy/high frequency electricity. To evaluate the effect of a single electrocution application on the efficacy of C. esculentus control, field experiments were performed in two locations in Belgium. Two electric weeding devices were evaluated: Zasso XP300, delivering a high-frequency, phased direct current (maximum voltage of 7000 V and maximum power output of 2000 W per square meter of green biomass, driving speeds between 1.1 and 3.0 km·h−1), and Rootwave Pro, delivering high-frequency alternating current (maximum voltage of 5000 V and power output between 7.5 and 10 kVA, treatment duration of 2 s). The impact of various technical (driving speed and voltage), biotic (clone and growth stage), and abiotic parameters on electrocution efficacy was evaluated. Plant responses to electrocution were evaluated by examining the vitality of treated C. esculentus mother tubers and shoots. Both devices were ineffective at mother tuber control, regardless of their burial depth (−5 cm to −15 cm), but were highly effective against aboveground shoots with reductions of vitality of up to 91% and 100% after a single pass with Zasso XP300 and Rootwave Pro, respectively. Maximum reductions were obtained when electricity was delivered at low speed (1.1 to 1.5 km·h−1) and on 5-leaf shoots without heat or water stress. Remarkably, the lowest efficacies were found on water-stressed soils at the time of application. Voltage had no effect on the degree of C. esculentus control. The efficacy of electricity was not affected by clone, irrespective of electric weeding device. Electrocution is a useful and effective control method within any integrated control strategy for controlling emerged shoots. However, as C. esculentus mother tubers are not affected by a single treatment, season-long repeated treatments are needed to exhaust the mother tubers.

Evolution of tetraspanin antigens in the zoonotic Asian blood fluke Schistosoma japonicum

BackgroundDespite successful control efforts in China over the past 60 years, zoonotic schistosomiasis caused by Schistosoma japonicum remains a threat with transmission ongoing and the risk of localised resurgences prompting calls for a novel integrated control strategy, with an anti-schistosome vaccine as a core element. Anti-schistosome vaccine development and immunisation attempts in non-human mammalian host species, intended to interrupt transmission, and utilising various antigen targets, have yielded mixed success, with some studies highlighting variation in schistosome antigen coding genes (ACGs) as possible confounders of vaccine efficacy. Thus, robust selection of target ACGs, including assessment of their genetic diversity and antigenic variability, is paramount. Tetraspanins (TSPs), a family of tegument-surface antigens in schistosomes, interact directly with the host’s immune system and are promising vaccine candidates. Here, for the first time to our knowledge, diversity in S. japonicum TSPs (SjTSPs) and the impact of diversifying selection and sequence variation on immunogenicity in these protiens were evaluated.MethodsSjTSP sequences, representing parasite populations from seven provinces across China, were gathered by baiting published short-read NGS data and were analysed using in silico methods to measure sequence variation and selection pressures and predict the impact of selection on variation in antigen protein structure, function and antigenic propensity.ResultsHere, 27 SjTSPs were identified across three subfamilies, highlighting the diversity of TSPs in S. japonicum. Considerable variation was demonstrated for several SjTSPs between geographical regions/provinces, revealing that episodic, diversifying positive selection pressures promote amino acid variation/variability in the large extracellular loop (LEL) domain of certain SjTSPs. Accumulating polymorphisms in the LEL domain of SjTSP-2, -8 and -23 led to altered structural, functional and antibody binding characteristics, which are predicted to impact antibody recognition and possibly blunt the host’s ability to respond to infection. Such changes, therefore, appear to represent a mechanism utilised by S. japonicum to evade the host’s immune system.ConclusionWhilst the genetic and antigenic geographic variability observed amongst certain SjTSPs could present challenges to vaccine development, here we demonstrate conservation amongst SjTSP-1, -13 and -14, revealing their likely improved utility as efficacious vaccine candidates. Importantly, our data highlight that robust evaluation of vaccine target variability in natural parasite populations should be a prerequisite for anti-schistosome vaccine development.Graphical abstract

Translating virome analyses to support biosecurity, on-farm management, and crop breeding.

Virome analysis via high-throughput sequencing (HTS) allows rapid and massive virus identification and diagnoses, expanding our focus from individual samples to the ecological distribution of viruses in agroecological landscapes. Decreases in sequencing costs combined with technological advances, such as automation and robotics, allow for efficient processing and analysis of numerous samples in plant disease clinics, tissue culture laboratories, and breeding programs. There are many opportunities for translating virome analysis to support plant health. For example, virome analysis can be employed in the development of biosecurity strategies and policies, including the implementation of virome risk assessments to support regulation and reduce the movement of infected plant material. A challenge is to identify which new viruses discovered through HTS require regulation and which can be allowed to move in germplasm and trade. On-farm management strategies can incorporate information from high-throughput surveillance, monitoring for new and known viruses across scales, to rapidly identify important agricultural viruses and understand their abundance and spread. Virome indexing programs can be used to generate clean germplasm and seed, crucial for the maintenance of seed system production and health, particularly in vegetatively propagated crops such as roots, tubers, and bananas. Virome analysis in breeding programs can provide insight into virus expression levels by generating relative abundance data, aiding in breeding cultivars resistant, or at least tolerant, to viruses. The integration of network analysis and machine learning techniques can facilitate designing and implementing management strategies, using novel forms of information to provide a scalable, replicable, and practical approach to developing management strategies for viromes. In the long run, these management strategies will be designed by generating sequence databases and building on the foundation of pre-existing knowledge about virus taxonomy, distribution, and host range. In conclusion, virome analysis will support the early adoption and implementation of integrated control strategies, impacting global markets, reducing the risk of introducing novel viruses, and limiting virus spread. The effective translation of virome analysis depends on capacity building to make benefits available globally.

Integration of Stand-Alone Controlled Active Power Filters in Harmonic Power Flow of Radial Distribution Networks

Utilization of active power filters (APFs) is the most efficient method to reduce harmonic pollution in distribution networks. Previous approaches utilized APFs in integrated control schemes based on broad data-gathering systems. Since a broad data-gathering system is not available in most practical distribution networks, previously proposed approaches may not readily be implemented. This paper presents the utilization of stand-alone controlled APFs (SACAPFs) in radial distribution networks. Utilizing APFs with a stand-alone control system decreases implementation costs and complexity by making them autonomous and independent of integrated control systems, which are complicated and expensive in practical applications. In this paper, a single SACAPF is modeled as a dependent current source where its injection current is equal in amplitude but opposite in phase compared to the harmonic content of the current passing through the point of common coupling (reference current). Due to the presence of both linear and nonlinear loads in the distribution network, the reference current changes after injection by SACAPF, so it is necessary to modify the injection current until reaching a constant value in the reference current. This is considered via an iterative procedure in the modeling scheme. Operation of multiple SACAPFs is handled using a backward procedure based on a priority list. Simulation results on an IEEE 18-bus test system show the proper operation of the stand-alone control systems for both single and multiple SACAPF implementation. Furthermore, optimal allocation of the proposed SACAPFs is performed in an IEEE 33-bus test network and a 9-bus test network, and the results are discussed and compared with the allocation of integrated control system APFs.

Model predictive control of stormwater basins coupled with real-time data assimilation enhances flood and pollution control under uncertainty

Smart stormwater systems equipped with real-time controls are transforming urban drainage management by enhancing the flood control and water treatment potential of previously static infrastructure. Real-time control of detention basins, for instance, has been shown to improve contaminant removal by increasing hydraulic retention times while also reducing downstream flood risk. However, to date, few studies have explored optimal real-time control strategies for achieving both water quality and flood control targets. This study advances a new model predictive control (MPC) algorithm for stormwater detention ponds that determines the outlet valve control schedule needed to maximize pollutant removal and minimize flooding using forecasts of the incoming pollutograph and hydrograph. Comparing MPC against three rule-based control strategies, MPC is found to be more effective at balancing between multiple competing control objectives such as preventing overflows, reducing peak discharges, and improving water quality. Moreover, when paired with an online data assimilation scheme based on Extended Kalman Filtering (EKF), MPC is found to be robust to uncertainty in both pollutograph forecasts and water quality measurements. By providing an integrated control strategy that optimizes both water quality and quantity goals while remaining robust to uncertainty in hydrologic and pollutant dynamics, this study paves the way for real-world smart stormwater systems that will achieve improved flood and nonpoint source pollution management.

Single-Phase H-Bridge Rectifier Fed High-Speed SRM System Based on Integrated Power Control

Traditionally, an uncontrollable diode bridge rectifier (DBR) is employed to supply the constant DC voltage for the asymmetric half-bridge (ASHB) converter fed switched reluctance motors (SRMs), which brings about inferior AC side power quality. In this article, a high-speed SRM drive system based on integrated power control scheme is proposed, which not only realizes the regulation of SRM but improves the AC side power quality. For the topology, a single-phase H-bridge rectifier and ASHB converter are connected in a cascade arrangement to form an AC-DC-DC converter to drive the SRM. For the control, the proposed integrated power control scheme governs the rectifier and SRM as one control unit in which stable motor speed and high AC side power factor are realized via regulating the input real and reactive power, respectively. Moreover, the proposed system has bi-directional power flow capability, which means the power can flow out of and into the AC side. Experiments are carried out to investigate the steady-state and dynamic performances of the proposed driving system. The experimental data and performance comparison confirm its effectiveness.

Studies on the Control of Dermanyssus gallinae via High-Voltage Impulse

Dermanyssus gallinae, a parasitic mite that subsists on the avian blood of chickens, poses a considerable threat to the poultry industry. D. gallinae infestation can result in a plethora of detrimental effects for the host birds, including decreased egg production and anemia. Pyrethroid pesticides have been the primary means of combating this issue and have demonstrated high levels of efficacy. However, in recent years, D. gallinae has exhibited resistance to these chemicals, resulting in a marked decrease in their mortality; thus, an integrated control strategy in addition to the chemical use should be required for the sustainable control of this mite. This study confirms that D. gallinae can be effectively controlled through the utilization of high-voltage impulse discharges and that various electrical parameters possess optimal values that are required for mite control. The alterations in the body surface of the mite caused by high-voltage impulses were akin to those caused by heat, but no alteration in the elemental composition of the body surface was observed, suggesting a change in organization caused by currents flowing inside the exoskeleton. Comparatively, the mite control efficacy of high-voltage impulse was found to be substantially superior to that of ultraviolet light or ozone, with up to 95% more mites being killed in as little as 30 seconds.

Terminal Integral Synergetic Control for Wind Turbine at Region II Using a Two-Mass Model

Mechanical loads considerably impact wind turbine lifetime, and a reduction in this load is crucial while designing a controller for maximum power extraction at below-rated speed (region II). A trade-off between maximum energy extraction and minimum load on the drive train shaft is a big challenge. Some conventional controllers extract the maximum power with a cost of high fluctuations in the generator torque and transient load. Therefore, to overcome the above issues, this work proposes four different integral synergetic control schemes for a wind turbine at region II using a two-mass model with a wind speed estimator. In addition, the proposed controllers have been developed to enhance the maximum power extraction from the wind whilst reducing the control input and drive train oscillations. Moreover, a terminal manifold has been considered to improve the finite time convergence rate. The effectiveness of the proposed controllers is validated through a 600 kW Fatigue, Aerodynamics, Structures, and Turbulence simulator. Further, the proposed controllers were tested by different wind spectrums, such as Kaimal, Von Karman, Smooth-Terrain, and NWTCUP, with different turbulent intensities (10% and 20%). The overall performance of the proposed and conventional controller was examined with 24 different wind speed profiles. A detailed comparative analysis was carried out based on power extraction and reduction in mechanical loads.

Insecticide Resistance Status of Aedes albopictus (Diptera: Culicidae) Populations from Cuba.

Aedes albopictus (Skuse, 1894) is one of the major vectors for arboviruses such as dengue, Zika, and chikungunya. Originally from Southeast Asia, this species has spread to Africa, Europe, and the Americas, including Cuba. This spread has been favored by its great adaptability to variable temperatures and to the resistance of its eggs to desiccation. Chemical control of mosquitoes is an essential alternative to stop arbovirus transmission, but insecticide resistance status of the Cuban Ae. albopictus populations is unknown. For this study, Ae. albopictus larvae and adults were collected from two municipalities in Havana, Cuba in 2019. Adult bioassays for deltamethrin, cypermethrin, lambda-cyhalothrin, chlorpyrifos, propoxur, and bendiocarb susceptibility were conducted according to CDC methodology. Larval bioassays for temephos susceptibility were performed following WHO protocols. Resistance profiles for α and β-esterases, glutathione S-transferase (GST), and multifunction oxidases (MFO) pathways were constructed and analyzed. Resistance to temephos and deltamethrin was detected in Mulgoba and Plaza field populations, but resistance to lambda-cyhalothrin was only found in the Plaza colony. Plaza colony exhibited a higher expression level to all four metabolic enzymes and α-esterases and GTS were over-expressed in Mulgoba. The development of insecticide resistance in Cuban Ae. albopictus populations makes it imperative that we develop integrated control strategies to minimize the development of resistance and provide effective vector control that prevents the onset of arbovirus epidemics.

Integration design and control strategy of sCO 2 Brayton cycle for concentrated solar power system

The concentrated solar power (CSP) system integrated with supercritical carbon dioxide (sCO 2) Brayton cycle is considered as the major development trend of clean energy technology in mitigating climate change and promoting sustainable energy owing to its more compact structure, higher efficiency and lower cost. While the system integration and control are more complex because the thermal energy storage and heat exchange units are obliged to be provided with capacity and property matching with sCO 2 compression and expansion units. Therefore, there is an urgent need for the whole system modeling and dynamic simulation of sCO 2-CSP plants. In the paper, running logic of the integrated system is determined and novel system dynamic simulation platform is built. Moreover, for the sake of optimizing the system design, different control strategies are further studied. When the extremum-seeking control strategy is used, the average daily generating capacity of the system is 2.06% higher than that of the traditional fixed inventory control strategy; and when iterative learning control strategy is used, the average daily generating capacity of the system is 2.15% higher than that of the traditional fixed inventory control strategy. The progress of the technology will promote the development of new power systems and early realization of carbon neutrality.

Improving Drilling Efficiency and Safety Based on Hydraulic Mechanical Specific Energy in the Framework of Economic Model Predictive Control

Summary The economic value of real-time optimization of the drilling process has attracted extensive attention in the period of crude oil price fluctuation. Because of the complicated bottomhole conditions and coupling relationship among subsystems, it is difficult for the driller to continuously adjust the primary manipulation variables—weight on bit (WOB), revolutions per minute (RPM), and managed pressure drilling (MPD) equipment—which leads to unsatisfactory drilling effect and increased nonproductive time. Here, we propose an integrated control strategy based on economic model predictive control with zone tracking (ZoneEMPC), nonlinear model predictive control (NMPC), and Lyapunov-based model predictive control (LMPC) to optimize hydraulic mechanical specific energy (HMSE) while stabilizing bottomhole pressure (BHP). During normal drilling, ZoneEMPC is used to minimize HMSE through operating RPM, WOB, mud pump flow, and choke-valve opening as well as its tracking performance, which ensures that the BHP is maintained within the pressure window. Moreover, the controller is switched to NMPC, which adjusts the BHP to quickly reach the new setting zone. The reason for controller switching is that the tracking accuracy of ZoneEMPC could decline when encountering high-pressure formation with gas invasion. As the BHP reaches the new pressure range, the controller is switched to ZoneEMPC again and the HMSE is reoptimized. In addition, the transmission rate of mud pulse telemetry is not enough to meet the real-time control in practical engineering. Therefore, the LMPC controller is used to ensure the closed-loop stability of the system when the downhole measurement data (e.g., BHP) delayed. This study uses the drilling data of a vertical well located in Tarim, China, to verify the control strategy. The results indicated that the proposed integrated control strategy could improve the rate of penetration (ROP), especially in a formation with high rock strength. Meanwhile, the BHP could be adjusted efficiently and stably under different conditions. This work provides a unified framework integrating multiple system models for practical engineering, which has certain theoretical guiding significance for the automation and intelligent development of the oil and gas industry.

Integrated Control for Mixed CAV and CV Traffic Flow in Expressway Merge Zones Combined with Variable Speed Limit, Ramp Metering, and Lane Changing

In the conventional human driving environment, due to poor traffic information transmission and the inability to actively control vehicles, variable speed limits (VSLs) and ramp metering (RM) strategies often fail to achieve the desired results when dealing with the merging zone of an expressway under high traffic demand. To improve traffic efficiency, an integrated control method for traffic flow in the merging area of expressways is proposed by combining connected and autonomous vehicle (CAV) active lane change (LC) technology with traditional VSL and entrance RM strategies. This method uses an upgraded cell transmission model (CTM) to estimate the state of the mainline and ramp input traffic volume and then uses the genetic algorithm (GA) to solve for the optimal combination of the mainline speed limit, number of mainline vehicles changing lanes, and ramp regulation under maximized flow in the merging zone. This integrated control strategy incorporating VSL, LC, and RM (VSL-LC-RM) enables synergistic control of the mainline and ramp traffic entering the merging zone in time-space. Finally, simulation experiments are conducted with the mainline two-lane and on-ramp single-lane expressway merging zone scenarios. The results show that compared with the VSL strategy and the strategy incorporating only VSL and RM (VSL-RM), the proposed VSL-LC-RM strategy can enhance the regulation of traffic flow, improve the flow of merging bottlenecks, and make full use of the road space-time resources.

Adaptive Nonsingular Fast Terminal Sliding Mode Control of Aerial Manipulation Based on Nonlinear Disturbance Observer

Aimed at resolving the trajectory tracking control problem of aerial manipulation, this paper presents an aerial manipulation system that consists of a quadrotor unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) and a two-degree-of-freedom manipulator. The system adopted an integrated control strategy; that is, the rotor UAV and the manipulator were considered as a whole, the coupling effect was treated as an internal factor, and the whole was taken as the research object to establish a dynamic model. Then, by combining the nonsingular fast terminal sliding mode controller with the adaptive controller, an adaptive nonsingular fast terminal sliding mode controller was designed. A composite control rate based on the nonlinear disturbance observer and the adaptive nonsingular fast terminal sliding mode was determined in order to compensate for the external disturbance and the internal modeling error of the system as well as to ensure its rapid convergence. Finally, the different control methods were simulated by setting the operational tasks. The simulation results show that the proposed control method is effective.

Understanding factors influencing growth and lignocellulosic enzyme of Ganoderma for developing integrated control strategies for basal stem rot disease in oil palm

Understanding factors influencing growth and lignocellulosic enzyme of Ganoderma for developing integrated control strategies for basal stem rot disease in oil palm

Ant attendance does not necessarily imply protection of aphids from their arthropod natural enemies

Abstract Many ants and hemipterans are bound by a mutualistic relationship (trophobiosis) which represents an ecological keystone: ants receive food (honeydew) providing different kinds of protection. Partner protection against arthropod natural enemies is considered to be frequent and to interfere with biological control strategies of hemipteran pests. We carried out an ant‐exclusion field experiment in a fava bean (Vicia faba) plantation in Italy to monitor the abundance and behaviour of the ants (Plagiolepis pygmaea, Tetramorium semilaeve and the exotic Nylanderia jaegerskioeldi) and their relationship with facultative mutualist (Aphis fabae) and non‐mutualist (Megoura viciae) aphids, the arthropod natural enemies of the aphids, and extrafloral nectaries. Ants concentrated their activity on the attendance of facultative mutualist aphids much more than on the extrafloral nectaries. The ant‐exclusion treatment had no effect on the abundance of M. viciae and on the parasitization rate of A. fabae, while it reduced the abundance of A. fabae, aphid predators, and aphid parasitoids. Our results demonstrate that ant attendance does not imply the protection of aphids from arthropod natural enemies and suggest that the identity of the ant species involved is important for the outcome. As relatively few species have been studied in this regard, extending our knowledge to the role of more ant species is desirable to understand the ecology and evolution of ant‐aphid mutualisms and to refine integrated control strategies of aphid pests.

Foot-and mouth disease and peste des petits ruminants – the role of wildlife in the epidemiology and control of diseases

Foot-and mouth disease (FMD) and peste des petits ruminants (PPR) are highly contagious and an economically devastating diseases, currently endemic to the African and Asian continents. The aim of this paper was to present the role of wildlife in the epidemiology of both diseases. There are more than 100 species of wild, feral, laboratory, or domesticated animals that have been infected naturally or experimentally with FMD or PPR viruses. Experimental infections of several African wild ruminants can result in clinical FMD. African buffalo represents the best known FMD wild host reservoir in Sub-Saharan Africa. North American mule deer were found susceptible to FMDV infection with significant mortality. Other wild ruminants such as impala can also contribute to FMDV maintenance. In Europe several deer species and the Eurasian wild boar are susceptible to FMDV. PPRV has been reported to have infected some wildlife, such as African buffalo, saiga antelope, dorcas gazelles, gemsbok, Nubian ibex and some other ungulate species. The role of wildlife in FMD and PPR epidemiology may concern wildlife as indicators, victims, bridge hosts or maintenance hosts for both diseases. In addition, they are occasionally victims of disease outbreaks, and they are often relevant for disease management as either bridge or maintenance hosts. Wildlife deserves to become a key component of future integrated surveillance and disease control strategies in an ever-changing world. However, it must be stated that efforts to control FMD and PPR in wildlife may not be successful when the diseases are endemic in livestock and may cause more harm to wildlife, human livelihoods, and domestic animals.

Application of Adaptive Integral Robust Controller in Laser Galvanometer Motor

High-speed motion control of the galvanometer has become a very important part of laser processing. Due to the parameter uncertainty of the galvanometer itself, non-linearity can affect the friction compensation effect. In this paper, we propose to reduce the steady-state tracking error of the galvanometer system by means of an integral control term, while estimating the friction behavior using a nonlinear modified LuGre observer. Then an adaptive integral robust control scheme is used to eliminate the effects of nonlinear friction and external disturbances. And the stability of the galvanometer system is proved by the Lyapunov theorem. Simulation verification by MATLAB shows that the control scheme proposed in this paper can accurately follow the system commands. And the controller can effectively suppress the effects of unknown disturbances and parameter uncertainties compared with traditional control strategies. The simulation results show that the proposed control scheme significantly improves the response speed and tracking accuracy of the galvanometer system.

An intelligent HVAC control strategy for supplying comfortable and energy-efficient school environment

In South Korea, school buildings require significant energy inputs for heating and air-conditioning, and the majority of the occupants are adolescent students, whose health and cognitive performance are vulnerable to poor indoor air quality (IAQ) and thermal discomfort. Using field measurements, some previous studies have reported that some Korean schools have poor IAQ and thermal conditions. Thus, it is necessary to develop effective heating, ventilation, and air-conditioning (HVAC) control strategies to improve the indoor environment and reduce energy consumption. Therefore, this study proposes an intelligent HVAC integrated control strategy that can improve indoor environmental quality (IEQ) and reduce energy consumption in school buildings. The proposed strategy utilizes an integrated neural network prediction model for IEQ and a heuristic method that can optimize control objectives (i.e., the predicted mean vote [PMV], carbon dioxide [CO2], particulate matter with diameters of 10 and 2.5 μm [PM10 and PM2.5, respectively], and HVAC energy consumption). To evaluate the control performance of the proposed strategy, the present study employs two base algorithms (i.e., a rule-based and a non-adaptive control approach) under non-disturbance and forcing disturbance scenarios. The control failure period for PMV is found to be 1.6420% and 9.4773% of the total occupancy period under the non-disturbance and forcing disturbance scenarios, respectively, while CO2 control failure does not occur under either scenario. The control failure periods for PM10 and PM2.5 were 5.1676%, and 7.1844%, respectively, under forcing disturbance. Under the non-disturbance scenario, the proposed strategy consumed 2,467.07 kWh and 870,26 kWh for heating and cooling, respectively, representing 91.1% and 84.08% of that for the rule-based algorithm. The proposed strategy can thus effectively improve the IEQ of a building and has the potential for use in the development of integrated environmental management solutions for buildings.

Vehicle parallel integrated control strategy based on coordinated SAS and ABS

Vehicle parallel integrated control strategy based on coordinated SAS and ABS

Vehicle parallel integrated control strategy based on coordinated SAS and ABS

In order to improve the braking performance and ride comfort of vehicles, a parallel integrated control strategy based on the coordinated statistical analysis system (SAS) and the anti-lock braking system (ABS) was studied. The simulation experimental results show that when using the control strategy designed in this study, the time required for the subjects to enter steady state from the beginning of the working process is about 0.05 to 0.06 seconds, and there is no overshoot phenomenon during the working process. However, when using the strategies given in literature, the process takes 0.12 seconds and overspeed may occur. The designed control strategy has better braking performance, effectively improving the overall performance of the vehicle, and significantly reducing the energy loss area compared to traditional methods.